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Considering that the main route of Mycobacterium leprae transmission is the upper respiratory tract, detection of salivary antibodies can be a useful tool for diagnosing early infection. The study aimed to analyze salivary anti-PGL-1 IgA and IgM antibodies in 169 children aged 4–16 years old, who lived nearby or inside the house of multibacillary or paucibacillary leprosy patients in two endemic cities in Alagoas State – Brazil. Salivary anti-PGL-1 antibodies were quantified by modified ELISA method. The frequency of contact and clinical form of the index case were significantly associated with salivary antibody levels. High frequency of IgM positivity strongly suggests active transmission of M. leprae in these communities. We suggest in the present work that salivary anti-PGL IgA and IgM are important biomarkers to be used for identifying communities with probable active transmission of M. leprae. Keywords: Leprosy, Salivary antibodies, Phenolic glycolipid-1 antigen, Mycobacterium leprae

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene promoter at position −1082 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who had presented allergic reaction due to efavirenz. The study included 63 patients treated at the Hospital São José de Doenças Infecciosas, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Twenty-one patients who had presented allergic reaction to efavirenz were compared to 42 patients with no allergic reaction following exposure to this drug. Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and submitted to the restriction fragment length polymorphism – polymerase chain reaction technique. The −1082AA genotype was significantly more frequent in allergic patients as compared to non-allergic patients (p = 0.019; χ2 = 5.534; OR = 3.625; 95% CI = 1.210–10.860). Likewise the allele IL-10 −1082A was identified significantly more often among efavirenz allergic patients than in the non-allergic group (p = 0.009; χ2 = 6.787; OR = 3.029; 95% CI = 1.290–7.111). These findings suggest that the polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene promoter −1082G/A can be related to the development of allergic reactions to efavirenz. Keywords: HIV, Drug allergy, Polymorphism, IL-10

Introduction The role of trypanocidal therapy in the chronic phase of Chagas disease remains controversial. Methods A total of 13 patients with chronic Chagas disease were treated with benznidazole (5mg/kg/day/60 days) and surveyed via antibody measurement and conventional electrocardiogram over the course of 4 years. Results The antibody titers were significantly reduced after 4 years (p

The penicillin allergy skin testing is the only accurate and reliable test for penicillin hypersensitivity mediated by IgE. It is useful for identifying patients with doubtful history of allergy. Positive test for major and minor determinants presents a positive predictive value of 50% and negative predictive value of 99%. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health suggests a protocol for in house made reagents, since they are not commercially available. As the referred protocol does not mention some important details about the test procedures, we propose in the present work to implement them, critically evaluating each step in order to allow the protocol establishment at any health service, with quality and safety.O teste cutâneo para alergia imediata a penicilina é o único teste validado internacionalmente, sendo que sua grande utilidade reside na avaliação de pacientes com história positiva de alergia a penicilina. O teste positivo para determinantes principais e secundários da penicilina apresenta um valor preditivo positivo de 50% e valor preditivo negativo de 99%. Em nosso meio, o Ministério de Saúde disponibiliza um protocolo para o preparo dos reagentes, uma vez que os mesmos não estão disponíveis comercialmente. Como o referido protocolo não apresenta maiores detalhes sobre o cuidado relativo às etapas de preparo das soluções, bem como faltam algumas considerações no que tange a realização do teste, propusemo-nos no presente trabalho operacionalizar o teste, avaliando de forma crítica e minuciosa cada etapa, de forma que outros profissionais possam reproduzi-lo de maneira mais segura e eficaz.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é tratada com benzonidazol, tendo o inconveniente de apresentar efetividade parcial e alta toxicidade, que varia desde reações de hipersensibilidade a aplasia medular. O objetivo foi descrever e avaliar a ocorrência de reações adversas em pacientes chagásicos em tratamento com benzonidazol em Fortaleza, Ceará. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo prospectivo envolvendo 32 pacientes chagásicos crônicos tratados com benzonidazol entre janeiro de 2005 e abril de 2006. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram coletados de questionários, entrevistas e exames laboratoriais. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes, com 30 e 60 dias de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Reações adversas foram relatadas em 28 (87,5%) pacientes tratados, tendo sido as mais frequentes: prurido (50%), formigamento (43,8%), fraqueza muscular (37,5%) e rash cutânea (31,3%). Dos 28 pacientes com reações adversas, oito (28,57%) interromperam o tratamento. Reações adversas que culminaram com a suspensão do tratamento foram formigamento sete (87,5%) ou erupção cutânea cinco (62,5%). Observou-se aumento discreto dos níveis de aminotransferases durante o tratamento em (9,4%) pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: Concluindo, o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico dos pacientes chagásicos é de grande relevância na prevenção e detecção precoce das reações adversas a medicamentos.INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and treated with benznidazole (BNZ). This drug has the troublesome features of presenting partial effectiveness and high toxicity ranging from hypersensitivity reactions to medullary aplasia. The objective here was to describe and evaluate the occurrence of adverse reactions in Chagas disease patients treated with benznidazole in Fortaleza, Ceará. METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study involving 32 chronic Chagas patients treated with benznidazole between January 2005 and April 2006. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and laboratory tests. Blood samples were collected before treatment and after 30 and 60 days of treatment. RESULTS: Adverse reactions were reported in 28 patients (87.5%) patients and the most frequent of these were pruritus (50%), prickling (43.8%), muscle weakness (37.5%) and skin rash (31.3%). Out of the 28 patients with adverse reactions, eight (28.57%) discontinued their treatment. The adverse reactions that culminated with discontinuation of the treatment were prickling (7; 87.5%) or skin eruptions (5; 62.5%). There was a slight increase in aminotransferase levels during the treatment in 9.4% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Following up the drug therapy administered to Chagas patients is of great importance for prevention and early detection of adverse reactions to drugs.

Objective: To study the relationship between parity andimmunoglobulin concentrations in human colostrum. Methods:82 puerperas aged 21-41 years were selected, with gestationalage ≥ 37 weeks, up to the fourth parity, good nutritional status andno gestational or puerperal diseases. The inclusion criteria for thenewborn were: weight > 2,500 g, Apgar score > 7 in the firstminute and exclusive maternal breastfeeding until discharge fromthe nursery. The mothers were divided into 2 groups: A -primiparous, B - multiparous. Colostrum was collected manuallyfrom 48 to 72 hours after delivery and the immunoglobulins weremeasured by ELISA technique. Results: No differences wereobserved regarding timing to collect colostrum; the earliercolostrum was collected, the higher the concentration of immunoglobulinA; primiparous women showed higher concentrations of IgA andIgM in their colostrum than multiparous women; there were nodifferences regarding IgG concentrations in the two groups.Conclusion: Primiparous women presented higher concentrationsof IgA and IgM in their colostrum than multiparous women.