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We examine whether and how auditors incorporate rollover risk in assessing a client's risk. Rollover risk is the risk associated with long-term debt maturing in 1 year, which has to be refinanced or settled shortly. Debt has two counteracting effects on firms' riskiness: increased liquidity risk and increased monitoring. The finance literature suggests that rollover risk is an apparent risk factor because it results in high liquidity risk but only a weak (or limited) monitoring benefit. Consistent with that literature, we show that auditors increase audit fees, exhibit a higher likelihood of issuing a going-concern opinion, and terminate relations with their clients more frequently as rollover risk increases. Our study is the first in the audit research literature to document that auditors factor rollover risk in their pricing, going concern, and client portfolio decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of the mandatory disclosure of Key Audit Matters (KAMs) in the extended audit report is to provide relevant, client-specific information and thereby add value to the audit report. But mixed results fuel debate about the informativeness of expanded audit reports, particularly the disclosure of KAMs. This study employs text analysis to examine whether and how the information content of KAMs is associated with investor perceptions of financial reporting quality, as proxied by earnings response coefficients. Specifically, using a sample of KAMs disclosed in Taiwanese audit reports (for fiscal years 2016 and 2017), companies with KAMs that contain more client-specific information are perceived as having lower reporting quality. We further note that this association is driven by the risk-related description in KAMs. Additional analyses indicate that our textual measure is associated with actual financial reporting quality, as proxied by abnormal accruals and the likelihood of misstatements. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting the information value of KAMs in the Taiwanese audit market. This study contributes by suggesting the value of the expanded audit report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Auditors' propensity to issue Going Concern Audit Reports (GCARs) is one of the proxies often used for audit quality. Although this propensity is a distinguishing characteristic of auditors, it does not indicate quality according to both theory and practice. In theory, higher quality auditors make fewer audit errors; they are more likely to issue GCARs to clients that deserve them and less likely to issue GCARs to clients that do not. Therefore, the propensity itself does not indicate quality. In practice, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) inspection reports reveal that the GCAR is rarely mentioned as a deficiency, and in the few cases in which it is discussed, the deficiency is attributed to evidence gathering and estimations, rather than to the GCAR decision itself. The theory and practice motivate our study. This article investigates the empirical ability of the GCAR propensity to proxy for audit quality and finds that different samples and different models yield different determinations of auditor quality. Our findings caution against the use of the propensity to issue GCARs as a proxy for audit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find that firms with preliminary earnings that are expected to just meet analyst forecasts are more likely to only disclose (i.e., not accrue) litigation loss contingencies, claiming that the litigation event falls below the qualitative thresholds necessitating accrual. We also find that this opportunistic treatment of a subjective estimate is reduced when firms' auditors have expertise in the defendant's industry or have experience auditing litigation contingencies. Furthermore, we find that opportunistic disclosure usage increases when firms are more economically important to auditors' client portfolios. Our results are robust to a series of additional tests. We provide evidence to support the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) call for increased auditor professional skepticism toward management bias and opportunism when evaluating subjective estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite technological advances in accounting systems and audit techniques, sampling remains a commonly used audit tool. For critical estimation applications involving low error rate populations, stratified mean-per-unit sampling (SMPU) has the unique advantage of producing trustworthy confidence intervals. However, SMPU is less efficient than other classical sampling techniques because it requires a larger sample size to achieve comparable precision. To address this weakness, we investigated how SMPU efficiency can be improved via three key design choices: (a) stratum boundary selection method, (b) number of sampling strata, and (c) minimum stratum sample size. Our tests disclosed that SMPU efficiency varies significantly with stratum boundary selection method. An iterative search-based method yielded the best efficiency, followed by the Dalenius–Hodges and Equal-Value-Per-Stratum methods. We also found that variations in Dalenius–Hodges implementation procedures yielded meaningful differences in efficiency. Regardless of boundary selection method, increasing the number of sampling strata beyond levels recommended in the professional literature yielded significant improvements in SMPU efficiency. Although a minor factor, smaller values of minimum stratum sample size were found to yield better SMPU efficiency. Based on these findings, suggestions for improving SMPU efficiency are provided. We also present the first known equations for planning the number of sampling strata given various application-specific parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite ongoing efforts to improve database accessibility, aggregated database vendors concede that they do not have complete control over document accessibility. Instead, they point to the responsibility of journal publishers to deliver articles in an accessible format. This may increase the likelihood that users with disabilities will encounter articles that are not compatible with a screen reader. To better understand the extent of the problem, a document accessibility audit was conducted of randomly selected articles from EBSCO's Library & Information Source database. Full-text articles from 12 library science journals were evaluated against two measures of screen reader compatibility: HTML format (the optimal format for screen readers) and PDF accessibility conformance. Findings showed inconsistencies in HTML format availability for articles in the selected journals. Additionally, the entire sample of PDF articles failed to meet the minimum standard of PDF Universal Accessibility of containing a tagged structure. However, all PDF articles passed accessibility permissions tests, so could be made accessible retroactively by a third party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this audit was to quantify female representation in research on heat adaptation. Using a standardized audit tool, the PubMed database was searched for heat adaptation literature from inception to February 2023. Studies were included if they investigated heat adaptation among female and male adults (≥18–50 years) who were free from noncommunicable diseases, with heat adaptation the primary or secondary outcome of interest. The number and sex of participants, athletic caliber, menstrual status, research theme, journal impact factor, Altmetric score, Field-Weighted Citation Impact, and type of heat exposure were extracted. A total of 477 studies were identified in this audit, including 7,707 participants with ∼13% of these being female. Most studies investigated male-only cohorts (∼74%, n = 5,672 males), with ∼5% (n = 360 females) including female-only cohorts. Of the 126 studies that included females, only 10% provided some evidence of appropriate methodological control to account for ovarian hormone status, with no study meeting best-practice recommendations. Of the included female participants, 40% were able to be classified to an athletic caliber, with 67% of these being allocated to Tier 2 (i.e., trained/developmental) or below. Exercise heat acclimation was the dominant method of heat exposure (437 interventions), with 21 studies investigating sex differences in exercise heat acclimation interventions. We recommend that future research on heat adaptation in female participants use methodological approaches that consider the potential impact of sexual dimorphism on study outcomes to provide evidence-based guidelines for female athletes preparing for exercise or competition in hot conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous literature on the engagement quality (EQ) review argues that EQ reviewers should provide more efforts into the review process when fieldwork auditors' judgments and conclusions on the financial statements are potentially biased. Little empirical study has been done, however, partly due to the confidentiality of the detailed data on EQ reviewers' audit hours. The purpose of the article is to shed light on the existing literature by conducting an empirical investigation using a unique actual data set available in Korea. The results show that the EQ review hours are positively associated with CEO turnovers, a proxy for the audit risk, which supports the prediction of the theory on the EQ review. Additional analyses show that such results are stronger under (a) the upward earnings management and (b) the forced CEO turnover. The article extends the existing literature on the EQ review process and enhances the understanding of the engagement-level quality control in the volatile audit environment by providing empirical evidence to the analytic discussions on the EQ review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of the failure of Satyam Computer Services Ltd. ("Satyam"), a major corporate governance related event in India, on related party loans of Indian public companies. Using data from a balanced panel of 794 firms for the years 2006–2012, we find that the Satyam failure had a significant negative impact on related party loans given by Indian firms. The average of net related party loans (as a proportion of total assets) declined from 2.37% in 2008 to 0.23% in 2010. Furthermore, the reduction in related party loans was more prominent in firms with lower levels of external monitoring. Finally, since prior research suggests that there was no significant Satyam effect on the frequency or attendance at audit committee meetings, our results suggest that there can be substantive changes in operational decisions without observable changes in governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate whether board-interlocked firms via an audit committee (AC) board member exhibit correlated non-audit service (NAS) purchases, and whether financial reporting quality and future firm performance vary with the amount of correlated NAS purchases from the AC interlock. We find that AC interlocked firms have positively correlated total NAS and three NAS subtypes—Tax, Assurance, and Other—in the overall sample period from 2000 to 2016, and in each of the subperiods pre- and post-SOX (Sarbanes–Oxley Act). Firms with a larger NAS component that is explained by the AC interlock tend to exhibit lower financial reporting quality. We also find evidence that firms with higher AC interlocked NAS purchases are associated with lower future performance, although this association exists only in the pre-SOX period. Overall, the evidence suggests that greater NAS purchases among AC interlocked firms can have a detrimental effect on financial reporting quality and auditor independence. While these detrimental effects are concentrated in the pre-SOX period when there were less restrictions on NAS purchases, we find some evidence that the association with lower financial reporting quality persists in the post-SOX period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether individual auditors with experience as independent directors provide better audit performance than those without independent directorship experience. Using the Chinese setting where audit partners' names are publicly disclosed, we find that audit partners with independent director experience provide higher audit quality for clients that operate in the same industries as the companies where they concurrently hold or have previously held directorships. However, directorship experience at companies in different industries has an insignificant effect on audit quality. These findings suggest that independent director service enables audit partners to gain industry-specific knowledge. This leads to knowledge spillovers on the audits of clients in the same industries. This study contributes to the literature by identifying an alternative channel through which auditors gain industry-specific knowledge which enhances their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the assessment-data management librarian at Lehman College Library decided to conduct a privacy audit of the Library's public computers and networks. This audit comprised one of the Library's two annual formal assessments of resources and services. The American Library Association's (ALA) Library Privacy Checklist for Public Access Computers and Networks was selected to review 17 key items related to protecting user privacy and confidentiality. Faculty and staff from Circulation, Library Technology, and Online Learning identified 10 indicators needing work. Suggestions are provided for collaboratively resolving these issues and future steps are described to continuously maximize the online security of the campus community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the need for libraries to analyze their collections, programs, toys, and policies by doing a diversity audit that can function as a steppingstone towards an improved collection development policy. Topics include the concept of diversity audits in libraries, automated diversity audit service offered by several vendors, and the features of the diversity audit tool completed by Cooperative Computer Services (CCS).

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forensic accounting is a specialized field that investigates financial fraud and other white-collar crimes and provides evidence in legal proceedings. Forensic accounting literature has been criticized for lacking applied research that examines the actual role of forensic accountants in practice. One reason for this gap is the challenge of measuring the variables involved in forensic accounting cases. This research proposes appropriate measures for the variables involved in forensic accounting, identifying the key variables that are most important in determining the impact of forensic accounting services and techniques. The proposed variables in this paper are (1) Forensic accounting service index, (2) External auditor with forensic accounting competencies, (3) Audit committee characteristics in terms of forensic accounting service, (4) Litigation risk and (5) Fraud risk. This research has significant implications for future applied research in the field and provides a roadmap for further research. By providing a foundation for applied research, this research will contribute to the development of a stronger and more evidence-based forensic accounting profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The second European Consensus Workshop on Education in Periodontology was commissioned, as a result of the changes in the discipline and the advances in educational methods/technology, to update the 2009 Consensus report of the first European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) Workshop on the same topic that was jointly authored by the Association for Dental Education in Europe. Aim: To identify and propose changes necessary in periodontal education at three levels, namely undergraduate, specialist and continuing professional development (CPD), with respect to learning outcomes, competencies and methods of learning/training and evaluation. Methods: Four working groups (WGs) considered education in periodontology at the undergraduate, specialist and CPD levels, and education methods. Four commissioned position papers, one per WG, summarized the relevant information. Workshop participants gathered at an in‐person consensus meeting to discuss the individual reviews, and this consensus report summarizes the conclusions. Results: The learning outcomes for undergraduate and specialist education in periodontology have been updated, and a proposal for learning outcomes for CPD programmes was made. Learning/teaching/training and evaluation methods were proposed for each level of education, which included face‐to‐face, virtual and blended learning methods. Conclusion: Developments in oral/dental medicine and in contemporary educational technologies have been translated into updated learning outcomes and learning/teaching/ training/evaluation methods relevant to education in periodontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the availability, design, and contents of difficult airway trolleys in hospitals in Victoria, Australia. A survey audit was conducted with a 92.3% reply rate, and the responses from 22 major Victorian hospitals were analysed. The results showed that difficult airway trolleys were available in 100% of operating theatres, emergency departments and intensive care units, and the rate of standardisation was high. Compliance with recommended design features and resources was on average 68.3%. There was no significant difference in the compliance rate of major tertiary centres compared with other hospitals. The carriage of non-essential items was reduced compared with earlier audits. However, there was heterogeneity in the brands of supraglottic airway devices, videolaryngoscopes and cognitive aids used. The study highlights the need for ongoing improvement to the organization and content of difficult airway trolleys, and for further discussion regarding the safety of equipment variation across institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 8, 2020, the Office of the Auditor General of Canada (OAG) tabled its report on immigration removals, finding that the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) fails to enforce deportations in a timely manner and has abysmal record-keeping practices. The report concludes that these failings undermine the integrity of Canada's immigration system and endangers the public. Critical Accounting scholarship problematizes auditing for legitimizing harmful processes through the guise of scrutiny. The OAG audit of the CBSA overlooks the well-documented systemic abuses of the CBSA in administering migrant detention. The article argues "performance audits" are a governmental technology called data laundering that rationalizes the violence inherent in immigration enforcement. Data laundering obscures the fact that policing migration depends on broad discretionary powers, leading to opaque and inconsistent data practices. "Laundering" signals auditing's inability to be sufficiently adversarial with a sector of law enforcement whose poor data-keeping practices maintains an illusion of recordkeeping as a form of power. Audit dependence on quantitative forms of data increases violence against immigrants; when violent deportation and detention measures are quantified, this presumes an acceptable ledger of force that accounts for, and in so doing legitimizes, state enactment of violence upon vulnerable people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forte des nombreuses innovations cliniques, technologiques ou stratégiques, la radiothérapie est en évolution permanente, contribuant à des enjeux majeurs de qualité et de sécurité, dans un contexte où il est nécessaire de se conformer à de nouvelles exigences réglementaires. Nous décrivons dans cet article les conditions de mises en œuvre et d'application des exigences d'habilitation, de certification périodique et d'audit par les pairs en France. With numerous clinical, technological or strategic innovations, radiation therapy is constantly evolving, contributing to major quality and safety issues, in a context where new regulatory standards are required. In this article, we will describe the conditions for implementing and applying the requirements for accreditation, periodic certification and peer audit in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalization and rapid advancements in medical technologies necessitate the harmonization of international regulatory frameworks to ensure the efficient and timely clinical application of medical products, including pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Regulatory reliance, a critical component of this harmonization process, is a powerful tool that provides efficient access for economic entities and regulatory authorities, promoting predictable decision-making and accelerating approvals. The Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP) serves as a regulatory reliance framework for medical device inspections. Implemented by countries including Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil, MDSAP allows third-party certification bodies, recognized by these regulatory authorities, to conduct audits on medical device manufacturers. The outcomes of these audits are shared with the regulatory authorities, who use them for regulatory assessments and decision-making. Since transitioning to its implementation phase in 2017, MDSAP has been widely utilized in various countries. This review provides an overview of the adoption and utilization of MDSAP in major countries, exploring the program's impact on regulatory processes and its potential as a method of regulatory reliance to facilitate timely access to effective and safe medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Evidence-based guidelines and care standards recommend offering oral nutrition supplements to all older adults with hip fracture, not just those already malnourished. This study aimed to identify the proportion of inpatients in a sample of hospitals in two countries that were provided with oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) following a hip fracture and to identify factors associated with ONS provision. Methods: An analysis of prospectively collected data from a bi-national Hip Fracture Registry nutrition sprint and registry audit data limited to older adults (≥65 years) undergoing surgical intervention for a fractured hip from 1 to 31 August 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with providing ONS. Results: Patient-level data was available for 385 older adults (median 85 years; 60.5% female) admitted to twenty-nine hospitals. Less than half (n = 47.3%) of the audited inpatients were provided ONS. After adjusting for covariates, ONS was more likely to be provided to older adults who were identified as malnourished on formal testing (OR 11.92; 95%CI 6.57, 21.69). Other factors associated with prescription of ONS included those who did not have a preoperative medical assessment (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.19, 4.27) or were cognitively impaired (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.01, 3.32), severely frail, or terminally ill (OR 3.17; 95%CI 1.10, 9.17). Conclusions: ONS was provided in line with evidence-based recommendations for less than half of the older adults with a hip fracture in 29 hospitals in two countries. A structured approach to implementation may be required to reduce complications and improve outcomes for all older adults after a hip fracture, not just those assessed as cognitively impaired, frail, and/or malnourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) typically have complex treatment needs, the effect of medication regimen complexity on patient outcomes has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study aims to quantify medication regimen complexity and evaluate patient-centred outcomes including medication adherence and its determinants in patients undergoing PD. Methods: This study combined a retrospective audit of baseline data with a prospective evaluation of patient-related outcomes among patients undergoing PD at a large metropolitan dialysis centre in Australia. Medication regimen complexity was assessed using the 65-item Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI), while patient outcomes were evaluated with validated self-reported questionnaires, including the 4-item Morisky–Green–Levine Scale (MGLS), EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS. Results: A total of 131 patients participated [median age 67 (IQR 57–74) years]. Patients on PD were found to have complex medication regimens with an average MRCI score of 28.6 ± 11.4. Over half of the participants were deemed to be adherent to their prescribed medications as measured by the MGLS (n = 79; 60.3%). Male participants were more likely to be non-adherent to medications compared to female participants (OR 2.465; 95% CI 1.055–5.759). Participants with higher serum phosphate levels were 2.5 times more likely to report non-adherence to their medications (OR 2.523; 95% CI 1.247–5.104), while a higher health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was associated with medication adherence (OR 0.151, 95% CI 0.031–0.732). Conclusions: Patients on PD are prescribed complex medication regimens in addition to PD treatments that they perform at home. Patients on PD who were adherent to their medications had significantly better outcomes in terms of HRQoL and serum phosphate levels compared to non-adherent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I evaluate the effect of financial statement audits on the governance practices of nonprofit organizations. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits revenue-based exemption thresholds, I find that financial audits cause organizations to implement governance mechanisms, such as conflict of interest policies, whistleblower policies, and formal approval of the CEO's compensation by a committee. Consistent with these governance practices curtailing managers' private benefits, I document reductions in nepotism and CEO-to-employee pay ratio. The results are more pronounced for organizations (1) whose audit is overseen by an audit committee, (2) that already have an independent board, and (3) that face high charity-level demand for oversight. Collectively, these findings shed light on how financial audits shape the governance practices of small, less sophisticated organizations like nonprofits in ways that go beyond financial statements' direct use in decision-making and contracting. JEL Classifications: M42; G34; M48; L31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the relationship between audit quality and office-level auditor turnover. Using resumes of over 106,000 Big 4 auditors, we find that audit offices with higher turnover have a greater likelihood of client annual report restatements. This detrimental effect is more pronounced when the departing auditors are more experienced and when the office faces tighter human capital constraints and is primarily attributable to voluntary turnover. Further, such negative effect is borne mostly by complex clients and intangible-intensive clients but is weakened for clients with greater product similarity to the client portfolio of the audit office. Last, the impact of office-level turnover on audit quality persists after controlling for firm-level turnover. Our findings inform the current policy debate on whether and to what extent audit firms should disclose auditor turnover as a potential indicator of audit quality. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides novel evidence on the magnitude of switching costs in auditing. Using a discrete choice approach, we infer switching costs from clients' audit firm choices. The demand estimation reveals that switching costs are significant and vary by direction, with the highest costs associated with switching from non-Big 4 to Big 4 audit firms. Counterfactual analyses of forced switches suggest that switching costs are substantial, ranging from 0.7 billion U.S. dollars (14.2 percent of audit fees) to 1.2 billion U.S. dollars (24.0 percent of audit fees) when aggregated across all clients. Counterfactual analyses of voluntary switching show that the audit market would become highly dynamic and more concentrated if switching costs were removed. Additionally, clients would gain consumer surplus of up to 306 million U.S. dollars (5.4 percent of audit fees) in such a scenario. Overall, our study documents the importance of switching costs for understanding audit market dynamics. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M42; M48; L11; L84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review synthesizes and maps existing research on auditing in family firms across multiple areas of study. The review includes 71 systematically selected academic articles published through to 2023. Our findings suggest that many audit-related issues, such as audit fees, audit quality, and auditor choice, differ significantly among family and nonfamily firms. Our review suggests that the positioning of the issues across different disciplines adds complexity and, to some extent, hinders the development of the field. This complexity, resulting from the intermixing of multiple concepts from different disciplines, pushes the majority of the reviewed articles toward theoretical singularity rather than a leap forward in terms of empirical relevance or theoretical plurality. By developing a field map that identifies gaps in current knowledge, our review not only suggests improvements to the status quo, but provides future research directions inspired by recent developments in family business and auditing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to present the results of a bibliometric analysis and literature review on the scientific production related to artificial intelligence (AI) applied to accounting and auditing, contained in the Scopus database between 2020 and 2023. The PRISMA model was used to identify the studies, due to its transparency in the process of obtaining relevant literature. For the first part, a descriptive and quantitative bibliometric analysis with keyword search in the Scopus database was used. For the second part, a subjective approach was followed based on a qualitative analysis based on the author's interpretation. Both approaches were considered for their complementarity. The main quantitative characteristics of journals, authors, articles, conceptual structure, and social structure were identified. Also, the ethical implications of AI applied to accounting and auditing, and the way it impacts on accounting, tax auditing, financial strategy and decision making that contribute to the creation of value for their organization. Change the aversion to AI for adaptability and understanding that their auditing and forensic accounting were extracted. The accountant-auditor's work will be increasingly computerized. They should focus more on analysis; professional profile must be transformed synergistically with AI. The study is intended to serve as a theoretical basis for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: In this study, we examine how political turnover influences auditor reporting behavior by focusing on the turnover of Chinese provincial governors. We predict that the Big 10 audit firms tend to report more conservatively to counter the uncertainties induced by governor turnover, whereas local small audit firms would report more aggressively to help governors conceal local negative information. Using 11,405 audits conducted in the Chinese economy, we find that the Big 10 audit firms report more Modified Audit Opinions (MAOs), whereas local small audit firms render more clean opinions in the pre-turnover than other nonturnover years. We also find that: (1) audit firms readjust their reporting behavior after governor turnover ends; and (2) governor turnover can be well anticipated one year ahead. Overall, our study suggests that political turnover wields a significant influence on auditor reporting behavior and this influence further varies across audit firms. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: D72; M42; M38; M48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: We study the effect of borrower-lender cross-ownership on the demand for a borrower's external audit quality in syndicated loan settings. Cross-owners, which are institutional investors who hold the equities of both the borrower and the lead lender of syndicated loans, have the ability and incentive to increase the economic benefits accruing to both contracting parties. We hypothesize that cross-owners demand high-quality audits of the borrower's financial information as a delegated monitoring device to resolve the agency cost of debt and improve contract efficiency. Our evidence shows that cross-ownership is positively associated with higher borrower audit fees, our proxy for audit quality. We also find that the effect is more pronounced for larger loans. Overall, these results suggest that cross-owners view external audits to be a viable monitoring mechanism for improving overall debt contacting efficiency. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M42; M48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents novel insights into the relationship between environmental performance and firm performance, focusing on the moderating role of board governance. Unlike the single‐dimensional examination in previous studies, we examine five board variables collectively in our moderator analysis. Employing ordinary least squares regression and a series of robustness tests, we investigate 582 European listed firms across various industries from 2016 to 2021. Our findings reveal a positive influence of environmental performance on firm performance, measured by Tobin's Q and ROA. Furthermore, we find that board independence, gender diversity and audit committee independence moderate this relationship. To address potential endogeneity issues, we employ GMM modelling. This study significantly contributes to the environmental performance and firm performance literature by offering evidence on the moderating role of board mechanisms. Moreover, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners, highlighting the need to monitor corporate boards for improved environmental and financial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed whether the audit committee moderates the relationship between gender diversity and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures among Chinese listed firms. Data on energy sector companies from 2012 to 2022 were taken from the Chinese Stock Market and Accounting Research database to test the moderation model. Gender diversity was measured as the percentage of females on boards using the Blau and Shannon indices. Board gender diversity directly and positively affected both the overall and individual dimensions of ESG disclosures. Furthermore, the audit committee moderated the relationship between gender diversity and ESG disclosure. This study provides valuable insights for managers and investors to evaluate the role of gender diversity and audit committees in ESG disclosures and facilitates them in making better decisions. Furthermore, regulators can revise corporate governance codes to promote more female inclusion not only on corporate boards but also on subcommittees to protect the rights of stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates theoretical relationships among personality characteristics, preferences for different types of rewards and the propensity to choose a job in auditing by management-related higher education students. Specifically, the authors consider motivation, locus of control (internal and external) and self-efficacy (SE) as personality characteristics and financial, extrinsic, support and intrinsic as types of rewards. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected through a questionnaire targeted at management-related higher education students in Portugal. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. Findings: The full sample results show that different types of motivation, locus of control and SE are related to different reward preferences. The authors also find a positive association between a preference for extrinsic rewards and the propensity to choose a job in auditing. Moreover, when the authors consider the role of working experience in the model, the authors find that the reward preferences that drive the choice of an auditing job differ according to that experience. Originality/value: This study enriches the literature by assessing preferences for different types of rewards, considering multiple personality characteristics and a comprehensive set of rewards. Furthermore, the authors identify the reward preferences that drive the choice of an auditing career. This knowledge empowers auditing firms to devise recruitment strategies that resonate with candidates' preferences, which boosts the capacity of these companies to attract new auditors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of auditing on dividends in small private firms. We hypothesize that auditing can constrain dividends by way of promoting accounting conservatism. We use register data on private Norwegian firms and random variation induced by the introduction of a policy allowing small private firms to forgo the use of an auditor to estimate the effect of auditing on dividend payout. Identification is obtained by a regression discontinuity around the arbitrary thresholds for the policy. Propensity score matching is used to create a balanced synthetic control. We consistently find that forgoing auditing led to a significant increase in dividends in small private firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]