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Background Very few studies have evaluated the global prevalence of pruritus. Objectives To assess its prevalence according to age, sex, ethnicity and geographic region. Methods An international cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 countries from January to April 2023. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on sociodemographics, and to confirm the presence or absence of a skin disease in the last 12 months and the presence or absence of pruritus in the last 7 days. Results The studied sample included 50 552 individuals. The worldwide prevalence of pruritus was 39.8%. The age group ≥ 65 years had the highest prevalence (43.3%). The prevalence was 40.7% among women and 38.9% among men (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between ethnicities (P = 0.14). Compared with North America (41.2%), the prevalence of pruritus was significantly lower in Europe (35.9%, P < 0.001), Australia (38.4%, P = 0.017), East Asia (40.2%, P = 0.04) and Latin America (36.5%, P < 0.001), and higher in Africa (45.7%, P = 0.007). No significant difference was found with the Middle East (40.2%, P = 0.36). The prevalence of pruritus in BRICS countries (40.3%) was significantly higher than that in developed countries (38.7%) (P < 10– 3 ). Conclusions Out analysis is limited because there is no information about the severity or type (acute, chronic) of pruritus. The global prevalence of pruritus revealed age, sex and geographic region differences, with no ethnic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, Brazil and China have deepened their political cooperation and intensified their economic relations. They have done so by founding multilateral institutions, such as BRICS and the New Development Bank. However, Brazil's policymakers have not accepted China's proposal to sign a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This article examines why and how Brazil—China relations have evolved to high-level political and economic cooperation. We aim to understand the reasoning behind Brazil's latest foreign policy decision to not sign a MoU, whilst maintaining the desire to stay heavily involved in cooperation with China. This study draws on qualitative surveys and interviews with scholars, policymakers, government officials, and businesspeople. The main findings are: 1) Signing the BRI agreement is seen by Brazilian policymakers as a symbolic act that does not add a new substantial element to the already well-established political relationship between both countries; 2) the Brazilian market and its strong regulatory environment remain attractive to Chinese investors, despite the lack of official participation in the BRI. Thus, our research sheds light on the multifaceted nature of the Brazil-China relationship, and how it extends beyond the boundaries of the Belt and Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the short- and medium-run dependence structures across carbon emissions prices, commodity futures, equity prices, and geopolitical uncertainty in the case of the BRICS countries. Previous studies have focused on the co-movement between commodity futures and equity prices, with a few attempts at capturing the economic uncertainty in that relationship but failed to look at the broader context of both emission prices and geopolitical uncertainty. This study employs the spillover index developed by Diebold and Yilmaz and data spaning from January 3, 2008, to October 31, 2021 to identify the dependence structure across ETS, commodity futures, equity prices, and geopolitical uncertainty (GPR). Our key findings suggest that the contribution of the MOEX Russia Index to the natural gas prices return is the highest. As the ETS is concerned, the GPR of China plays the most crucial role compared to other BRICS countries. Comparing energy commodities (e.g. ETS and natural gas), the net pairwise spillover effects of oil to metal commodities are more evident. Among the GPRs of BRICS countries, China, India, Russia, and Brazil have a positive net pairwise directional connectedness transmitted to South Africa. For stakholders working in commodity trading, the insights obtained from this research is essential for developing strategies that lessen the effects of geopolitical risks and help in promoting more resilient and stable commodity markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy transition technologies aimed at increasing energy efficiency are a tool for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in average annual temperature. To increase the efficiency of implementation of these technologies, it is necessary to forecast innovative activity in the areas of hydrogen energy, CCUS and information technology based on taking into account key influencing factors, the contribution of sectors of the classical fuel and energy complex and the level of mutual influence of countries. Based on the analysis, a forecast was made to increase the share of the sector of international vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs) in the total number of patents in the field of hydrogen energy by 2.5% points. and an increase in the share of the national vertically integrated oil company sector in the area of CCUS technologies by 10% points. by 2027. It has been determined that the innovative activity of the electricity and coal industry sectors in energy transition technologies is most resistant to the influence of external geopolitical and infrastructural crises. The market for CCUS technologies is currently more susceptible to the effects of international cooperation than the market for hydrogen energy technologies. The authors show that a decrease in the level of international integration by 25% points. over the past 5 years has led to a decrease in innovative activity in energy transition technologies by 15% points. In order to identify international barriers to the introduction of technologies, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the level of mutual influence of countries within the framework of international economic associations using the examples of the SCO, BRICS, and MERCOSUR. The highest level of mutual influence was identified within the framework of SCO interaction. According to the analysis, the entry of new countries into BRICS in 2024 will lead to a decrease in the integral level of innovation activity by 30% points. from the current value and strength of mutual influence of countries by 50% points. Taking into account the identified positive relationship between revenue and innovative activity in the area of information technology, it is recommended to direct investments primarily in favor of Industry 4.0 solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFreezing or the danger of freezing the assets of many countries can make the run away from the US dollar an uncontrolled process. Whereas in the long term this process may be beneficial for the US and the world economy, the short- and medium-term adjustment costs can be extremely high. To ensure a soft landing the New Development Bank of BRICS countries can issue bonds that would be sold to countries, whose assets have been frozen or are afraid that they might be frozen by the West, so that they can store their foreign exchange reserves in these bonds. The Bank will invest the proceeds from the sale of these bonds in the traditional financial instruments for storing foreign exchange reserves—US and EU treasury bills and bonds denominated in the same dollars and euros. These BRICS bonds would be less prone to sanctions and thus considered safe investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of democratic commitment is highlighted on a global scale by the importance placed on offering a multitude of chances to establish enduring ecosystems and foster economic progress. Social finance, capital formation, and green finance have recently received a lot of attention from this perspective. Past studies mainly examined social finance and green finance in isolation. When investigating the individual impact of these important variables on economic growth in the occurrence of important events like the COVID-19 pandemic and other environmental pollution issues, most studies have mainly focused on developed countries, ultimately ignoring the different dynamics in emerging economies. The purpose of the research is to investigate the joint interaction between social finance (Social Impact Bonds), capital formation, and green finance (green loans, green investments, and green security) on economic development in BRICS economies. This research employed a longitudinal dataset from 2013 to 2023. The generalized method of moments (GMM) and fixed effect model (FEM) were employed in this research as statistical techniques for estimating parameters. The findings of this study revealed a positive joint relationship between green finance, capital formation, and social financing on economic development of BRICS economies. Therefore, measures that jointly promote social and green finance amidst environmental challenges or economic risks could present opportunities to mitigate the vulnerability of a country's economic prosperity. This research will surely guide policymakers in developing economies on how to give considerable attention to sustainable aspects while formulating policies and strategies aimed at economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the variables that might affect the ecological footprint by using 1992–2015 data of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The common correlated effects' mean group test was employed under the assumption of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. In Brazil, an increase in energy consumption, technological development, and globalization decreased the ecological footprint by 0.043, 0.031, and 0.050 units, respectively, while an increase in urbanization increased the ecological footprint by 0.716 units. In Russia, on the other hand, no interpretation could be made because the coefficients were meaningless. In India, it had been observed that an increase of one unit in urbanization reduced the ecological footprint by 0.269 units. In China, it had been determined that a 1-unit increase in energy consumption reduced the ecological footprint by 0.043 units. In South Africa, the results could not be interpreted because the coefficients were insignificant. The results obtained vary according to the countries that revealed that local policies can also be effective on these variables. Therefore, countries have to act by examining the structures on their own to implement the policies they needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the co-movement between geopolitical risk (GPR), energy price, and bitcoin (BTC) in BRICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Previous studies have focused on the impact of GPR on the volatility and risk premium of BTC investment. However, very limited studies have focused on integrating BTC as an extension of the mix of GPR on the co-movement with energy price. The analysis is based on monthly data of GPR index for BRICS countries, brent oil futures, natural gas futures and BTCs covering the period between March 2012 and Jun 2021. We employ the Bayesian graphical structural vector autoregressive model and time-varying parameter vector autoregressions-based dynamic connectedness to investigate the network-dependence structure. This research project provides useful empirical evidence for assessing the impact of both BTC and GPR on energy prices. Nonetheless, it will also be informative about the likelihood of co-movements occurring at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the influence of the risk–return relationship and volatility spillover on stock market returns of emerging economies, with a particular focus on the BRICS countries. This research is undertaken in a context where discussions on de-dollarization and the expansion of BRICS membership are gaining momentum, making it a novel and distinct exercise compared to prior studies. Utilizing econometric techniques to investigate daily market returns from 1 April 2008 to 31 March 2023, a period that witnessed major events like the global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia–Ukraine conflict, linear and non-linear models like ARCH, GARCH, GARCH-M, EGARCH, and TGARCH, are employed to assess stock return volatility behaviour, assuming a Gaussian distribution of error terms. The diagnostic test confirms that the distribution is non-normal, stationary, and heteroscedastic. The key findings indicate a lack of the risk–return relationship across all BRICS stock markets, except for South Africa; a more pronounced effect of unpleasant news over pleasant news; a slow mean-reverting process in volatility; the EGARCH model is the best fit model as evidenced by a higher log likelihood and lower Akaike information criterion and Schwardz information criterion parameters; and finally, the presence of significant bidirectional and unidirectional spillover effects in the majority of instances. These findings are valuable for investors, regulators, and policymakers in enhancing returns and mitigating risk through portfolio diversification and informed decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing internationalization of emerging market multinational corporations (EMNCs) especially from the BRICS counties (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South-Africa), the interactions between expatriates from these countries and the 'new' host country nationals (i.e. the U.S. American HCNs) is becoming a common organizational phenomenon. To better understand these interactions, in this study, we used two unique sources of data to examine the impact of HCNs willingness to offer support to expatriates. In Study 1, we used scenario-based experimental design with 571 HCNs from the US and examined their willingness to offer support to expatriates from the BRICS countries. In Study 2, 499 expatriates from the BRICS countries working in the US shared their actual experience with HCNs. Results from the two studies confirmed that expatriate humility was strongly associated with HCNs' willingness to offer social-emotional and instrumental support to expatriates. More specifically, we found that perceived trustworthiness and values similarity acted as the mediating mechanisms. Type of job (financial industry versus educational sector) had no impact on HCNs willingness to offer support, while expatriate country of origin was likely to impact HCN support in the experiment but was shown to have no impact in the actual expatriate experience. We discuss theoretical and practical implications and suggest future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the financial and economic integration of BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and key emerging economies (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) using graph theory, aiming to map intersectoral connections and their impact on financial stability and market risk. The research addresses a critical gap in the literature; while political and economic linkages between nations have been widely studied, the specific connectivity between sectors within these economies remains underexplored. Our methodology utilizes eigenvector centrality and Euclidean distance to construct a comprehensive network of 106 publicly listed firms from 2013 to 2022, across sectors such as energy, telecommunications, retail, and technology. The primary hypothesis is that sectors with higher centrality scores—indicative of their interconnectedness within the broader financial network—demonstrate greater resilience to market volatility and contribute disproportionately to sectoral profitability. The analysis yielded several key insights. For instance, BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED in telecommunications exhibited an eigenvector centrality score of 0.9615, positioning it as a critical node in maintaining sectoral stability, while AMBEV SA in the retail sector, with a centrality score of 0.9938, emerged as a pivotal player influencing both profitability and risk. Sectors led by companies with high centrality showed a 20% increase in risk-adjusted returns compared to less connected entities, supporting the hypothesis that central firms act as stabilizers in fluctuating market conditions. The findings underscore the practical implications for policymakers and investors alike. Understanding the structure of these networks allows for more informed decision making in terms of investment strategies and macroeconomic policy. By identifying the central entities within these economic systems, both policymakers and investors can target their efforts more effectively, either to support growth initiatives or to mitigate systemic risks. This study advances the discourse on emerging market integration by providing a quantitative framework to analyze intersectoral connections, offering critical insights into how sectoral dynamics in emerging economies influence global financial trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to examine the volatility spillover effect between the foreign exchange market and the stock market of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries along with Japan as the developed country in the region, affecting the BRICS countries. Generalized Autoregressive Conditionally Heteroscedastic (GARCH) (1,1) method is used to study the volatility between the stock market and the foreign exchange market in selected countries, and asymmetric model, that is, Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity—EGARCH (1,1) is also used to investigate the presence of leverage effects in both stock market and foreign exchange market in selected countries. GARCH findings suggest a two-way volatility spillover between the stock market and foreign exchange markets for India, China and South Africa. In BRICS countries, volatility spillover from the currency market to the stock market is seen as more evident and robust as compared to spillover from the stock market to the currency market. A positive asymmetry in spillover is also observed from the foreign exchange market to the stock market. The findings of the study may provide valuable information to investors for decision-making in international portfolio investment and also for economic policymakers for their financial stability perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade facilitation is essential for enhancing the import and export of agricultural products between China and BRICS countries. Improving trade efficiency and identifying potential opportunities contribute to establishing formal cooperation mechanisms among nations, laying a robust foundation for the development and collaboration of BRICS countries post-expansion. This study developed a comprehensive indicator system and employed principal component analysis to assess trade facilitation levels among BRICS member states. Additionally, we employed a stochastic frontier gravity model to examine the trade efficiency and potential impact of BRICS trade facilitation on China's agricultural imports and exports from 2009 to 2022. The findings suggest that the overall level of trade facilitation in BRICS countries remains relatively low, with considerable scope for enhancement. The United Arab Emirates exhibits the highest level of trade facilitation, whereas Ethiopia shows the lowest. Factors such as economic status, business environment, and advancements in technology positively influence trade efficiency, while inadequate infrastructure impedes it. A notable disparity exists in the average trade efficiency of agricultural imports and exports between China and BRICS countries, with Russia displaying the highest efficiency and Iran the lowest. Brazil demonstrates significant trade potential, whereas the trade demand between Iran and China is comparatively minimal. The results are important for policymakers, pointing to the need for specialized trade policies and agricultural management strategies that reflect the diverse characteristics and challenges within BRICS economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of energy poverty on the aggregate and disaggregate material footprint components such as biomass, fossil fuel, metal ores and non-metallic minerals while considering the economic growth and tourism development during 2000–2014 for the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). By applying econometric tools, the study confirms a positive and significant impact of energy poverty on aggregate material footprint and its components. The same finding has been reached for tourism development. Moreover, this study finds a U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for all indicators used for material footprints. Based on the findings, this study proposes a set of policies for energy poverty alleviation to attain a sustainable environment and inclusive economic growth in the BRICS region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a recession in the global economy since its onset at the end of 2019. According to the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report issued in October 2021, the global real GDP growth rate for 2019 was 2.9, then declined and reached -3. The BRICS organisation is a major player in the global economy, and Algeria's application to join it was recently rejected, Therefore, this study aims to discuss the impact of the pandemic on the real GDP of these countries by examining the variables during the pandemic period and the relationship between them, as the study concluded that it had a negative impact as a consequence of the lockdown decision more than being affected by the percentage of deaths from Covid-19 by relying on annual real GDP data and the annual incidence and mortality rate per million population for the countries under study during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ wavelet analysis using the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) to examine the return and volatility interconnectedness between the German equity market (a prominent representative of the Eurozone market) and the BRICS countries over the period 2005–2017. Specifically, we investigate the presence of the pure form of financial contagion in the stock markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa subsequent to the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis (EZDC). Our results indicate the presence of financial contagion between the Eurozone equity market and its counterparts in South Africa and Russia, characterised by co-movement and volatility spillover effects. This contagion is particularly evident at higher frequencies, suggesting that the transmission of shocks occurs rapidly across these markets in the short term. No financial contagion is observed in the Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian stock markets during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. The absence of financial contagion observed in these three BRICS countries during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis suggests that policymakers in these countries should prioritise addressing idiosyncratic shock channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption (ECON) in BRICS countries is fueled by fossil fuels, mainly coal. Increased environmental degradation (ED) in BRICS countries is mostly driven by coal consumption. This study utilizes quantile regression for the analysis, enabling the development of targeted energy reorganization and emission reduction policies in BRICS countries. This study uses data spanning from 1990 to 2022 to explore the impact of ECON on ED. Additionally, technological innovation was used to create a moderating role in the nexus between ECON and ED. The model focuses on CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint across ten BRICS countries. Among the nations included in the panel, the results indicate a significant dependence on cross-sectional factors. The study shows that ECON has a detrimental impact on ED across all quantiles. However, technological innovation reduces ED. In terms of a moderating role, technological innovation mitigates the negative influence of ECON on ED. Therefore, it is necessary to implement distinct policies in order to accomplish carbon emission reduction goals in various countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRICS countries comprise 41.87% of the world's population and generate over 42% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. As the largest political cluster in global climate governance, their positions and alignment in the post-Paris Agreement era would determine the future trajectory of climate governance for the international communities. This article aims to ascertain the respective positions of BRICS nations by examining their nationally determined contributions and targets for carbon peak and neutrality. Through this analysis, the article endeavors to consolidate a comprehensive BRICS decarbonization roadmap, providing stakeholders and policymakers with greater clarity. In addition, in-depth case studies from China and India, the two biggest emitters, offer valuable insights into their climate mitigation paths. This would inspire unity among the BRICS countries and encourage them to uphold the stability of their partnership in climate governance collectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent economic disturbances such as the outbreak of coronavirus, the Russia–Ukraine war, and disrupted supply chains, have resulted in high inflationary shocks that are difficult to combat. The most vulnerable to these global shocks are developing countries where trade is a crucial factor in economic growth. In this context, the study aims to investigate the impact of trade openness and output gap on inflation in BRICS countries from 1999Q1 to 2018Q4. Owing to growing economic integration and rising cross-sectional dependence, the study employs Dynamic Common Correlated Effect (DCCE) model to examine the long-run relationship between the variables. In addition, the study employs Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) to investigate the causal relationship between variables. The findings suggest that a more open trade policy helps to reduce rising domestic inflation. The price lowering impact of export openness outperforms the inflationary impact of imports, resulting in flattened Phillips curve. Moreover, the results indicate that the underpowered effect of the domestic output gap is not sufficient to counteract the unfavourable impact of the foreign output gap on inflation in BRICS. As a result, the study advocates providing subsidies and tax breaks to help export-oriented businesses thrive while keeping the global factors in check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the narratives surrounding Moscow's full‐scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and beyond. Since the start of the war, Western characterizations of Russia's foreign policy as revanchist and imperialist have been overshadowed by the more successful framing by Russia that its actions were driven by the need to push back on American unipolarity and Western imperialist tendencies. This article examines how the Kremlin's narrative on the war has been embraced by leaders in core BRICS countries, shaping their position vis‐à‐vis Russia and the war. Drawing on theories of strategic narratives, this article highlights how leaders in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa understand the war and create conditions in which Russia can prosecute its war against a neighbor with their support or acquiescence. The paper concludes with policy recommendations and a brief discussion of why theories of strategic narratives have been underappreciated relative to more standard power‐based and materialist explanations of the war's outbreak, scope, and trajectory by scholars of international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the moderating role of managerial ownership on environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosures and the going concern of chemical manufacturing firms in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries. We employed a quantitative research methodology, using panel data from 236 listed firms operating in the chemical manufacturing sector between 2007 and 2022. For the analysis, we utilized the Augmented Mean Group and the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimators. The results showed that ESG disclosures significantly impact the continued existence of chemical manufacturing companies in BRICS nations. Additionally, high managerial ownership exerts a significant positive influence on the association between ESG disclosures and the going concern of chemical manufacturing firms. The findings affirm the need for businesses to disclose their ESG issues to stakeholders to ensure carbon neutrality goals for BRICS. Hence, it is recommended that policymakers and business owners promote and incentivize managerial ownership, recognizing its pivotal role in enhancing the positive relationship between ESG disclosure and firms' continuity, thereby contributing to the realization of carbon neutrality goals in the BRICS region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined board composition in national sport federations (NSF) in the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). BRICS is a significant geopolitical group with a strong history and interest in sport, yet there has been relatively limited sport governance research in this context. Specifically, this study measured levels of board diversity (occupational and gender) and board size in the NSFs – factors that are widely considered to impact board effectiveness. Data were collected on 184 NSFs across the five countries from online sources. The results showed that across the BRICS countries NSF directors largely come from athletic backgrounds (45.1% of total), except for China where bureaucrats prevail (61.9%). Men dominate NSF board positions, from a high of 92.1% in India to 68.4% in South Africa. Board size ranged from 20.4 in India, to 14.2 in South Africa. This study brings sport governance research to new frontiers by generating insight into board composition in contexts that are under-researched and culturally diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics have played a crucial role in fulfilling economic development. BRICS countries is expected to take over 38% of the world's GDP after adding new members in 2024. This empirical study examines the impact of the logistics sector on economic growth across all 10 BRICS countries. The analysis utilizes panel data and relies on the World Bank Logistics Performance Index scores. Findings indicate that overall LPI is negative insignificant determinant for economic growth in BRICS countries during the years. The Random Effects model exhibits consistency, efficiency and significance. This may be attributed to the wide differences of LPI overall scores and Trade Across Borders (TAB) scores in BRICS countries. Results also reveal that Gross fixed capital formation, as a proxy for infrastructure investment, is the main statistically significant variable affecting GDP per capita in BRICS countries. Additionally, the main two significant variables among individual LPI are, the regularity with which shipments reach the recipient within the specified or anticipated timeframe, along with the capability to monitor and trace these consignments. Wide opportunities exist to share knowledge and exchange experiences in developing logistic sector among BRICS countries.

The importance of youth entrepreneurship in the context of digital transformation makes it relevant to study its development. The article is a review of a new book on the promotion and support of young and aspiring entrepreneurs in the South African Republic. The book is characterized by novelty of views and considerable informative content. It is organized into three main parts comprising 9 chapters. Issues related to the conceptual vision of youth entrepreneurship and a large-scale initiative that was specifically designed and then piloted in the South African Republic to stimulate related activities have been addressed. The author of the peer-reviewed book emphasizes the importance of the university environment and the mechanisms formed in it, on the one hand, and entrepreneurs’ personal development, on the other. Recommendations on finding sources of funding and working with potential consumers of innovative products and services have been given. The book is written in lucid language, which is characteristic rather for educational literature, and is well illustrated. It is found to contain various references to digital transformation, and governance is considered in relation to both entrepreneurial firms created by entrepreneurs and youth entrepreneurship incentive schemes in general. The book contains interesting (including pedagogical) information that will also be useful to consider when establishing cooperation among the BRICS countries.

Objective: to assess the relationship between the basic monetary instrument of state support for industry – subsidies – and basic macro-indicators of its effectiveness in the context of economic sovereignty. Methods: content analysis of publications, statistical analysis of macroeconomic indicators, econometric analysis on a wide sample of countries. Results: 1) the analysis of mentioning the category “subsidies” in Russian, English and Chinese printed publications confirmed the high interest to subsidies in China; 2) the analysis of correlation between the level of subsidies and the basic macro-indicators by countries on IMF data showed statistically significant correlations of the level of subsidies with the level of current account balance (low correlation) and GDP per capita (moderate correlation); 3) the evaluation showed no significant relationship between the level of subsidies and GDP per capita. According to the study results, conclusions were drawn about the absence of dependence between the level of transfers provided and the decrease of dependence on import. Scientific novelty: the hypothesis was checked that the level of subsidies in the state has a statistically significant impact on the country’s current account balance. The model is based on earlier studies with the added analysis of the role of subsidies in reaching the economic development goals. The novelty of this study consists in the absence of a significant relationship between the level of subsidies and the current account balance. Practical significance: the study results can be useful to specialists in the field of industrial policy. They provide a basis for a fuller understanding of the tools to ensure technological sovereignty. Modifications of the regression model can be used in further studies of the factors of the current account balance.

A country’s ability to create complex goods and diversify its lines of products is essential for addressing all types of vulnerabilities. Quantifying a country’s vulnerability to extreme climatic events, such as droughts, superstorms, and other natural disasters, and its capacity for successful adaption, is an essential global need that has been ignored. This study examines the role of economic fitness (EF) in addressing climate change risk exposure in BRICS countries in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve using panel data from 1995 to 2015. Panel threshold methodology is employed to ascertain the nonlinear relationship between EF and climate change risk exposure (i.e., Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index (ND-GAIN)). In addition, empirical associations were estimated using panel-corrected standard errors, Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, and feasible generalized least squares estimation techniques. These findings demonstrated an inverted N-shaped link between EF and ND-GAIN. Moreover, even after controlling for significant ND-GAIN influencing variables such as gross domestic product per capita, financial development, and urbanization, our robustness checks revealed significant and consistent findings.

This study estimates the monetary policy reaction function (MPRF) in a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) framework using Bayesian analysis for the emerging economies. DSGE models are suitable for the policy analysis because of their simplicity and prominent role of forward-looking variables. This is a pioneer study investigating the combined effects of credit spreads, fiscal imbalances, and monetary autonomy on interest rates for BRICS member countries. Using real data for the period 1970–2021, the posterior estimates confirm that both credit spread and fiscal imbalance significantly contribute to fluctuations in output, inflation, and interest rates in all the sample economies. The estimates show that fluctuations in the inflation rate are due to supply shocks. The empirical estimates also reveal that fiscal imbalances shock significantly affect output in Brazil, India, and South Africa, whereas, based on real data inflation and interest rate are significantly affected by fiscal imbalance shocks in China and South Africa. Yet, the findings suggest that the effects of various shocks on output and interest rates vary across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most contentious issues discussed in international forums is environmental deterioration, which is seen as a major global problem. Consequently, while a number of carbon emission (CO2) drivers have been covered in the literature so far, little is known about the moderating effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the link between CO2 emissions and mineral rent (MINR). Therefore, for the BRICS nations, this document serves as a representation of the earlier effort to investigate the moderating effect of EPU on the link between mineral rents and environmental deterioration. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction effect of MINR and EPU on CO2 for BRICS from 1990 to 2022. For this purpose, we use the panel autoregressive distributed lag model to ascertain the long‐ and short‐term effects of EPU and MINR on CO2. The long‐term findings imply that MINR increases 2. In contrast, the moderation effect of EPU aggravates the impact of MINR on emissions. This study makes policy recommendations for accomplishing sustainable development. The governments of these nations may solve the problem of environmental degradation by assuring political stability, adopting dependable macroeconomic policies, and creating policies that are so adaptable that they can be readily controlled or utilized to handle unforeseen environmental concerns in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has become a big problem around the world, and it is because of what people do. As a possible answer, countries are looking for ways to keep their economies growing and invest in technologies that use clean energy. Therefore, the notion of carbon neutrality has emerged as a crucial policy strategy for nations to attain sustainable development. This study expands the existing discussions on carbon neutrality by investigating the influence of key factors, including green innovation, financial development, natural resources depletion, trade openness, institutional quality, growth, and urbanization on the progress made towards attaining a carbon neutral state in the BRICS nations. This study considers the Method of Moment Quantile-Regression (MM-QR) and Prais–Winsten correlated panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) estimators to investigate the study objectives over the period of 1990–2021. Under the investigated outcomes, this study validated the significant role of urbanization and growth in carbon neutrality. On the other hand, this study finds the positive role of openness, green innovation, resource depletion, institutional quality, and financial development on environmental deterioration. However, under a systematic analysis, this study utilizes different proxies of the financial sector, for instance, financial complexity, financial efficiency, financial stability, and domestic credit by financial sector, and provides interesting outcomes. Based on these outcomes, this study also provides suggestions to attain desired levels of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of the dismal performance of BRICS nations in terms of governance, this study examines the relationship between governance indicators and carbon emissions. By employing DOLS and FMOLS cointegration techniques from 1996 to 2022, we find that effective governance helps in reducing environmental pollution. Specifically, indicators namely government effectiveness, political stability, the rule of law, voice and accountability, regulatory quality, and control of corruption show a favourable impact in mitigating carbon emissions. Additionally, our findings reveal that both foreign direct investments and trade openness contribute positively in lowering carbon emissions by introducing advanced technologies and sustainable practices. Conversely, rapid industrialization and population growth exacerbate carbon emissions due to increased reliance on fossil fuels and higher energy demand. Our study underscores the need for enhanced governance, green investments, and stringent environmental regulations to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability in BRICS nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1990s and 2000s, many developing nations accepted fixed exchange rate regimes to sustain price stability. By pegging their currencies to an anchor currency (i.e. US dollar), developing countries could bring credibility and confidence into their economies. The study tries to analyse the impact of the pegged exchange rate regime on inflation in BRICS countries for the period spanning from 2003 to 2022. The result points to the loss of monetary policy autonomy due to the ‘impossible trinity’ coming into play with a steady increase in capital inflows. The country’s large trade surpluses and extensive trade relationships may buffer the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on domestic prices, as changes in the exchange rate may be absorbed by changes in trade volumes or pricing strategies. Other factors like demographic trends or government interventions in markets could overshadow the influence of the exchange rate regime on inflation. The impact of changes in the exchange rate regimes on inflation may operate with lags, meaning that any effects may not be immediately observable in the data. The analysis in this study proposes that exchange rate regimes choice and money supply influence the inflation dynamics in the BRICS countries. It merely reflects the success of the central bank in neutralizing its very effort of maintaining the pegged rate, which gives rise to inflationary growth of the money supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in economic growth and increased agricultural output can augment societal well-being whilst proliferating environmental stressors. So, the study tests the validity of the "agriculture-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis" (AEKC) by assessing the varied environmental proxies that have yet to be accounted for earlier in the case of BRICS economies. Furthermore, most studies have utilised "first-generation econometric approaches" as the "cross-sectional dependency" has not been deemed in estimation. On account of this, the research employed "second-generation CIPS and CADF unit root test", "Westerlund cointegration test", "fully modified ordinary least square" (FMOLS) and "dynamic ordinary least square" (DOLS) to test the validity of AEKC in "BRICS countries" for 30 years. A positive association between agriculture and "ecological footprint" has been found which evidences the presence of an "inverted U-shaped AEKC" in BRICS nations. Another finding shows that the favourable impact of agriculture towards climate change can be moderated by illustrating the interaction effect of "human capital" and "renewable energy" with "agriculture". Lastly, the investigation brings forth the policy repercussions and acumens for the BRICS governments and policymakers in halting climate change by using renewable energy in agriculture and building human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, the remarkable amount of global environmental degradation has heightened environmental concerns at both national and international levels. This shift has spurred intensive research into the causes of environmental degradation and potential remedies, including environmental taxes, fines, education, and regulations. The drivers of CO2 emissions have been widely explored in the literature, but the nexus between business climate, human capital, and CO2 emissions has not been examined sufficiently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to delve into the interplay between renewable energy, business climate, human capital, and CO2 emissions in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2020 using panel causality and cointegration tests. Our research hypotheses suggest that there are significant mutual interactions among renewable energy, business climate, human capital, and CO2 emissions based on the associated literature. The results of the causality test verify the research hypotheses by uncovering a bidirectional causality between business climate, renewable energy use, human capital, and CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the cointegration analysis reveals that increases in renewable energy use and human capital decrease CO2 emissions at the panel level, but a positive business climate increases CO2 emissions at the panel level. However, the impact of business climate on CO2 emissions at the country level varies among BRICS economies based on environmental policies. In conclusion, investing in green energy technologies and education is a useful tool to decrease CO2 emissions. In addition to this, the positive effect of business climate on CO2 emissions should be balanced by regulations to increase environmental, social, and governance awareness of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of persistent climate change and deteriorating environmental pressure, this study integrates financialization, human capital, and energy security risks to provide new insight into decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth. The study employs annual panel data on the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries for the period of 1990–2019. The research employs the C‐S ARDL approach and the Tapio decoupling index to assess the decoupling status of the BRICS countries. In addition, this study applies the recently developed Juodis, Karavias, and Sarafidis Granger noncausality test for robustness. The findings offer compelling evidence of an inverted U‐shaped curve, aligning with the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Consequently, the results confirm the decoupling of carbon emissions in the BRICS nations. Furthermore, the Tapio decoupling elasticity index confirms different carbon decoupling statuses among the BRICS. The results show expansive negative decoupling for Brazil, weak decoupling for India and China, and strong decoupling for Russia and South Africa. In terms of policy, achieving strong decoupling status in the BRICS requires that financial institutions' lending and investing strategies align with environmental objectives. In addition, human capital development policies such as increased spending on education should be vigorously pursued to empower people to lead sustainable development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logistics sector plays a crucial role in supporting various aspects of the economy, making it an essential part of a nation's development. However, this sector also contributes to environmental pollution through various emissions. The adoption of environmentally friendly logistics practices presents a promising solution to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. This study aims to investigate the influence of economic growth, green innovation, foreign direct investment, transport emissions, renewable energy, and trade openness on green logistics in both Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) and Gulf countries from 1992 to 2020. This study used an advanced panel approach to obtain robust results, considering cross‐sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity. The cross‐sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag method was employed to analyze long and short‐run estimations. Our findings reveal that in Gulf countries, both transport emissions and foreign direct investment have a negative impact on green logistics. In the BRICS countries, economic growth, transport emissions, trade openness, renewable energy, and green innovation have a positive impact on green logistics. The study proposes several recommendations to improve logistics development in both groups of nations and promote sustainability. To achieve carbon neutrality, it is important to adopt green logistics, promote green investments, and support renewable energy, innovation, and sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper is focused the widely debated topic related to de-dollarization. It examines the trend of de-dollarization to check if the statements that the dollar is losing its weight and is about to lose its leading position in international trade payments are substantiated. Firstly, the theoretical framework behind the dollarization is explored. Secondly, the factors believed to be the basis of the de-dollarization process have been identified and analyzed, which are related to: geopolitical processes, changes in international payments policy in some BRICS countries, changes in international trade, etc. A performed analysis of the currency turnover in international trade, based on data from official sources, was made through forecast regression, which predicts the development of the share of the dollar in international payments. A correlation matrix was also calculated, showing the correlation links between the dollar and the other leadng currencies. The hypothesis, which is confirmed by the practical research, is that the de-dollarization process is proceeding slowly and uncertainly, and will continue to develop at a low pace leading to insignificant changes in the structure of the currency composition of international payments in the short and medium term. Further research could further explore each of the factors that could lead to a real dedollarisation trend in international payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BRICS nations as emerging economies have undergone a substantial structural transformation; however, achieving economic growth while sustaining the ecology is a pressing challenge for these economies. Nonetheless, one of the possible ways to achieve ecological sustainability is to promote clean energy use and green innovation backed by a strengthened political system. Thus, this study assesses the effect of disaggregated clean energy use (hydro and nuclear energy), green technology innovation, and political stability on the ecological footprint in BRICS countries from 1993 to 2022 while controlling for the impacts of natural resources rent, population growth, and GDP per capita. Using dynamic fixed effect and CS-ARDL estimators, the outcomes reveal that hydro and nuclear energy use and political stability induce the ecological footprint in BRICS countries. However, the empirical findings indicate that green technology innovation substantially reduces the ecological footprint. Therefore, from a policy perspective, the study encourages policy coordination among BRICS countries to embrace targeted policies to strengthen regulatory frameworks, promote innovations in technological know-how, and encourage the utilization of clean and sustainable energy to foster environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the intricate relationship between energy policy uncertainty (EGU) and foreign direct investment (FDI) within the BRIC economies over a comprehensive 27‐year period, spanning from 1996 to 2022. Employing advanced econometric techniques such as FMOLS and DOLS for regression analysis, the study unravels the nuanced impacts of EGU on both FDI inflows (IFD) and outflows (OFD). Drawing upon a comprehensive data set, the analysis reveals a significant negative correlation between EGU and IFD, indicating that heightened energy policy uncertainties deter foreign capital from entering BRICS nations. Contrarily, the study unveils a paradoxical positive relationship between EGU and OFD, suggesting that energy policy uncertainties stimulate the outflow of FDI, reflecting the adaptive strategies of multinational corporations navigating uncertainties. The study further explores the role of government effectiveness, labour force and financial sector development, shedding light on their positive influences on IFD and negative impacts on OFD. These findings underscore the importance of effective governance, a skilled labour force, and financial sector development in attracting and retaining foreign investments. This research contributes to the literature on energy policy, governance and FDI, offering policymakers and businesses nuanced insights into crafting strategies that enhance the attractiveness of BRIC nations for foreign investments. The study's findings have implications for shaping stable energy policies, improving governance effectiveness and fostering conditions conducive to sustained economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to investigate how Foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade openness influenced economic growth in BRICS countries from 1990 to 2022, using the Pooled Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) and System Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM) methods. Our findings show that these two variables boost economic growth by 0.172, 0.021, 0.291, and 0.072%, respectively. Additionally, the results indicate that BRICS countries have demonstrated greater resilience in terms of FDI and trade before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, underscoring the effectiveness of their investment and trade policies in maintaining economic growth amidst global disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt is interested in foreign trade as it leads to an increase in trade flow between it and many countries in the world in general and the BRICS countries in particular, through the trade agreements concluded by Egypt with the BRICS bloc, and in light of Egypt's abundance and diversity of natural resources and competitive advantages in agricultural production, as economic motives are available for economic integration between Egypt and many Arab and international blocs. The study indicates that there is a disparity in the distribution of labor, capital, and the rest of the productive resources between the various economic blocs, as well as the fluctuation of Egyptian exports of agricultural commodities to the BRICS countries from year to year at high rates in recent years, which led to the necessity of studying the demand for these commodities in the BRICS markets. The research aims to try to improve the position of Egyptian agricultural exports with the BRICS countries, as it was found that there is a direct relationship between the gross domestic product of the importing countries and the import price in dollars per ton, and an inverse relationship between the exchange rate and the quantity of Egyptian exports, which is consistent with economic logic. It was also shown that by increasing the gross domestic product of importing countries by about 1 million dollars, the quantity of Egyptian exports increases by about 300 tons, and by increasing the import price by about 1 dollar/ton, the quantity of exports increases by about 100 tons. It was also shown that increasing the population leads to an increase in Egyptian exports to importing countries, as increasing the population by about 1 million people leads to an increase in the quantity of exports by about 400 tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although the Americas and Europe have historically dominated the global research landscape, emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) have significantly increased their contributions in recent years. This article studies clinical trial trends in the BRICS nations between 2018 and 2022 and compares it with trends in the G7 nations (comprising Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, the USA, and the European Union). This will help stakeholders in planning drug development strategies. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and the World Bank database. An electronic search was done for the total number of trials registered between January 1, 2018, and March 15, 2023. Information was analyzed based on the year of registration, therapeutic area, type of intervention, sponsorship, and type of special population. The trial density indices (TDIs) were calculated based on population (Xi) and gross domestic product (GDP) (Yi) using author-derived formulae. Results: Altogether 2, 77, 536 trials from the BRICS and G7 were registered. China and the US had the most trials among the BRICS and G7, respectively. Between 2018 and 2022, the gap between the BRICS and G7 steadily reduced. The most common indication for clinical trials among the BRICS was cancer. Based on population, the TDI was the highest in China and the lowest in Russia. In proportion to the GDP, the TDI was maximum in Russia and minimum in India. Conclusion: There is a remarkable reduction in the gap in clinical trial trends between the BRICS and G7 nations. Among the BRICS, India and China are at the forefront in drug development. There is scope for improvement in trial density based on India’s population and GDP. Stakeholders are likely to utilize the strengths of the BRICS as an attractive destination for investment in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic performance can be measured using different macroeconomic indicators and different analysis methods. In this context, it is aimed to compare the economic performances of BRICS countries and Turkey for the 2000-2022 period by using macroeconomic variables and to analyze the performances of the countries discussed separately during his period. In the study, GDP per capita, growth rate, exports, current account balance (percent of GDP), inflation, unemployment, exchange rate and import were determined as performance evaluation criteria. Within the scope of the study, an integrated model was used, which deals with the economic performances of BRICS-T countries, ENTROPY and WEDBA (Weighted Euclidean Distance Based Approximation) methods. In the ENTROPY method, the weight coefficients obtained separately for each year and for each country were calculated, and in the WEDBA method, the performance ranking was made by using the obtained weights. According to the results of the study, the country with the best economic performance in the ranking of economic performance among the countries was China in all years, while India had the poorest overall performance compared to other countries on average. In addition, while Turkey was in the second place in 2011, it took the third place when the average of all years was taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the association between economic uncertainty and audit quality in the BRICS nations, examining both input-based (e.g., audit fees, auditor tenure) and output-based (e.g., restatements, total accruals) measures of audit quality. Utilizing a dataset of 83,511 firm-year observations from 1995–2022, it reveals a significant negative impact of economic uncertainty on audit quality. Additionally, the research explores the moderating role of CEO power, employing principal component analysis to merge various indicators of CEO influence. Findings indicate that powerful CEOs can mitigate the adverse effects of economic uncertainty on audit quality, suggesting a U-shaped relationship between CEO power and audit quality. Methodologically robust, employing techniques like two-stage least squares (2SLS) and two-stage system generalized method of moments (system GMM) to address endogeneity, the study offers a comprehensive analysis of audit quality in the context of economic fluctuations and corporate governance, contributing significantly to the understanding of these dynamics in emerging economies, particularly in the diverse and influential BRICS nations. This study's findings have significant implications for stakeholders and policymakers, providing insights that can inform policy decisions and enhance corporate governance frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This policy brief proposes that the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa) should plan and coordinate on ways to mitigate cybersecurity risks on a multilateral level. The BRICS countries are ideal for such a meta-governance mechanism which could coordinate toward the circumvention of some cyber risks. This Policy brief proposes that there should be an integration of blockchain technologies, packet sniffing technologies and AI detection tools to help mitigate emerging cybersecurity risks. The policy brief outlines the risks and challenges prevalent in this current climate, whilst also proposing potential remedies sourced from rigorous academic studies. The precise amendments include the synthesised mechanism of blockchain-based internet registries, packet sniffing technologies AI verification tools and capacity building to aid in the mitigation of cybersecurity risks. In 2007, a cyberattack in Brazil plunged more than 3 million people into darkness.1 Cyberattacks collectively cost the BRICS countries $50.3bn in 2013.2 These funds could have been reinvested into the economy. BRICS needs the rapid technological integration of cyber-crime mitigation tools, tools which this policy brief will outline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As BRICS countries strive to build a digital economy, these nations must prepare their populace for the 'future of work.' Digital economies tend to create middle to high-skilled jobs. This is problematic as many workers are trapped in low-skill occupations and lack the expertise to adequately participate in a digital economy. A digital economy requires a population that is literate in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). While BRICS has made progress in educating their populace in these fields, they still have a long way to go. More STEM graduates (especially women) must be produced to maintain and create a digital economy. This policy brief maps out strategies for BRICS countries to increase STEM participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global economy becomes increasingly underpinned by the digital economy, developing countries must grapple with the challenge of digitally transforming their economies while ensuring that no one is left behind. The BRICS countries - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa - are at different stages of digital development and have adopted varying approaches to digital governance. However, the challenges of the 21st century require a joint approach to e-commerce, internet governance, and the challenges of a digitalising global economy. The BRICS Digital Economy Partnership Framework, launched in 2022, is a positive step towards a comprehensive digital governance framework. This framework promotes cooperation on various digital issues, including cybersecurity, data protection, and e-commerce. This policy brief examines how the framework can benefit the BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the context of the globalization of the clinical trials market, the rapid growth in their number, the fast development of biomedical research using new technologies, and insufficient control over their conduct by state regulatory authorities and independent ethics committees, ethical aspects of conducting clinical trials and the issue of protecting patients' rights remain relevant. The aim of the study: To review and compare the legislative frameworks and regulations of ethical aspects of clinical trials in Russia and the BRICS countries, which possess significant scientific, industrial, and economic potential - China, India, and Brazil. Materials and Methods: The search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases, with descriptors including ethics in clinical trials, legislative regulation of clinical trials, and ethic committee. The selection criteria included publications from 2010 to 2024 and articles focusing on the regulation of clinical trials in Russia, China, India, and Brazil, along with their histories and evaluation forms. Results and Discussion: In Russia, the work of Ethics Committees is based on the European model, grounded in modern international ethical norms and regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). A drawback is the lack of structured interaction between Ethics Committees at both national and local levels. The work of Ethics Committees in China and India faces several problems, such as weak organizational structure, unjustified membership composition, low training, incompetence, weak control and management mechanisms, and flawed systems for obtaining informed consent. The Brazil's ethical and regulatory system meets global requirements and ethical standards, aimed at protecting the rights of clinical trials participants. However, in all developing countries, there remains a potential danger for clinical trial participants with a low socio-economic standard of living. Conclusion: The experience of BRICS countries, which are intensively developing in the field of clinical trials, is interesting in terms of developing possible approaches to monitoring activities, ensuring interaction, certifying Ethics Committees, and centrally training Ethic Committee members in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]