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Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry,1,2 Bilal Aslam,1,2 Muhammad Imran Arshad,3 Roman Farooq Alvi,2 Saima Muzammil,2 Nafeesa Yasmeen,4 Muhammad Aamir Aslam,3 Mohsin Khurshid,2 Muhammad Hidayat Rasool,2 Zulqarnain Baloch1 1Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Bilal Aslam; Zulqarnain Baloch Email drbilalaslam@gcuf.edu.pk; znbalooch@yahoo.comIntroduction: Intense livestock farming practices enforcing the farmers to use antibiotics as food supplements on a routine basis. Aberrant use of antibiotics is associated with the emergence of antibiotics resistance and resistant superbugs. Keeping in view the current scenario, the present study was designed for the first time from Pakistan with a specific aim to estimate the prevalence of the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in veterinary settings and the waste in Pakistan.Methods: A total of 138 samples from various veterinary sources were collected by employing a nonprobability sampling technique. Isolation and phenotypic identification of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were performed according to the CLSI standard. Molecular detection of various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was done through PCR by using specific primers against each ARG. According to the pasture scheme, the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to characterize the K. pneumoniae sequence types (STs).Results: According to the results of the study, overall 9.4% (13/138) isolates were confirmed carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Among various carbapenem ARGs particularly, the blaNDM-1 was found in 92.3% (12/13) isolates followed by blaOXA-48 84.6% (11/13). MLST results revealed that overall 3 STs were found in the study which includes ST29, ST11, and ST258. Taking together, this is the first study to our best knowledge which demonstrated the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and its various STs prevalent in veterinary settings and the waste of Pakistan.Conclusion: Based on the above-mentioned facts, we suggested that veterinary settings and waste are the potential source and reservoir of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, which may be disseminated to the environment and ultimately can affect the public and companion livestock health.Keywords: veterinary settings, carbapenem resistance, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pakistan

Bilal Aslam,1 Wei Wang,2 Muhammad Imran Arshad,3 Mohsin Khurshid,1,4 Saima Muzammil,1 Muhammad Hidayat Rasool,1 Muhammad Atif Nisar,1 Ruman Farooq Alvi,1 Muhammad Aamir Aslam,2 Muhammad Usman Qamar,1 Muhammad Khalid Farooq Salamat,5 Zulqarnain Baloch6 1Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; 3Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 4College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 5Neurobiology Division, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 6College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China Abstract: The advent of multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperiling the worth of antibiotics, which have previously transformed medical sciences. The crisis of antimicrobial resistance has been ascribed to the misuse of these agents and due to unavailability of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements and reduced financial inducements. Comprehensive efforts are needed to minimize the pace of resistance by studying emergent microorganisms, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial agents. Multidisciplinary approaches are required across health care settings as well as environment and agriculture sectors. Progressive alternate approaches including probiotics, antibodies, and vaccines have shown promising results in trials that suggest the role of these alternatives as preventive or adjunct therapies in future. Keywords: antibiotics, multidrug resistance, evolution, alternative therapies

The investigation of exact solitary wave solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equation plays an important role to understand any physical phenomena in diverse applied fields. The current work is related to the most prominent nonlinear model named as the van der Waals normal form that appeared naturally and also industrially for the granular materials. In oceanography, the sea ice, sand and snow are some examples of aforesaid matter among others. We employ two novel integration approaches named as the simplest equation method and the expa function method to explore the above mentioned van der Waals model. As a backlash, many new solitary waves and other exact solutions are retrieved. The obtained results depict that the used approaches are simple and effective to deal with nonlinear models. Also, the numerical simulation of some solutions via two and three dimension graphical configurations are presented for certainty and exactness.

Introduction: Intractable hemifacial pain or twitching can be an incapacitating disorder caused by trigeminal neuralgia. The aetiologies for trigeminal neuralgia are numerous and the most frequent cause is a neurovascular compression. However, there are other less common aetiologies which need to be assessed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with dedicated cranial nerve sequences remains the modality of choice in diagnosing and establishing a cause for this condition. Aim: This study aims in showing that all trigeminal neuralgias are not secondary to neurovascular compression and other unusual causes needs to be looked for and assessed during an MRI examination. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India (from September 2015 to August 2017). This study included 70 patients presenting with clinical symptoms of unilateral trigeminal neuralgia. The MRI was done using a 1.5 Tesla, Philips multiva system. A high resolution 3D T2 DRIVE or 3D bFFE cranial nerve sequences were performed in addition to the routine Magnetic Resonance (MR) sequences. Patients with known dental issues which could cause the pain, and patients with intracranial tumours were excluded from the study. Results: Out of the 70 patients, we found that the majority (53) had a neurovascular compression, which ranged from a simple indentation by a tortuous Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA) to full blown vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Out of the remaining cases, six were found to be secondary to benign intracranial hypertension with prominent Meckel’s caves. There were two cases who had an unusual finding of “Trigeminal pontine sign”, which were post infective (postherpetic being the most probable cause). Conclusion: By tailoring the MRI protocol in present study, and based on the clinical presentation, we can conclude that in most cases of clinically diagnosed trigeminal neuralgia, it could be possible to demonstrate a probable cause and consequently aid the clinician for appropriate management, and to select only the deserving cases for microvascular decompression.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus is a major cause of chronic liver diseases which can lead to permanent liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. The presently available treatment with interferon plus ribavirin, has limited benefits due to adverse side effects such as anemia, depression and "flu-like" symptoms. Needless to mention, the effectiveness of interferon therapy is predominantly, if not exclusively, limited to virus type 3a and 3b whereas in Europe and North America the majority of viral type is 1a and 2a. Due to the limited efficiency of current therapy, RNA interference (RNAi) a novel regulatory and powerful silencing approach for molecular therapeutics through a sequence-specific RNA degradation process represents an alternative option. Several reports have indicated the efficiency and specificity of synthetic and vector based siRNAs inhibiting HCV replication. In the present review, we focused that combination of siRNAs against virus and host genes will be a better option to treat HCV