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1. Differential diagnosis and comparison of diagnostic algorithms in children and adolescents with autoimmune encephalitis in Spain: a prospective cohort study and retrospective analysis

Author

Olivé-Cirera, Gemma, Fonseca, Elianet, Chen, Li-Wen, Fetta, Anna, Martínez-Hernández, Eugenia, Guasp, Mar, González-Álvarez, Veronica, Delgadillo, Verónica, Cantarín-Extremera, Verónica, Jiménez-Legido, María, Monge-Galindo, Lorena, Felipe, Ana, Beseler, Beatriz, Turón-Viñas, Eulàlia, Fernández-Ramos, Joaquín, Martínez-González, Maria J, Vázquez-López, Maria, Arrabal Fernandez, Luisa, Alvarez-Molinero, Mireia, Muñoz-Cabello, Beatriz, Camacho, Ana, Nuñez-Enamorado, Noemí, Spatola, Marianna, Sabater, Lídia, Blanco, Yolanda, Saiz, Albert, Graus, Francesc, Dalmau, Josep, and Armangué, Thaís

Published
2025
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3. Clinical characterisation of patients in the post-acute stage of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a prospective cohort study and comparison with patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Author

Páramo, Dolores, Medrano, Vicente, Casado, Virginia, Guanyabens, Nicolau, Giné-Servén, Eloi, Ángeles del Real, María, Pardo, Javier, Martin-Gil, Leticia, Barrero-Hernández, Francisco Javier, García-Barragán, Nuria, Falip, Mercè, Simó, Marta, Rodríguez, Eloy, Ruiz Ezquerro, Juan José, Bataller, Luis, Safont, Gemma, Vicente-Hervàs, José, Brieva, Luis, Casado, Ignacio, Portilla, Juan Carlos, Escalante, Sònia, Arenillas, Juan Francisco, Erro, Elena, Jericó-Pascual, Ivonne, Fuerte-Hortigón, Alejandro, Morató, Alba, Saiz, Albert, Blanco, Yolanda, Sepúlveda, Maria, Ruiz, Raquel, Naranjo, Laura, Rodés, Maria, Aguilar, Esther, Alba, Mercè, Caballero, Eva, Guasp, Mar, Rosa-Justicia, Mireia, Muñoz-Lopetegi, Amaia, Martínez-Hernández, Eugenia, Armangué, Thais, Sugranyes, Gisela, Stein, Heike, Borràs, Roger, Prades, Laia, Ariño, Helena, Planagumà, Jesús, De-La-Serna, Elena, Escudero, Domingo, Llufriu, Sara, Sánchez-Valle, Raquel, Santamaria, Joan, Compte, Albert, Castro-Fornieles, Josefina, and Dalmau, Josep

Published
2022
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4. Therapeutic options for CTLA-4 insufficiency

Author

Egg, David, Rump, Ina Caroline, Mitsuiki, Noriko, Rojas-Restrepo, Jessica, Maccari, Maria-Elena, Schwab, Charlotte, Gabrysch, Annemarie, Warnatz, Klaus, Goldacker, Sigune, Patiño, Virginia, Wolff, Daniel, Okada, Satoshi, Hayakawa, Seiichi, Shikama, Yoshiaki, Kanda, Kenji, Imai, Kohsuke, Sotomatsu, Manabu, Kuwashima, Makoto, Kamiya, Takahiro, Morio, Tomohiro, Matsumoto, Kazuaki, Mori, Takeshi, Yoshimoto, Yuri, Dybedal, Ingunn, Kanariou, Maria, Kucuk, Zeynep Yesim, Chapdelaine, Hugo, Petruzelkova, Lenka, Lorenz, Hanns-Martin, Sullivan, Kathleen E., Heimall, Jennifer, Moutschen, Michel, Litzman, Jiri, Recher, Mike, Albert, Michael H., Hauck, Fabian, Seneviratne, Suranjith, Pachlopnik Schmid, Jana, Kolios, Antonios, Unglik, Gary, Klemann, Christian, Snapper, Scott, Giulino-Roth, Lisa, Svaton, Michael, Platt, Craig D., Hambleton, Sophie, Neth, Olaf, Gosse, Geraldine, Reinsch, Steffen, Holzinger, Dirk, Kim, Yae-Jean, Bakhtiar, Shahrzad, Atschekzei, Faranaz, Schmidt, Reinhold, Sogkas, Georgios, Chandrakasan, Shanmuganathan, Rae, William, Derfalvi, Beata, Marquart, Hanne Vibeke, Ozen, Ahmet, Kiykim, Ayca, Karakoc-Aydiner, Elif, Králíčková, Pavlína, de Bree, Godelieve, Kiritsi, Dimitra, Seidel, Markus G., Kobbe, Robin, Dantzer, Jennifer, Alsina, Laia, Armangue, Thais, Lougaris, Vassilios, Agyeman, Philipp, Nyström, Sofia, Buchbinder, David, Arkwright, Peter D., and Grimbacher, Bodo

Published
2022
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7. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 – Biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders

Author

Bruijstens, Arlette L., Wendel, Eva-Maria, Lechner, Christian, Bartels, Frederik, Finke, Carsten, Breu, Markus, Flet-Berliac, Lorraine, Adamsbaum, Catherine, Hacohen, Yael, Hemingway, Cheryl, Wassmer, Evangeline, Lim, Ming, Baumann, Matthias, Wickström, Ronny, Rostasy, Kevin, Neuteboom, Rinze F., Armangue, Thaís, Capobianco, Marco, de Chalus, Aliénor, Laetitia, Giorgi, and Deiva, Kumaran

Published
2020
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8. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 4 – Outcome of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders

Author

Mog consortium, E.U. paediatric, Bruijstens, Arlette L., Wendel, Eva-Maria, Lechner, Christian, Breu, Markus, Flet-Berliac, Lorraine, de Chalus, Aliénor, Capobianco, Marco, Laetitia, Giorgi, Hemingway, Cheryl, Wassmer, Evangeline, Lim, Ming, Wickström, Ronny, Armangue, Thaís, Deiva, Kumaran, and Neuteboom, Rinze F.

Published
2020
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9. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 5 – Treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders

Author

Bruijstens, Arlette L., Wendel, Eva-Maria, Lechner, Christian, Bartels, Frederik, Finke, Carsten, Breu, Markus, Flet-Berliac, Lorraine, de Chalus, Aliénor, Adamsbaum, Catherine, Capobianco, Marco, Laetitia, Giorgi, Hacohen, Yael, Hemingway, Cheryl, Wassmer, Evangeline, Lim, Ming, Baumann, Matthias, Wickström, Ronny, Armangue, Thaís, Rostasy, Kevin, Deiva, Kumaran, and Neuteboom, Rinze F.

Published
2020
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10. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 1 – Classification of clinical phenotypes of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders

Author

Mog consortium, E.U. paediatric, Bruijstens, Arlette L., Wendel, Eva-Maria, Lechner, Christian, Breu, Markus, Flet-Berliac, Lorraine, de Chalus, Aliénor, Capobianco, Marco, Laetitia, Giorgi, Hemingway, Cheryl, Wassmer, Evangeline, Lim, Ming, Wickström, Ronny, Armangue, Thaís, Deiva, Kumaran, and Neuteboom, Rinze F.

Published
2020
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11. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 2 – Neuroimaging features of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders

Author

Mog consortium, E.U. paediatric, Bruijstens, Arlette L., Wendel, Eva-Maria, Lechner, Christian, Breu, Markus, Flet-Berliac, Lorraine, de Chalus, Aliénor, Capobianco, Marco, Laetitia, Giorgi, Hemingway, Cheryl, Wassmer, Evangeline, Lim, Ming, Wickström, Ronny, Armangue, Thaís, Deiva, Kumaran, Neuteboom, Rinze F., Baumann, Matthias, Bartels, Frederik, Finke, Carsten, Adamsbaum, Catherine, Hacohen, Yael, and Rostásy, Kevin

Published
2020
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12. Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study

Author

Alcantud, Alberto, Aguilera-Albesa, Sergio, Alvarez Demanuel, Diana, Alvarez Molinero, Mireia, Aquino Fariña, Lourdes, Arrabal, Luisa, Arriola-Pereda, Gema, Aznar-Laín, Gemma, Benavides-Medina, Maite, Bermejo, Teresa, Blanco-Lago, Raquel, Caballero, Eva, Calvo, Rocío, Camacho Salas, Ana, Conejo-Moreno, David, Delgadillo-Chilavert, Verónica, Elosegi-Castellanos, Amagoia, Esteban Canto, Vanesa, Fernández-Ramos, Joaquín, Garcia-Puig, Montserrat, García-Ribes, Ainhoa, Gómez-Martín, Hilario, Gonzalez-Barrios, Desire, González-Gutiérrez-Solana, Luis, Jimena-Garcia, Sara, Jiménez-Legido, María, Juliá-Palacios, Natalia, López-Laso, Eduardo, Martí-Carrera, Itxaso, Martínez González, Marta, Martín-Viota, Lucía, Mattozi, Simone, Maqueda-Castellote, Elena, Mendibe, Maria D M, Mora-Ramírez, Maria D, Muñoz-Cabello, Beatriz, Navarro-Morón, Juan, Nunes-Cabrera, Tania, Orellana, Gabriela, Pujol-Soler, Berta, Querol, Luis, Ramírez, Alfredo, Rodriguez-Lucenilla, Maria I, Ruiz, Cesar, Soto-Insuga, Víctor, Toledo Bravo de Laguna, Laura, Turon-Viñas, Eulàlia, Vázquez-López, Maria, Villar-Vera, Cristina, Armangue, Thaís, Olivé-Cirera, Gemma, Martínez-Hernandez, Eugenia, Sepulveda, Maria, Ruiz-Garcia, Raquel, Muñoz-Batista, Marta, Ariño, Helena, González-Álvarez, Veronica, Felipe-Rucián, Ana, Jesús Martínez-González, Maria, Cantarín-Extremera, Veronica, Concepción Miranda-Herrero, Maria, Monge-Galindo, Lorena, Tomás-Vila, Miguel, Miravet, Elena, Málaga, Ignacio, Arrambide, Georgina, Auger, Cristina, Tintoré, Mar, Montalban, Xavier, Vanderver, Adeline, Graus, Francesc, Saiz, Albert, and Dalmau, Josep

Published
2020
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16. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis

Author

Aguilera-Albesa, Sergio, Amado-Puentes, Alfonso, Arjona-Padillo, Antonio, Arrabal, Luisa, Arratibel, Izascun, Aznar-Laín, Gemma, Bellas-Lamas, Paula, Bermejo, Teresa, Boyero-Durán, Sabas, Camacho, Ana, Campo, Andrea, Campos, Dulce, Cantarín-Extremera, Verónica, Carnero, Cristóbal, Conejo-Moreno, David, Dapena, Marta, Dacruz-Álvarez, David, Delgadillo-Chilavert, Verónica, Deyà, Angela, Estela-Herrero, Jordi, Felipe, Anna, Fernández-Cooke, Elisa, Fernández-Ramos, Joaquín, Fortuny, Claudia, García-Monco, Juan C, Gili, Teresa, González-Álvarez, Verónica, Guerri, Robert, Guillén, Sara, Hedrera-Fernández, Antonio, López, María, López-Laso, Eduardo, Lorenzo-Ruiz, María, Madruga, Marcos, Málaga-Diéguez, Ignacio, Martí-Carrera, Itxaso, Martínez-Lacasa, Xavier, Martín-Viota, Lucía, Martín Gil, Leticia, Martínez-González, María-Jesús, Moreira, Antia, Miranda-Herrero, María C, Monge, Lorena, Muñoz-Cabello, Beatriz, Navarro-Morón, Juan, Neth, Olaf, Noguera-Julian, Antoni, Nuñez-Enamorado, Noemí, Pomar, Virginia, Portillo-Cuenca, Juan C, Poyato, María, Prieto, Luis, Querol, Luis, Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Eloy, Sarria-Estrada, Silvana, Sierra, Concepción, Soler-Palacín, Pere, Soto-Insuga, Víctor, Toledo-Bravo, Laura, Tomás, Miguel, Torres-Torres, Carmen, Turón, Eulàlia, Zabalza, Ana, Armangue, Thaís, Spatola, Marianna, Vlagea, Alexandru, Mattozzi, Simone, Cárceles-Cordon, Marc, Martinez-Heras, Eloy, Llufriu, Sara, Muchart, Jordi, Erro, María Elena, Abraira, Laura, Moris, German, Monros-Giménez, Luis, Corral-Corral, Íñigo, Montejo, Carmen, Toledo, Manuel, Bataller, Luis, Secondi, Gabriela, Ariño, Helena, Martínez-Hernández, Eugenia, Juan, Manel, Marcos, Maria Angeles, Alsina, Laia, Saiz, Albert, Rosenfeld, Myrna R, Graus, Francesc, and Dalmau, Josep

Published
2018
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17. Neonatal detection of Aicardi Goutières Syndrome by increased C26:0 lysophosphatidylcholine and interferon signature on newborn screening blood spots

Author

Armangue, Thais, Orsini, Joseph J., Takanohashi, Asako, Gavazzi, Francesco, Conant, Alex, Ulrick, Nicole, Morrissey, Mark A., Nahhas, Norah, Helman, Guy, Gordish-Dressman, Heather, Orcesi, Simona, Tonduti, Davide, Stutterd, Chloe, van Haren, Keith, Toro, Camilo, Iglesias, Alejandro D., van der Knaap, Marjo S., Goldbach Mansky, Raphaela, Moser, Anne B., Jones, Richard O., and Vanderver, Adeline

Published
2017
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24. Encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and antibodies to the GABAA receptor: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and analysis of the effects of antibodies

Author

Petit-Pedrol, Mar, Armangue, Thaís, Peng, Xiaoyu, Bataller, Luis, Cellucci, Tania, Davis, Rebecca, McCracken, Lindsey, Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia, Mason, Warren P, Kruer, Michael C, Ritacco, David G, Grisold, Wolfgang, Meaney, Brandon F, Alcalá, Carmen, Sillevis-Smitt, Peter, Titulaer, Maarten J, Balice-Gordon, Rita, Graus, Francesc, and Dalmau, Josep

Published
2014
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27. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study

Author

Titulaer, Maarten J, McCracken, Lindsey, Gabilondo, Iñigo, Armangué, Thaís, Glaser, Carol, Iizuka, Takahiro, Honig, Lawrence S, Benseler, Susanne M, Kawachi, Izumi, Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia, Aguilar, Esther, Gresa-Arribas, Núria, Ryan-Florance, Nicole, Torrents, Abiguei, Saiz, Albert, Rosenfeld, Myrna R, Balice-Gordon, Rita, Graus, Francesc, and Dalmau, Josep

Published
2013
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33. Use and Safety of Immunotherapeutic Management of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis: A Meta-analysis.

Author

Nosadini, Margherita, Eyre, Michael, Molteni, Erika, Thomas, Terrence, Irani, Sarosh R., Dalmau, Josep, Dale, Russell C., Lim, Ming, Anlar, Banu, Armangue, Thaís, Benseler, Susanne, Cellucci, Tania, Deiva, Kumaran, Gallentine, William, Gombolay, Grace, Gorman, Mark P., Hacohen, Yael, Jiang, Yuwu, Lim, Byung Chan, and Muscal, Eyal

Published
2021
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34. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 – Biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders.

Author

Armangue, Thaís, Capobianco, Marco, de Chalus, Aliénor, Laetitia, Giorgi, and Deiva, Kumaran

Subjects
MYELIN oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, SERODIAGNOSIS, DEMYELINATION, BIOMARKERS, DISEASES
Abstract

A first episode of acquired demyelinating disorder (ADS) in children is a diagnostic challenge as different diseases can express similar clinical features. Recently, antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have emerged as a new ADS biomarker, which clearly allow the identification of monophasic and relapsing ADS forms different from MS predominantly in children. Due to the novelty of this antibody there are still challenges and controversies about its pathogenicity and best technique to detect it. In this manuscript we will discuss the recommendations and caveats on MOG antibody assays, role in the pathogenesis, and additionally discuss the usefulness of other potential new biomarkers in MOG-antibody associated disorders (MOGAD). • Cell based assays with serum are the test of choice for MOG antibody testing. • Serial testing of MOG antibodies can give information about risk of relapses. • Recent data from animal models suggest that MOG antibodies are pathogenic. • OCB have a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of MS but not MOGAD. • New biomarkers may help to monitor disease activity in MOGAD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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35. Sleep disorders in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Author

Ariño, Helena, Muñoz-Lopetegi, Amaia, Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia, Armangue, Thaís, Rosa-Justicia, Mireia, Escudero, Domingo, Matos, Nuria, Graus, Francesc, Sugranyes, Gisela, Castro-Fornieles, Josefina, Compte, Albert, Dalmau, Josep, and Santamaria, Joan

Published
2020
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37. Investigations in GABAA receptor antibody-associated encephalitis.

Author

Spatola, Marianna, Petit-Pedrol, Mar, Mistieri Simabukuro, Mateus, Armangue, Thaís, Castro, Fernanda J., Barcelo Artigues, Maria I., Julià Benique, Maria R., Benson, Leslie, Gorman, Mark, Felipe, Ana, Caparó Oblitas, Ruben L., Rosenfeld, Myrna R., Graus, Francesc, Dalmau, Josep, and Simabukuro, Mateus Mistieri

Published
2017
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38. Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis of adults and teenagers.

Author

Armangue, Thaís, Moris, Germán, Cantarín-Extremera, Verónica, Conde, Carlos Enrique, Rostasy, Kevin, Erro, Maria Elena, Portilla-Cuenca, Juan Carlos, Turón-Viñas, Eulàlia, Málaga, Ignacio, Muñoz-Cabello, Beatriz, Torres-Torres, Carmen, Llufriu, Sara, González-Gutiérrez-Solana, Luis, González, Guillermo, Casado-Naranjo, Ignacio, Rosenfeld, Myrna, Graus, Francesc, Dalmau, Josep, and Spanish Prospective Multicentric Study of Autoimmunity in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Published
2015
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39. Autoimmune Encephalitis in Postpartum Psychosis.

Author

Bergink, Veerle, Armangue, Thaís, Titulaer, Maarten J, Markx, Sander, Dalmau, Josep, and Kushner, Steven A

Abstract

Objective: Significant immunological alterations have been observed in women with first-onset affective psychosis during the postpartum period. Recent studies have highlighted the possibility that a subset of patients with first-onset severe psychiatric episodes might suffer from undiagnosed autoimmune encephalitis. Therefore, the authors performed a three-step immunohistochemistry-based screening for CNS autoantibodies in a large cohort of patients with postpartum psychosis and matched postpartum comparison subjects.Method: Ninety-six consecutive patients with postpartum psychosis and 64 healthy postpartum women were included. Screening for antibodies in patient serum was performed using immunohistochemistry. Samples showing any staining were further examined by immunocytochemistry using live hippocampal neurons and cell-based assays to test for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies. Cell-based assays for all other known CNS antigens were performed in those samples with immunocytochemistry labeling but negative for NMDA receptor antibodies.Results: Four patients (4%) with neuropil labeling suggestive for extracellular antigen reactivity were identified. Serum samples from all four patients showed clear extracellular labeling of live hippocampal neurons. Two women had the specific staining pattern characteristic for anti-NMDA receptor antibody positivity, which was confirmed by cell-based assays. Neither patient with anti-NMDA receptor antibody positivity had evidence of an ovarian teratoma. The other two patients tested negative by cell-based assays for all known CNS antigens. None of the matched postpartum comparison subjects had confirmed neuronal surface antibodies. The two patients with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies both showed extrapyramidal symptoms following initiation of treatment with low-dose haloperidol.Conclusions: In patients with acute psychosis during the postpartum period, systematic screening for anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies should be considered. The acute onset of severe atypical psychiatric symptoms in young female patients should raise the index of suspicion for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, particularly in the setting of neurological symptoms, including extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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40. Antibodies to MOG and AQP4 in adults with neuromyelitis optica and suspected limited forms of the disease.

Author

Höftberger, Romana, Sepulveda, María, Armangue, Thaís, Blanco, Yolanda, Rostásy, Kevin, Cobo Calvo, Alvaro, Olascoaga, Javier, Ramió-Torrentà, Lluís, Reindl, Markus, Benito-León, Julián, Casanova, Bonaventura, Arrambide, Georgina, Sabater, Lidia, Graus, Francesc, Dalmau, Josep, and Saiz, Albert

Subjects
NEUROMYELITIS optica, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, MYELIN oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, AQUAPORINS, OLDER patients, BIOLOGICAL assay, MANN Whitney U Test, CHI-squared test, DISEASES
Abstract

The article presents a study which examines the frequency and implications of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-ab) and aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-ab) in adult patients with suspected limited forms of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). The study is investigated by cell-based assays, Mann-Whitney U test, and Chi-square test. Results show that MOG-ab is commonly detected in the serum of patients with NMO, longitudinally extensive myelitis (LETM), and optic neuritis (ON).

Published
2015
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42. Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children.

Author

Armangue, Thaís, Petit-Pedrol, Mar, and Dalmau, Josep

Subjects
*ENCEPHALITIS, *JUVENILE diseases, *ETIOLOGY of diseases, *BRAIN diseases, *AUTOIMMUNE diseases, *PSYCHOSES, *CATATONIA
Abstract

The causes of encephalitis are numerous, and extensive investigations for infectious agents and other etiologies are often negative. The discovery that many of these encephalitis are immune mediated has changed the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. Moreover, the broad spectrum of symptoms including, psychosis, catatonia, alterations of behavior and memory, seizures, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysregulation usually requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach. This review focuses in several forms of encephalitis that occur in children, and for which an autoimmune etiology has been demonstrated (eg, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis) or is strongly suspected (eg, Rasmussen encephalitis, limbic encephalitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus). The authors also review several disorders that may be immune mediated, such as the rapid onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome and some encephalopathies with fever and status epilepticus. Recognition of novel immune-mediated encephalitis is important because some of these disorders are highly responsive to immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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45. Clinical Case of Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis in an 8-Month-Old Patient With Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder

Author

Cantarín-Extremera, Verónica, Duat-Rodríguez, Anna, González-Gutiérrez-Solana, Luis, López-Marín, Laura, and Armangue, Thaís

Subjects
*METHYL aspartate receptors, *ENCEPHALITIS, *HYPERACTIVE children, *MOVEMENT disorders in children, *HOSPITAL admission & discharge, *CEREBROSPINAL fluid
Abstract

Abstract: This article describes an 8-month-old boy with the full clinical spectrum anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. He was admitted to the hospital with involuntary orofacial head movements, behavioral changes, and fluctuation in consciousness. His examination showed tongue thrusting, decreased responsiveness, and hypotonia without fever. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed increased protein levels (62 mg/dL). The next day he developed oral dyskinesia and choreoathetosis. Video-electroencephalogram polygraphy showed coreo-dystonic movements without electrographic correlation. A putative diagnosis of autoimmune encephalopathy was made, and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone was started, with improvement in the abnormal movements. Antibodies to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. He began receiving immunoglobulin once a month for a year. Two months after the treatment had started, the involuntary movement disappeared and his development has been normal. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently identified disorder. This is the youngest case reported. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to obtain full recovery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2013
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