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Background and AimsViscerofugal neurons (VFNs) have cell bodies in the myenteric plexus and axons that project to sympathetic prevertebral ganglia. In animals they activate sympathetic motility reflexes and may modulate glucose metabolism and feeding. We used rapid retrograde tracing from colonic nerves to identify VFNs in human colon for the first time, using ex vivo preparations with multi-layer immunohistochemistry.MethodsColonic nerves were identified in isolated preparations of human colon and set up for axonal tracing with biotinamide. After fixation, labeled VFN cell bodies were subjected to multiplexed immunohistochemistry for 12 established nerve cell body markers.ResultsBiotinamide tracing filled 903 viscerofugal nerve cell bodies (n = 23), most of which (85%) had axons projecting orally before entering colonic nerves. Morphologically, 97% of VFNs were uni-axonal. Of 215 VFNs studied in detail, 89% expressed ChAT, 13% NOS, 13% calbindin, 9% enkephalin, 7% substance P and 0 of 123 VFNs expressed CART. Few VFNs contained calretinin, VIP, 5HT, CGRP, or NPY. VFNs were often surrounded by dense baskets of axonal varicosities, probably reflecting patterns of connectivity; VAChT+ (cholinergic), SP+ and ENK+ varicosities were most abundant around them. Human VFNs were diverse; showing 27 combinations of immunohistochemical markers, 4 morphological types and a wide range of cell body sizes. However, 69% showed chemical coding, axonal projections, soma-dendritic morphology and connectivity similar to enteric excitatory motor neurons.ConclusionViscerofugal neurons are present in human colon and show very diverse combinations of features. High proportions express ChAT, consistent with cholinergic synaptic outputs onto postganglionic sympathetic neurons in prevertebral ganglia.

Background and Aims: Gut functions including motility, secretion, and blood flow are largely controlled by the enteric nervous system. Characterizing the different classes of enteric neurons in the human gut is an important step to understand how its circuitry is organized and how it is affected by disease. Methods: Using multiplexed immunohistochemistry, 12 discriminating antisera were applied to distinguish different classes of myenteric neurons in the human colon (2596 neurons, 12 patients) according to their chemical coding. All antisera were applied to every neuron, in multiple layers, separated by elutions. Results: A total of 164 combinations of immunohistochemical markers were present among the 2596 neurons, which could be divided into 20 classes, with statistical validation. Putative functions were ascribed for 4 classes of putative excitatory motor neurons (EMN1–4), 4 inhibitory motor neurons (IMN1–4), 3 ascending interneurons (AIN1–3), 6 descending interneurons (DIN1–6), 2 classes of multiaxonal sensory neurons (SN1–2), and a small, miscellaneous group (1.8% of total). Soma-dendritic morphology was analyzed, revealing 5 common shapes distributed differentially between the 20 classes. Distinctive baskets of axonal varicosities surrounded 45% of myenteric nerve cell bodies and were associated with close appositions, suggesting possible connectivity. Baskets of cholinergic terminals and several other types of baskets selectively targeted ascending interneurons and excitatory motor neurons but were significantly sparser around inhibitory motor neurons. Conclusions: Using a simple immunohistochemical method, human myenteric neurons were shown to comprise multiple classes based on chemical coding and morphology and dense clusters of axonal varicosities were selectively associated with some classes.

Falls among the elderly are a common and serious health risk that can lead to physical injuries and other complications. To promptly detect and respond to fall events, radar-based fall detection systems have gained widespread attention. In this paper, a deep learning model is proposed based on the frequency spectrum of radar signals, called the convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory (CB-LSTM) model. The introduction of the CB-LSTM model enables the fall detection system to capture both temporal sequential and spatial features simultaneously, thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the detection. Extensive comparison experiments demonstrate that our model achieves an accuracy of 98.83% in detecting falls, surpassing other relevant methods currently available. In summary, this study provides effective technical support using the frequency spectrum and deep learning methods to monitor falls among the elderly through the design and experimental validation of a radar-based fall detection system, which has great potential for improving quality of life for the elderly and providing timely rescue measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are effective ways to treat end-stage renal disease (ERSD). This study aimed to investigate the differences in survival and the factors that influence it in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with HD or PD. We retrospectively analyzed factors related to all-cause death with renal replacement therapy and compared the long-term mortality between HD and PD strategies in patients with ESRD who started HD or PD treatment in our renal HD center between January 1, 2008, and December 1, 2021. Overall, 1,319 patients were included, comprising 690 and 629 patients in the HD and PD groups, respectively, according to the inclusion criteria. After propensity matching, 922 patients remained, with 461 (50%) patients each in the two groups. There were no significant differences in the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year mortality rates between the HD and PD groups (all p >.05). However, the 5- and 10-year mortality rates of the matched patients were 15.8%. 17.6% in the HD group and 21.0%. 27.3% in the PD group, respectively. The 5- and 10-year mortality rates were significantly lower in the HD group (all p <.05) as compared to the PD group. After matching, Kaplan–Meier curve analysis with log-rank test was performed, which showed a significant difference in the survival rates between the two groups (p =.001). Logistic multifactor regression analysis revealed that age, weight, hypertension, serum creatinine, and combined neoplasms influenced the survival rate of patients with ESRD (p <.05). In contrast, age, hypertension, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum creatinine, and peripheral vascular diseases (PVD) influenced the survival rate of patients in the HD group (p <.05), and age and weight influenced the survival rate of patients in the PD group (p <.05). This study found that long-term mortality rates were higher in the PD group than that in the HD group, indicating that HD may be superior to PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe sympathetic nervous system inhibits human colonic motility largely by effects on enteric neurons. Noradrenergic axons, which branch extensively in the myenteric plexus, are integral to this modulatory role, but whether they contact specific types of enteric neurons is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of noradrenergic varicosities with types of enteric neurons.MethodsHuman colonic tissue from seven patients was fixed and dissected prior to multi-layer immunohistochemistry for human RNA binding proteins C and D (HuC/D) (pan-neuronal cell body labelling), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, catecholaminergic labelling), Enkephalin (ENK), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, cholinergic labelling) and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS, nitrergic labelling) and imaged using confocal microscopy. TH-immunoreactive varicose nerve endings and myenteric cell bodies were reconstructed as three dimensional digital images. Data was exported to a purpose-built software package which quantified the density of varicosities close to the surface of each myenteric cell body.ResultsTH-immunoreactive varicosities had a greater mean density within 1 μm of the surface of ChAT +/NOS− nerve cell bodies compared with ChAT−/NOS + cell bodies. Similarly, ENK-immunoreactive varicosities also had a greater mean density close to ChAT +/NOS− cell bodies compared with ChAT−/NOS + cells.ConclusionA method for quantifying close associations between varicosities and nerve cell bodies was developed. Sympathetic axons in the myenteric plexus preferentially target cholinergic excitatory cells compared to nitrergic neurons (which are largely inhibitory). This connectivity is likely to be involved in inhibitory modulation of human colonic motility by the sympathetic nervous system.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emergent infectious pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is highly contagious and pathogenic. COVID-19 has rapidly swept across the world since it was first discovered in December 2019 and has drawn significant attention worldwide. During the early stages of the outbreak in China, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were involved in the whole treatment process. As an indispensable part of TCM, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) played an irreplaceable role in the prevention and treatment of this epidemic. Their use has achieved remarkable therapeutic efficacy during the period of medical observation and clinical treatment of mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases and during convalescence. In order to better propagate and make full use of the benefits of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19, this review will summarize the potential target of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the theoretical basis and clinical efficacy of recommended 22 CPMs by the National Health Commission and the Administration of TCM and local provinces or cities in the treatment of COVID-19. Additionally, the study will further analyze the drug composition, potential active ingredients, potential targets, regulated signaling pathways, and possible mechanisms for COVID-19 through anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation, antiviral, improve lung injury, antipyretic and organ protection to provide meaningful information about the clinical application of CPMs.

The small Qubit quantum algorithm attack to RSA was proposed,the need Qubit of the first quantum register from 2L to L1,it can be reduced to 2 Qubit,the overall space complexity denoted (L1,L),where 2L1≥r,r is the period of decomposed.Because of the reduce of the first quantum register,it reduces the algorithm’s complexity and success rates,and use the binary look-up table method to compute the modular exponentiation,it enhances the computing speed.The improved algorithm’s quantum circuit complexity is T=O(2L2).It have a significant improvement on the time complexity and space complexity.Although the success rate is reduced,the overall success solution time is still lower than the Shor algorithm and the current major improvements Shor algorithm.Completed a simulation experiment.Respectively use the 11、10、9 Qubit decomposing the quantum circuit 119.The new algorithm explore the reality of using a universal quantum computer device to decipher the public key cryptography.

Background: Ex vivo intracellular recordings and dye fills, combined with immunohistochemistry, are a powerful way to analyze the enteric nervous system of laboratory animals. Methods: Myenteric neurons were recorded in isolated specimens of human colon. A key determinant of successful recording was near‐complete removal of circular muscle from the surface of ganglia. Key Results: Treatment with a collagenase/neutral protease mix before dissection significantly improved recording success and reduced damage to the plexus. Carboxyfluorescein in microelectrodes allowed recorded neurons to be routinely labeled, analyzed, and subjected to multi‐layer immunohistochemistry. Carboxyfluorescein revealed morphological details that were not detected by immunohistochemical methods. Of 54 dye‐filled myenteric neurons (n = 22), 45 were uni‐axonal and eight were multi‐axonal. There was a significant bias toward recordings from large neural somata. The close association between morphology and electrophysiology (long after‐hyperpolarizations and fast EPSPs) seen in mice and guinea pigs did not hold for human myenteric neuron recordings. No slow EPSPs were recorded; however, disruption to the myenteric plexus during dissection may have led the proportion of cells receiving synaptic potentials to be underestimated. Neurons immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase were more excitable than non‐immunoreactive neurons. Distinctive grooves were observed on the serosal and/or mucosal faces of myenteric neurons in 3D reconstructions. These had varicose axons running through them and may represent a preferential site of synaptic inputs. Conclusions: Human enteric neurons share many features with laboratory animals, but the combinations of features in individual cells appear more variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysosma versipellis is the rhizome of Bajiaolian in Berberaceae. It is a unique medicinal plant in China and it was the first to be recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica (unknown author, 25-220 C.E.). It has complex chemical components as well as complex, pharmacological and toxicological effects are extensive. Based on the recent research progress, the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicological effects of Dysosma versipellis were summarized. Combined with the core concept of quality markers of traditional Chinese medicine, the prediction and analysis were carried out from the aspects of phytogenetics and the source pathway of specific chemical constituents, traditional medicinal properties, traditional efficacy, chemical composition measurability, blood components, and pharmacokinetics, in order to provide reference for further study of Dysosma versipellis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional values of the protein are related to its amino acid content, and its physicochemical properties. We aimed to determine the relationship between the variation of protein digestibility or the releasing coefficient of amino acids with the physicochemical properties of different feedstuffs. We analysed the secondary protein structure and solubility of 10 protein-rich feed ingredients, including soybean, soybean meal, dehulled soybean meal, fermented soybean meal, distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), feather meal, fish meal, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, and corn germ meal. The results showed that the soybeans and their products had greater protein solubility than the other dietary protein (p <.001). Fish meal, rapeseed meal and all soybean sources had the higher protein digestibility and releasing coefficient of amino acids, also reached different peaks in shorter times. But corn germ meal, corn gluten meal, and feather meal exhibited lower releasing coefficient of amino acids and weaker solubility (p <.001). The in-vitro protein digestibility or releasing coefficient of total amino acid had positive regression coefficients with α-helix, α-helix/β-sheet, and solubility; and a negative regression coefficient with β-sheet. Feedstuffs with faster amino acid releasing rate had higher α-helix, α-helix/β-sheet and solubility and lower β-sheet. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of the dietary protein could be used as predictors for the amino acids' digestibility and amino acid bioavailability. We evaluated the protein solubility, protein digestibility, and releasing coefficient of amino acids among the most common feedstuffs for monogastric animals The physicochemical properties of dietary protein could be used as predictors for the digestibility or releasing rate of amino acids in monogastric. The feed industry formulation might be reconsidered since the most common feedstuffs possess novel concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite CsPbBr3 possesses high photovoltaic capability but limited application on account of the toxicity of lead. Sn-doped all-inorganic perovskites CsPbxSn1−xBr3 are designed in order to achieve comprehensive high photovoltaic performance with low toxicity, which is under great influence of chemical compositions and defects. In this paper, the electronic structures and other photovoltaic-related properties of CsPbBr3 and CsSnBr3 are studied by using first-principles method with different functionals. The calculation results show that CsSnBr3 has a lower bandgap than that of CsPbBr3. The transition dipole moment of CsPbBr3 is more even, and the effective masses of electrons and holes are slightly larger than those of CsSnBr3. By calculating the defect formation energies, the types and properties of intrinsic defects of these two crystals are compared, and their effects on photovoltaic-related properties are analyzed. Different proportions of disordered CsPbxSn1−xBr3 crystals constructed by special Quasirandom structure (SQS) method are designed to observe the effect of Sn contents on the electronic structure, and effective masses of electrons and holes of CsPbBr3, and CsPb0.50(Ba/Ca)0.50Br3 are also calculated as a reference. It has been proved that the presence of Sn affects the orbital composition at the valence band maximum of the crystal, making Sn-5s orbitals participate in the formation of valence band maximum, which raises the energy of crystal valence band maximum and reduces the bandgap of the system. The doping of Sn decreases the toxicity of perovskite on the premise of considering the power conversion efficiency, which may provide a theoretical basis for the development of CsPbxSn1−xBr3 photovoltaic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]