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Cell immortalization refers to breaking through the limitations of primary cell aging, extending cell lifespan, and achieving unlimited cell replication and proliferation through various means and methods, which is a hot and difficult research topic in the current biomedical field. Immortalized cell lines can be used for the development of biological products, exploration of aging mechanisms to extend life, etc. However, due to the limited variety of immortalized cells, relatively difficult immortalization technology, tumor risk, and animal welfare ethics, it still cannot meet the research and developing needs. The purpose of immortalizing cells is not only to permanently preserve the genetic resources of animal cells, but also to provide support for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, as well as to develop cell matrix for vaccines. This article reviews the latest progresses in the principles, mechanisms, and methods of immortaling animal cells, providing reference for future biomedical research and applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the nanoscale in combination with luminescent properties and prospective applications in different fields of optoelectronics and biomedicine is stimulating a growing interest towards research in the area of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs), the method of "green" synthesis of CdTe QDs with the use of the Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium culture as a biological matrix has been developed. The study of their physical and chemical characteristics has shown that the synthesized CdTe QDs are characterized by a crystalline structure and a predominantly spherical morphology and are 3–8 nm in size with the luminescence maximum within the 340–370 nm range. The study of their effects on different types of mammalian cells has shown that CdTe QDs have dose-dependent effects on mouse endothelial cells and human and rat erythrocytes, T- and B-lymphocytes, colorectal cancer cells (Colo 205), and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). In particular, suppression of proliferative indices of endotheliocytes and an increase in the count of dead cells were observed, which indicates the cytotoxic action of nanocrystalline CdTe and its antiproliferative effect on endothelial cells. At the 5 µM concentration, CdTe QDs exhibited hemolytic activity, due to their action on erythrocytes, and affected adhesive contacts and cancer cell survivability. At the same time, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were more sensitive to their action. The data obtained are exclusively important for the understanding of mechanisms underlying the toxicity of CdTe QDs and for their future application in biological and biomedical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Animal cells are used in the manufacturing of complex biotherapeutic products since the 1980s. From its initial uses in biological research to its current importance in the biopharmaceutical industry, many types of culture media were developed: from serum-based media to serum-free to protein-free chemically defined media. The cultivation of animal cells economically has become the ultimate goal in the field of biomanufacturing. Serum serves as a source of amino acids, lipids, proteins and most importantly growth factors and hormones, which are essential for many cell types. However, the use of serum is unfavorable due to its high price tag, increased lot-to-lot variations and potential risk of microbial contamination. Efforts are progressively being made to replace serum with recombinant proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones, as well as supplementation with lipids, vitamins, trace elements and hydrolysates. While hydrolysates are more complex, they provide a diverse source of nutrients to animal cells, with potential beneficial effects beyond the nutritional value. In this review, we discuss the use of hydrolysates in animal cell culture and briefly cover the composition of hydrolysates, mode of action and potential contaminants with some perspectives on its potential role in animal cell culture media formulations in the future.

Educational media is one of the tools used for learning. Some examples of educational media are books, videos, audio, objects, and images. Since the first time the use of books as educational media is a must in the school area, but UNESCO said Indonesia was second from the bottom of the matter of world literacy, meaning that interest in reading was very low. According to UNESCO data, the reading interest of Indonesian people is very alarming, only 0.001%. That is, out of 1,000 Indonesians, only 1 person is avid reader. To increase interest in reading it is necessary to have an appropriate and interesting educational media for children. One way is through the application of technology to educational media, active smartphone users in Indonesia in 2018 around 177.9 million people, the biggest contributor comes from the age category of children and adolescents. Hope parents allow their children to play smartphones for educational purposes. Interactive education media can be designed with the support of technology. This research is conducted in the hope that it can provide learning options for children other than books, but using educational media that applies technology in them, so that children can be interested in learning, so that the purpose of this application is to improve children's learning outcomes can be achieved.

'Cultured food' has tremendous potential as a sustainable meat alternative. Increased cultured food production is increasing the amount of waste medium from cell culture. Nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds in waste medium can cause eutrophication of water bodies. Currently, microalgae are used in energy production, environmental protection, agriculture and pharmaceutical and health food industries. Here, we used the microalgae, Chlorococcum littorale and Chlorella vulgaris and the waste medium of C2C12 cells for a case study. We found that 80% and 26% of ammonia and 16% and 15% of phosphorus in the waste medium were consumed by C. littorale and C. vulgaris, respectively. In addition, C. littorale and C. vulgaris proliferated 3.2 folds and 1.6 folds, respectively, after seven days in the waste medium that was enhanced by adjusting medium salt concentration. This report demonstrates the potential of sustainability for solving the issue of waste medium production during the production of cultured food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human adenovirus (Ad)-vectored vaccines require viruses that can internalize into host cells and express the vaccine antigen. Evaluation of the expressed antigen in animal cells is a critical step in preclinical trials of viral vaccines. Due to the species specificity of Ads, it is difficult to find a suitable animal model. Thus, in this study, we compared the efficacy of Ad 11 prototype (Ad11p)-mediated green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in cell lines of dog (MDCK), hamster (CHO), and mouse (McCoy and C127). Although these cell lines did not express the known primary cellular receptors for Ad11p virus infection (i.e., CD46), Ad11pE1GFP could infect and express GFP with various efficacies. For instance, it manifested relatively higher GFP expression in MDCK than in CHO, McCoy, and C127. However, infection leading to efficient viral release was not observed in any of the studied cell lines. The apparent differences were attributed to particularities of mouse and hamster cell lines, which might have led to the repression of viral DNA synthesis and to the low level of GFP expression mediated by Ad11pe3GFP. Moreover, our results revealed that undetectable hexon protein hampered the assembly of virus particles in CHO and MDCK cells. Ad11p differed from Ad5 in the ability for viral DNA synthesis when infecting CHO cells. Although a defective Ad has been successfully developed for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical applications, it has been difficult to generate one that can be used as an oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Fortunately, our replication-competent Ad 11p vector might solve this problem. Regarding the use of Ad-vector candidates for vaccine purposes, this study demonstrates the selection of animal cell lines and determination of suitable virus doses in in vitro experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal cells are used in the manufacturing of complex biotherapeutic products since the 1980s. From its initial uses in biological research to its current importance in the biopharmaceutical industry, many types of culture media were developed: from serum-based media to serum-free to protein-free chemically defined media. The cultivation of animal cells economically has become the ultimate goal in the field of biomanufacturing. Serum serves as a source of amino acids, lipids, proteins and most importantly growth factors and hormones, which are essential for many cell types. However, the use of serum is unfavorable due to its high price tag, increased lot-to-lot variations and potential risk of microbial contamination. Efforts are progressively being made to replace serum with recombinant proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones, as well as supplementation with lipids, vitamins, trace elements and hydrolysates. While hydrolysates are more complex, they provide a diverse source of nutrients to animal cells, with potential beneficial effects beyond the nutritional value. In this review, we discuss the use of hydrolysates in animal cell culture and briefly cover the composition of hydrolysates, mode of action and potential contaminants with some perspectives on its potential role in animal cell culture media formulations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human adenovirus (Ad)-vectored vaccines require viruses that can internalize into host cells and express the vaccine antigen. Evaluation of the expressed antigen in animal cells is a critical step in preclinical trials of viral vaccines. Due to the species specificity of Ads, it is difficult to find a suitable animal model. Thus, in this study, we compared the efficacy of Ad 11 prototype (Ad11p)-mediated green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in cell lines of dog (MDCK), hamster (CHO), and mouse (McCoy and C127). Although these cell lines did not express the known primary cellular receptors for Ad11p virus infection (i.e., CD46), Ad11pE1GFP could infect and express GFP with various efficacies. For instance, it manifested relatively higher GFP expression in MDCK than in CHO, McCoy, and C127. However, infection leading to efficient viral release was not observed in any of the studied cell lines. The apparent differences were attributed to particularities of mouse and hamster cell lines, which might have led to the repression of viral DNA synthesis and to the low level of GFP expression mediated by Ad11pe3GFP. Moreover, our results revealed that undetectable hexon protein hampered the assembly of virus particles in CHO and MDCK cells. Ad11p differed from Ad5 in the ability for viral DNA synthesis when infecting CHO cells. Although a defective Ad has been successfully developed for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical applications, it has been difficult to generate one that can be used as an oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Fortunately, our replication-competent Ad 11p vector might solve this problem. Regarding the use of Ad-vector candidates for vaccine purposes, this study demonstrates the selection of animal cell lines and determination of suitable virus doses in in vitro experiments.

Objectives: "Cultured food" is focused worldwide as "the third stage in meat production system" after hunting and livestock farming, and a sustainable food production system. In this study, we attempted to fabricate a three-dimensional (3-D) tissue by co-cultivation of animal cells with photosynthetic autotrophic microalgae so as to produce thicker and healthy cultured foods. Results: Metabolism and damage of co-cultured tissues fabricated by microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), and C2C12 cells were compared to monoculture tissues fabricated by C2C12 animal cells alone. Although the metabolism of monoculture tissue showed anaerobic respiration (ratio of lactate production to glucose consumption, LG ratio: 2.01 ± 0.15), that of the co-culture tissue partially changed to efficient aerobic respiration (LG ratio: 1.58 ± 0.14). In addition, the amount of ammonia in the culture media decreased markedly by co-cultivation. The release of lactate dehydrogenase from the thicker tissue was one-seventh in the co-cultivation, showing improved tissue damage. The co-cultivation with microalgae improved the culture condition of thicker tissues, resulting in the fabrication/maintenance of 200–400 µm-thickness tissues. The co-cultured tissue fabricated by microalgae and animal cells was not only rich in nutrients but also enabled thicker tissue fabrication without tissue damage as compared to tissue fabricated by animal cells alone. Conclusions: This tissue fabrication system by co-culture of microalgae and animal cells will be a valuable tool for the production of thicker and healthy cultured food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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