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This article aims to analyze Hannah Arendt's critique of psychoanalysis in her short essay published in 1943, We refugees, in which, in the midst of her reflections on the changing social situations of Jewish refugees from the Second World War. Arendt describes psychoanalysis as an outmoded practice of a tedious elite who tell “ghost stories” based on minor events from their childhoods, which, in her perception, becomes unnecessary after the frightening events witnessed during the war. This critique in itself could already serve as an object of detailed analysis, nevertheless it becomes particularly interesting when, in the following paragraphs, Arendt proceeds to examine the suicides committed by Jewish refugees, who are supposed to be safe from the dangers of war in the countries where they are welcomed, basing her investigations on possible internal factors. This approach is very similar to Sigmund Freud's so-called social theory, describing a series of symptoms which, although they only affect individuals, have a social origin, that is, they are due to historical moments or events that individuals all together experience. Arendt discusses her suspicion of the optimism with which many Jews faced the loss of their mother tongue, the sense of feeling like victims who had to be saved and the necessity of adapting to the new habits of their new countries' cultures – whereas all of these themes are the subject of psychoanalytic studies. Lastly, the author describes an individual who would illustrate her concerns about Jewish optimism and the constant pursuit of being part of the national culture and identity: Mr. Cohn, who would become one of the most famous characters in Arendtian thought, which, in this sense, can also be compared to a clinical case, presented in psychoanalytic writing to illustrate the development of symptoms and the analysis. Despite ironizing psychoanalytic practice, the following pages will analyse whether it is possible to relate Arendt's investigation into the suicides of Jewish refugees and the fragile state in which refugees find themselves in the countries that receive them to the psychoanalytic methods criticized by the author in the same essay.

Pin extrusion is a common process to realise pin structures in different geometrical dimensions for a subsequent joining operation. Nevertheless, the process of pin extrusion offers process limits regarding sheet thinning as a consequence of the punch penetration depth into the sheet. Thereby, cracks at the residual sheet thickness can occur during strength tests, resulting in a failure of the complete joint due to severe thinning. Therefore, measures have to be taken into account to reduce the thinning. One possibility is the application of orbital formed tailored blanks with a local material pre-distribution, which allows a higher sheet thickness in the desired area. Within this contribution, the novel approach of a process combination of orbital forming and pin extrusion is investigated. To reveal the potential of a local material pre-distribution, conventional specimens are compared with previously orbital formed components. Relevant parameters such as the residual sheet thickness, the pin height as well as the average hardness values are compared. The results show a significant positive influence of a local material pre-distribution on the residual sheet thickness as well as the resulting pin height. Furthermore, the strain hardening during orbital forming can be seen as an additional advantage. To conclude the results, the process limits of conventional pin extrusion can be expanded significantly by the application of specimens with a local material pre-distribution.

BACKGROUND:The Ischemic Stroke System is a novel device designed to deliver stimulation to the sphenopalatine ganglion(SPG).The SPG sends parasympathetic innervations to the anterior cerebral circulation. In rat stroke models, SPG stimulation results in increased cerebral blood flow, reduced infarct volume, protects the blood brain barrier, and improved neurological outcome. We present here the results of a prospective, multinational, single-arm, feasibility study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and potential benefit of SPG stimulation inpatients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS). METHODS:Patients with anterior AIS, baseline NIHSS 7-20 and ability to initiate treatment within 24h from stroke onset, were implanted and treated with the SPG stimulation. Patients were followed up for 90 days. Effect was assessed by comparing the patient outcome to a matched population from the NINDS rt-PA trial placebo patients. RESULTS:Ninety-eight patients were enrolled (mean age 57years, mean baseline NIHSS 12 and mean treatment time from stroke onset 19h). The observed mortality rate(12.2%), serious adverse events (SAE)incidence(23.5%) and nature of SAE were within the expected range for the population. The modified intention to treat cohort consisted of 84 patients who were compared to matched patients from the NINDS placebo arm. Patients treated with SPG stimulation had an average mRS lower by 0.76 than the historical controls(CMH test p = 0.001). CONCLUSION:The implantation procedure and the SPG stimulation, initiated within 24hr from stroke onset, are feasible, safe, and tolerable. The results call for a follow-up randomized trial (funded by BrainsGate; clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT03733236).

Due to rising demands regarding the functionality and load-bearing capacity of functional components such as synchronizer rings in gear systems, conventional forming operations are reaching their limits with respect to formability and efficiency. One way to meet these challenges is the application of the innovative process class of sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF). By applying bulk forming operations to sheet metal, the advantages of both process classes can be combined, thus realizing an optimized part weight and an adapted load-bearing capacity. Different approaches to manufacturing relevant part geometries were presented and evaluated regarding the process properties and applicability. In this contribution, a self-learning engineering workbench was used to provide geometry-based data regarding a novel component geometry with circumferential involute gearing manufactured in an SBMF process combination of deep drawing and upsetting. Within the comprehensive investigations, the mechanical and geometrical properties of the part were analyzed. Moreover, the manufactured components were compared regarding the increased fatigue strength in cyclic load tests. With the gained experimental and numerical data, the workbench was used for the first time to generate the desired component as a CAD model, as well as to derive design guidelines referring to the investigated properties and fatigue behavior.

Increased pulsatility of blood flow in the basal cerebral arteries recorded with the use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) corresponds to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) to near the level of the diastolic arterial blood pressure. We describe the case of a 39-year-old woman who developed acute reduction in consciousness, anisocoria, gaze deviation, and right-sided hemiparesis 2 days after resection of a relapsed astrocytoma. MRI revealed only a moderate enlargement of the ventricles, but TCD revealed highly pulsatile waveforms of all basal cerebral arteries, showing a biphasic pattern with diastolic backflow. This pattern was interpreted as a massive increase in ICP with imminent danger of cerebral circulatory arrest corresponding to acute malresorptive hydrocephalus. External cerebrospinal fluid drainage was immediately undertaken, revealing excessive ICP of more than 50 cm H2O. Twenty-four hours after this intervention, both the ICP and the Doppler waveforms had returned to normal. This case illustrates the usefulness of TCD for diagnosing a critical but potentially reversible acute increase in ICP with imminent cerebral circulatory arrest. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:324–327, 2003 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]