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Abstract Alzheimer disease (AD) and Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) are growing public health challenges globally affecting millions of older adults, necessitating concerted efforts to advance our understanding and management of these conditions. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that are the primary cause of dementia in older individuals. Early and accurate diagnosis of AD dementia is crucial for effective intervention and treatment but has proven challenging to accomplish. Although testing for AD brain pathology with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or positron emission tomography (PET) has been available for over 2 decades, most patients never underwent this testing because of inaccessibility, high out‐of‐pocket costs, perceived risks, and the lack of AD‐specific treatments. However, in recent years, rapid progress has been made in developing blood biomarkers for AD/ADRD. Consequently, blood biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for non‐invasive and cost‐effective diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of AD progression. This review presents the evolving landscape of blood biomarkers in AD/ADRD and explores their potential applications in clinical practice for early detection, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions. It covers recent advances in blood biomarkers, including amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, tau protein, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). It also discusses their diagnostic and prognostic utility while addressing associated challenges and limitations. Future research directions in this rapidly evolving field are also proposed.

Antibiotics are widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, residues may remain in products and by-products destined for human consumption or animal feeding. The claws of chickens, which are a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain as meals destined to feed other productive animals. Thus, it becomes necessary to determine and quantify antimicrobial residues present in this matrix. The objective of the study was to assess the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-OTC in broiler chicken's claws. Claws of 32 broilers treated with a therapeutic dosage of 10% OTC during 7 days were analysed. Samples were taken at days 3, 9, 15 and 19 post-treatment. As for the control group, eight broiler chickens were raised under the same conditions. Extraction was carried out through EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, and clean-up employed a SPE C-18 Sep-Pak®. Instrumental analysis was performed through LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of both analytes were determined in claw samples until day 19 post-treatment. Average concentrations were within the LOD (20 μg kg–1) and LOQ (22 µg kg–1) for OTC and 84 μg kg–1 for 4-epi-OTC. Withdrawal times (WDTs) of 39 days for OTC and 54 days for 4-epi-OTC were established in claws based on 95% confidence. These findings demonstrate that claws can be a source of antimicrobial residue entry into the food chain, since the results showed that OTC and its metabolite can be found in chicken's claws for long periods, even exceeding the average lifespan of a broiler chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We study discrete almost automorphic functions (sequences) defined on the set of integers with values in a Banach space . Given a bounded linear operator defined on and a discrete almost automorphic function , we give criteria for the existence of discrete almost automorphic solutions of the linear difference equation . We also prove the existence of a discrete almost automorphic solution of the nonlinear difference equation assuming that is discrete almost automorphic in for each , satisfies a global Lipschitz type condition, and takes values on .

The aim of the study is to analyze the composition and structure of personal networks of young Serbs in relation to the massive demonstration that took place in Belgrade on October 5th, 2000 and whose main outcome was the fall of Milosevic’s regime. The theoretical assumption is that at the micro level it is possible to find prints and patterns of the macro phenomena. The revolution is analyzed from the concept of ‘cooperative cascade’, where individual actions are combined to produce an emergent phenomenon. The cooperative cascade is analyzed from the personal networks perspective, where three main factors are combined: decrease of individual thresholds, characteristics of alters (composition) and centrality measures (structure).

Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in the Rio Negro province of Argentina. After 30 years of control using praziquantel in dogs, the transmission rate to humans and sheep has decreased significantly, however transmission persists. The objective of the study is to assess the impact of the inclusion of the EG95 vaccine in sheep in the control program. The vaccine was applied to lambs from communities of native peoples which included 70 producers (Anecón Grande, Mamuel Choique, Nahuel Pan y Río Chico Abajo). From 2009 on, lambs received two doses of the EG95 vaccine when they were 30 and 60 days of age, followed by a single booster injection when the animals were 1 year of age. The transmission of Echinococcus granulosus was assessed through necropsy in mature sheep, Arecoline test and coproantigen test in dogs and register of new clinical cases in inhabitants of the area. A total of 29.323 doses of EG95 vaccine were applied to lambs in the 2009-2017 period, working with 4 groups of 2 veterinaries each, covering 83.5% with one doses, 80.1% with two doses and 85.7% with three doses. Before the vaccine was introduced, in necropsy of sheep of 6 years old showed that 45.7% were infected with E. granulosus. The rate decreased to 21.1% in 2006. The number of cysts per animal decreased from 1.4% to 0.3. The number of producers with infected animals decreased from 84.2% to 22.2%. The humoral response to the vaccination, in field conditions, showed an increased in antibodies with the second dose, reaching its maximum after the booster at one year of age for many years and keeping constant. In dogs, 4.7% was found positive using arecoline purgation and 20.3% of the farms were infected using coproantigen test. The impact assessment showed a 5.6% of dogs positive to the arecoline test. Only a new case of echinococcosis was detected in kids with a 10 cm cyst, and its origin was probably before the vaccination. EG95 vaccine has been effective to prevent the infection in ovines up to six years of age, in spite of the difficulties of achieving better coverage. The transmission to dogs and human beings has to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El inmunodiagnóstico en el ovino presenta problemas de sensibilidad y especificidad que limitan su aplicación en sistemas de vigilancia de la enfermedad. El Objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar una técnica sensible, específica y económica para el diagnóstico de la echinococcosis quística en ovinos naturalmente infectados y evaluar la validez de la necropsia como prueba de referencia. 247 ovinos fueron estudiados en sala de faena confirmándose los diagnósticos parasitológicos mediante histología. Los sueros obtenidos fueron procesados mediante enzimo inmuno ensayo con tres preparaciones antigénicas: LHT (líquido hidatídico total), S2B (fracción purificada de LHT) y B y confirmados mediante western blot. EIE con las tres preparaciones antigénicas fue eficaz para discriminar E. granulosus de Cisticercos tenuícolis y Taenia spp. Sueros de ovinos negativos macroscópicamente resultaron reactivos a EIE y positivos a WB. La sensibilidad fue de 89.2% para LHT, 80.0% para S2B y 86.4% para B. La especificidad fue del 89.5% para LHT, 93.9% para S2B y 92.8% para B en el total de la majada. La sensibilidad en corderos resultó de 78.6 con LHT, 75.0 con S2B y 64.3 con B. El diagnóstico macroscópico en sala de faena demostró tener limitaciones como prueba de referencia para el inmunodiagnóstico de la equinococcosis quística en el ovino, resultando necesario incluir histología y WB como pruebas de referencia. EIE resultó una técnica con sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas para su uso en sistemas de vigilancia y evaluación de programas de control, resultando LHT la preparación antigénica de mayor valor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exhaustive bibliographic search was carried out on epidemiology, surveillance and control strategies for Rabies variant 4 transmitted by insectivorous bats. Likewise, as a case study, a retrospective study of insectivorous bats captured by passive surveillance and analyzed to determine the presence of rabies virus was carried out in the Province of Río Negro, Argentina. The objective was to update the information on the epidemiology of rabies variant 4 and to analyze the effectiveness of the control measures usually recommended by health services. The review carried out shows only 5 notifications in South America corresponding to canines and felines between 2009 and 2019 and with regard to people, three cases were reported: in Chile in 1963 and 2013 and in Colombia in 2012. The identification of insectivorous bats carrying rabies ranges from 4% to 15%. For its part, the veterinary public health service of the Health Ministry of Rio Negro collected insectivorous bats from passive surveillance activities. The bats were sent to the Laboratory of the Luis Pasteur Institute in the city of Buenos Aires for identification of rabies virus. A total of 294 insectivorous bats were analyzed in 26 locations. The proportion of the infected ones was 14.6% (95% CI 9.5-17.8) although there were no cases in dogs, cats or people. Insectivorous bats can be a risk factor for canines, felines, and humans, although notifications of variant 4 cases in these species are extremely low in South America, so an evaluation of the recommended and applied control strategy seems to be required, so far, as it is not cost-effective, and involves increasing operating costs in financial and human resources, proposing more efficient risk control alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]