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Background: During the first wave of the pandemic, health-care workers (HCWs) experienced high levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. These frontline workers remained a vulnerable group with the second wave of the pandemic being more severe than the first wave across the globe. There is a need to assess the psychological impact of the second wave of COVID-19 on HCWs and identify risk factors associated with higher morbidity. This will be beneficial in planning appropriate prevention and remedial measures. Materials and Methods: Consecutive 1275 HCWs (between the age group of 18 and 60 years) responded to the online survey. After the collection of sociodemographic data, participants were administered the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale. Results: Moderate-to-severe stress, depression, and anxiety were reported by 40%, 31.7%, and 24.3% of participants, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that female gender, nurses, high COVID-19 exposure, history of COVID-19, chronic medical illness, and work experience between 10 and 20 years were risk factors for increased psychological morbidity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms remained high among HCWs during the second wave of COVID-19. Certain risk factors predicted higher mental health morbidity. There is a need to develop appropriate interventions targeting these groups.

Mental disorders are major contributors to global burden of disease measured in Disability Adjusted Life Years (7% of all disease burden in 2017). Large treatment gaps for these disorders exist in all parts of the world. In India, overall treatment gap for mental disorders was found to be 83%. Women, children and adolescents, ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+ community, elderly and those living in remote and inaccessible areas have disproportionately higher rates of mental illness. They face unique and characteristic barriers to access to mental healthcare which increases treatment gap. These gaps have persisted despite global efforts and interventions to mitigate these barriers. Hence, there is a need to find alternatives to reduce mental health gap in these groups. Positive Mental Health interventions focuson well-being and health promoting activities, rather than on illness. The potential role of these interventions in promoting mental health and reducing treatment gap has been explored in this article.

Delusional parasitosis (DP) is a type of delusional disorder which is characterised by single hypochondriacal delusion in which patient believes that he/she is infested with insects/worms/parasite. The authors present a case series of four cases of DP which were assessed in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. The patients with DP were predominantly women around 50 years of age who were treated successfully with Tab Olanzapine and psychotherapy with favourable response.

Background: Excessive alcohol use leads to a spectrum of liver disease. While physicians treat liver disease, the cause, i.e. alcohol, often remains untreated. This portends a poor overall outcome as such patients may continue to consume alcohol for the want of appropriate treatment directed at alcohol dependence or abuse. Aim: To assess the prevalence and severity of alcohol dependence among patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among patients with varying severity of ALD (steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis) where 75 were included. They were evaluated for alcohol dependence using clinical interview and M.I.N.I 6.0. The severity of dependence was rated using the SADQ (Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire). Appropriate statistical tests were applied to identify correlations. Results: All the patients of ALD met the criteria of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (Clinical interview and ICD 10 criteria). Among them, 40% were severely dependent (SADQ >30). Among those with ALD, 57.3% had alcoholic hepatitis, 18.7% had steatosis, and 24% suffered cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis had higher median SADQ scores compared to those with steatosis or hepatitis. Conclusions: All the patients with ALD suffered from Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. Those with the most severe ALD had a higher severity of dependence. To ensure effective treatment and lasting outcomes, there is a need for greater awareness of this fact among physicians. Psychiatric referral of those suffering from ALD will ensure concurrent treatment of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome.

Anti-psychotics are the mainstay of treatment for Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Historically, anticholinergics have been prescribed to prevent or treat extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) associated with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs). Even though newer antipsychotics are associated with markedly lower rates of EPS, concurrent anticholinergic use remains high. Use of these medications has potential for long-term side effects, worsening of EPS and poor adherence. We have briefly discussed the limited association between second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and EPS, the efficacy of anticholinergics for different types of EPS, and summarized various national and international guidelines on the subject. In conclusion, there is no evidence for prophylactic use of anticholinergics with antipsychotics. Clinicians need to guard against this tendency to be unduly cautious.

COVID-19 pandemic has affected billions of people worldwide. Economies world over have suffered slowdown with a direct impact on industry. The vulnerable industrial worker has suffered both financially and mentally. As the pandemic has begun to slow down, the industry has started showing signs of growth and economy appears to be coming back on track. Financial losses may be recovered in time, but the mental health impact of pandemic is likely to be long-lasting. In the aftermath of COVID-19, mental health needs of vulnerable sections of societies need to be addressed. An attempt has been made to understand the mental health impact of COVID-19 pandemic on industrial workers. Preventive and promotive measures for positive mental health of industrial workers are discussed with a focus on resilience-building.

Background: Health-care workers (HCWs) in COVID-19 pandemic have faced the major impact in providing care to infected persons. Most of the studies on mental health impact among HCW have not incorporated paramedical staff. Furthermore, they have not compared psychological morbidity among HCW on the basis of high COVID exposure (HCE) and low COVID exposure (LCE). To address the above gap, this study aimed at evaluating mental health impact among HCW and its associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: Consecutive 200 HCWs each in the HCE and LCE groups (between the age group of 18 and 60 years) were enrolled from two tertiary care hospitals providing COVID-19 treatment from August 1, 2020. After collection of sociodemographic data, participants were administered Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale. Results: The difference in stress, depression, and anxiety symptom scores between the HCE and LCE groups was not statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis revealed that female sex was associated with higher scores in all the three domains. The effect remained significant even after adjusting for effect of other risk factors. Conclusion: HCE or LCE was associated with similar impact in terms of stress, depression, and anxiety among HCWs. Female HCWs had a higher prevalence of stress, depression, and anxiety. Doctors, nurses, and paramedics had a similar prevalence of stress, depression, and anxiety when odds were adjusted.

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common puerperal psychiatric illnesses impairing quality of life and mental health of the mother and also the child. Aim: The aim is to study the prevalence and risk factors of PPD. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done on a sample of 295 mothers who delivered and were followed up at a tertiary care hospital. The mothers were administered Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and demographic, psychosocial, and clinical data were collected. Results: The age of the participant mothers ranged from 18 to 35 years and age at marriage ranged from 21 to 24 years. In most of the mothers, the parity was 2 and they had institutional vaginal delivery. The prevalence of PPD in this population of mothers was 30.84%. The factors that had a statistically significant association with PPD included: lower educational status of mother, lower family income, rural place of residence, higher parity, preterm delivery, and adverse events in newborn. Conclusion: PPD is a common mental health problem in the postpartum period. Sociodemographic factors such as low educational status of mothers, rural population, and low monthly family income were found to be associated with PPD. Primipara status, preterm delivery, and adverse events in newborn were also significantly associated.

Fifty million people are affected with dementia worldwide with Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounting for 70%–80% of these cases. In India alone, 4.1 million people suffered from dementia in 2015. To date, there are no definitive treatment options for AD and the overall treatment gap in India stands at 90%. Attempts have been made to define AD biologically. This has been made possible due to advances in the identification of biomarkers that indicate the neuropathological changes responsible for AD. Identification of these biomarkers has implications for disease staging, prognostication, and identifying drug targets. Here, we summarize the advances in the field of biomarkers in AD.

Background: Understanding the prevalence of a psychiatric disorder among children is essential for formulating sound public health policy. Aim: This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression in urban school-going adolescents and its association with age, sex, and birth order. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 participants in the age group 12–16 years from a working-class community, studying in an urban school, were selected for the study. The children with a score greater than or equal to 19 on the CDI scale were taken for the second phase, and diagnosis of depression was confirmed by a psychiatric consultant through a clinical interview. In clinically diagnosed cases, all help was rendered, including follow-up. Results: The prevalence of clinical depression among school-going children of age group 12–16 years was 8.4%. There was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression. Significantly, more children had clinical depression in the age group of 14–16 years than in the 12–14 years of age group. Depressive symptoms were more among children with first birth order. Conclusions: These results show that depression is common in school going urban adolescents in India and highlight the need for screening school-age children for depression so that early intervention can be provided.