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Background: Identifying the risk factors and protective measures for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) can significantly contribute to their prevention. This study aimed to ascertain the risk factors and protective measures associated with ASD.Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted in Sari, Iran, from 2020 to 2021. A total of 196 children, aged 2-17 years, were recruited by convenience sampling from the Baghban (Touba) Clinic, Zareh Psychiatric Hospital Clinic, and Bu-Ali Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic. The case group consisted of 98 children with ASD, diagnosed based on the DSM-V criteria, while the control group included 98 children without ASD. Subsequently, potential risk factors in both groups were examined. The odds ratio was calculated at a 95% confidence level, with a significance level of P

Background and Objective: Job stress is an interactive situation between the job situation and the person having that job. In the effort-reward imbalance model, which is a method for measuring job stress, the imbalanced relationship between the invested efforts and the rewards received causes stressful reactions in employees, which in the long term causes physical and mental damage to the person. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between job stress and the intention to turnover and early retirement by investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction among nurses. Materials and Methods: This correlational study was conducted in 2017 through field methods and questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 455 nurses working in the governmental hospitals of Hamedan, Iran. Data collection tools included four self-report questionnaires, including job stress, intention to turnover, early retirement, and job satisfaction. Finally, after data collection, SPSS software (version 18) and AMOS23 were used for data analysis. Results: Based on the findings of the present research, a significant negative relationship was observed between effort-reward imbalance with job satisfaction and a significant positive relationship with the intention to turnover. However, no significant relationship was found between effort-reward imbalance and the intention to retire early. Additionally, although a significant negative relationship was seen between job stress and job satisfaction, there was no significant relationship between this variable and the intention to turnover the job and the intention to retire early. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the variables used in this research, especially the variables with a mediating role, should be considered in organizational planning and policy makings to reduce occupational diseases and enhance employees’ health.

Introduction: Textured soy protein (TSP) and nuts are two processed forms of soybean (Glycine max L.) that are widely consumed for nutritional purposes in Iran. Recently, we have reported the antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of raw soybean (RS) attributed to isoflavones, such as genistein. In this work, we aimed to compare in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of TSP, nuts, and RS to select the most effective one for learning capacity and spatial memory studies. Methods: Genistein content was determined using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), while diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to study antioxidant evaluation and Ellman’s colorimetric method was used to measure anticholinesterase. TSP extract (TSPE) was administered to male rats (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p] for 7 days) before scopolamine injection (1 mg/kg). Learning capacity and spatial memory were evaluated using passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) methods compared to physostigmine and piracetam. Results: The greatest antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect was observed for TSPE, which significantly prolonged initially latency in PTA (P

Rupture of the elastic nucleus is one of the most critical challenges in total disc replacement (TDR). Smart polymers (SMPs) could be good candidates for TDR due to their unique properties such as self-healing, shape memory, adhesion control, adhesive capability and self-assembly. Herein, we investigate the behavior of SMPs as intervertebral discs (IVDs) under pure bending loading using analytical and numerical methods. For this purpose, the lumbar disc was considered as a cantilever beam and constitutive equation for pure bending mode using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory were developed in a full cycle of stress-free strain recovery. Numerical evaluation was performed to understand the effect of frozen volume fraction to determine the appropriate SMP for clinical evaluations. We conduct all analyses for the L4-L5 vertebral section because it is the most susceptible lumbar disc to damage. The numerical results show that SMPs with rescued frozen volume fraction are better representative for natural lumbar disc. Our results also indicate that SMPs that replace IVDs should be able to withstand at least 7.8° and 8.93° angle changes for pure bending and flexion-extension loads without any damage.

Abstract In this study, a modified mesoporous adsorbent (MSU-S) impregnated by aluminum was used to remove the aromatic sulfur compounds from n-decane as the model fuel. Physical and chemical properties of as-synthesized adsorbent were investigated by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) method. Adsorptive desulfurization of model fuel was studied through batch and continues processes under mild temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. The equilibrium adsorption was modeled by Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich and the kinetics of adsorption was studied through first, second and intraparticle diffusion models. It was figured out that Temkin and the pseudo-second-order model were best fitting the adsorption equilibrium and describing the kinetics, respectively.

Background: The safety of the use of medicinal plants is a general challenge among consumers. To improve the use, it is necessary to provide complete profiles of the natural medications for quality control and the therapeutic and toxicity effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the structural and functional toxicity of the methanolic extracts of Salvia rhytidea and Glycine max plants in mice. Methods: After determining the LD50, NMRI mice with mean weight of 25-30 g were treated intraperitoneally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, and orally with 800 mg/kg of the extracts for 7 consecutive days. After the last treatment, the serum samples were prepared and used for the biochemical assays. The liver and left kidney were removed from the animals and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examinations. Results: The results indicated that the biochemical parameters of liver and kidneys were not significantly different among the experimental and control groups (P>0.05). Mild degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys were observed at the IP dose of 400 mg/kg and oral dose of 800 mg/kg of both extracts. Conclusion: The use of these plants’ extracts did not induce severe toxicity in the short-term; however, caution should be exercised with the long-term use.

Background and Objective: The exposure of hospital personnel to anesthetic gases in various parts of health centers, such as operating rooms and recovery rooms, can exert serious effects on a person's physical and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic variables on the prevalence of neurotoxic symptoms in operating room personnel. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 operating room personnel in western Iran. Euroquest questionnaire and demographic checklist were used for data collection. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Based on the obtained results, the rate of neurotoxic symptoms was higher in men, compared to women, and this difference was statistically significant. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between single and married employees and morning and shift staff in neurotoxic symptoms. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between neurotoxic symptoms with age and experience of the subjects. Conclusion: Symptoms were higher in some demographic groups; therefore, it is recommended to use appropriate training programs or management techniques, such as job rotation in operating room personnel.

Background and Objective: Intubation is the most common method for the management of the upper airway in general anesthesia. In this regard, the prediction of the ease or difficulty of intubation is of paramount importance for the anesthesia team. The main cause of anesthesia-related mortality is failed airway management. The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of the upper lip bite (ULBT) test and mallampati test in the fast prediction of difficult intubation. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 418 patients. Prior to anesthesia, the degree of difficulty of intubation was predicted using two predictive tests, namely Mallampati test and upper lip bite test. In addition, after anesthesia, the degree of predicted difficulty was compared with the Cormack-Lehane classification of laryngoscopic view. Results: As evidenced by the obtained results, the frequency of difficult intubation was reported as 5.3%. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of ULBT test were measured at 21.4%, 95.3%, and 97.2%, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy was obtained at 92.8% which was the highest value. On the other hand, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of Mallampati test were estimated at 34.7%, 87.5%, and 91%, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of this was reported as 81.3%. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicated that ULBT test as an easy method with high specificity, high predictive value, and high accuracy in the evaluation and prediction of difficult laryngoscopy is more suitable than Mallamati.

Objective: Zataria multiflora (Zm) has been proposed for memory enhancing in Persian traditional medicine; but to now, no study has been carried out in this field yet. The aim of this research was to study the plant effect on spatial memory in scopolamine-induced amnesia and investigate in vivo anticholinesterase effect of Zm. Material and Methods: Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with methanol and standardized on the basis of rutin content. Male rats received three doses of Zm extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (ip) for 7 days) and 30 min after the latest dose, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was administered to animals. Learning capacity and spatial memory were studied using morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test (PAT) methods. Anticholinesterase activity was studied using Ellman’s method. Physostigmine (0.3 mg/kg) and piracetam (200 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Results: All doses of Zm extract significantly decreased the distance and time spent to find the platform in MWM and increased the time latency in PAT test. In both MWM and PAT tests, the highest effect of Zm was observed at 200 mg/kg which was in accordance with AChE inhibitory effect of the plant. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Zm has anti-amnesic effect and might improve memory deficit through anticholinesterase activity.

Health Village and its place in the Health System Kochak Yazdi Soheila1, Asadi Amir2, Ghorbani Nia Rahil3* 1. PhD Student, Health Services Management Research, Center for Hospital Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. BSc of Health village of Moheb Company, BSc of Tourism and Architecture Allame Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran 3. PhD Student in Health Services Management, School of Healthcare Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran*Correspondence: Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft Baghe Alavi Highway, Kerman Tel: 00983431325147 Email: r.ghorbani6790@gmail.com Abstract: Background & Objectives: Health Village is a residential/healthcare place for natural remedies combined with other medical treatments. Health village can be set in different sizes, depending on the amount of investments and the investors’ strategic objectives. In fact, a complete health village can cover all aspects of health and meet all the health needs of a community. Methods: In this review study, Persian and English articles indexed in valid databases such as Google Scholar, SID, Pubmed, Irandoc Science direct and Scopus were searched using the MESH terms of “ Health village” and “Health resort” without time limitation. Results: Providing health services in natural areas and away from urban pollution can restore the health and well-being and also can cause psychological and physical relaxation not only in patients but also in those who are interested in living in places with services such as water therapy, herbal therapy, gravel treatments, mud therapy, and other services. Conclusion: The effort to create environments such as the health village, due to the potential of such centers in providing high levels of physical and psychological comfort for audiences, can be considered as a beneficial local business. Therefore, the health village is an environment that can contribute to the social and economic development while serving the health of the community. Key­words: Medical Tourism, Health village, Health system Citation: Kochak Yazdi S, Asadi A, Ghorbani Nia R. Health Village and its place in the Health System. Journal of Health Based Research 2019; 5(1): 57 -71 . [In Persian]

Background & objectives: Leishmaniasis is a major global health problem with no safe and effective therapeutic drugs. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of crude extract and fractions of Gossypium hirsutum bulb on Leishmania major stages using advanced experimental models. Methods: Bulbs of G. hirsutum were collected from the Kerman province of Iran. The bulb was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and different fractions were obtained by column chromatography (CC). Different concentrations of the extract and the fractions were evaluated against L. major and compared with Glucantime®. The cytotoxicity and apoptotic values were analysed by flow cytometry. The fractions obtained in CC were monitored by thin layer chromatography, and fractions with similar chromatographic patterns were mixed. Results: The extract and two fractions, F4 and F5 inhibited the proliferation of L. major promastigotes and amastigotes in a dose-dependent manner at 72 h post-treatment. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed for extract and fractions, as the selectivity index was over 1000, far beyond >10. The mean apoptotic values for L. major were superior to those of Glucantime®. Interpretation & conclusion: Both the crude extract and fractions (F4 and F5) had significant antileishmanial effects on L. major stages, and were were superior relative to Glucantime®. No cytotoxic effects were associated with the extract or fractions and they showed excellent apoptotic index, a possible mechanism behind inducing parasite death. Further investigations are essential to study the effect of G. hirsutum bulb fractions in animal model and clinical settings for planning strategies for the prevention and control of leishmaniasis.

Electronic textiles have become a dynamic research field in recent decades, attracting attention to smart wearables to develop and integrate electronic devices onto clothing. Combining traditional screen-printing techniques with novel nanocarbon-based inks offers seamless integration of flexible and conformal antenna patterns onto fabric substrates with a minimum weight penalty and haptic disruption. In this study, two different fabric-based antenna designs called PICA and LOOP were fabricated through a scalable screen-printing process by tuning the conductive ink formulations accompanied by cellulose nanocrystals. The printing process was controlled and monitored by revealing the relationship between the textiles’ nature and conducting nano-ink. The fabric prototypes were tested in dynamic environments mimicking complex real-life situations, such as being in proximity to a human body, and being affected by wrinkling, bending, and fabric care such as washing or ironing. Both computational and experimental on-and-off-body antenna gain results acknowledged the potential of tunable material systems complimenting traditional printing techniques for smart sensing technology as a plausible pathway for future wearables.

Introduction: Nowadays, workforce, as the most valuable asset, is facing many problems. Stressors in workforce, which have adverse effects on the body and spirit of nurses, can result in the performance of staff. The objective of this study was to determine stressors in operating room and its impacts on nurses. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study and the study population consisted of 172 operating room nurses working in five hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical sciences. The individuals were selected by using the total number of sampling method. The instrument for data collecting was a questionnaire that has checked stressors in five domains: psycho - social, economic and welfare, environmental, managerial and physical factors.For data analysis, SPSS 16 software, descriptive statistics, and independent t tests and correlation were used. Results: Results showed that 62.2% of the individuals were exposed to high stress. Psychological and environmental factors had the highest levels of stress (59.21, 39.65) and the managerial domain had the lowest level of stress (17.7). Among operating room stressors, the risk of injuries from contaminated needles and the damage to the skin (50%) was most likely to cause stress. Conclusion: The present study showed that more than half of the nurses suffer from high levels of stress and serious actions should be taken in relation to the manage mental and environmental domains. It is suggested that in order to support operating room nurses against occupational stressors, some interventions should be designed and performed.

Introduction: Nowadays establishment of a safe and secure airway for general anesthesia is necessary and establishment of the airway , according to the anatomical and physiological state, may be accompanied with complications such as piriform sinus damage resulting to subcutaneous emphysema. Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum are rare complications of tracheal intubation and if not be treated they may be life threatening. Case Report: A 48-year-old female patient with main complain of tearing due to bilateral lacrimal duct obstruction was scheduled for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy surgery. Preopreative routine physical examination, laboratory tests and laryngoscopic view were normal. The patient had not any problem during tracheal intubation and surgery, but 90 minutes after recovery from anesthesia, severe subcutaneous emphysema in the neck occurred followed by coughing.Therefore the patient was shifted to the intensive care unit for complete care and discharged after 13 days. Conclusion: Candidates for general anesthesia patients without any problem in tracheal intubation regarding to their laryngoscopic view and routine examinations , undergoing invasive techniques such as all intubation stages , nasogastric tube insertion and deep oral suction especially with thick catheter have a high rates of air way injuries and subcutaneous emphysema

Introduction & Objective: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by low secretion or resistance to the insulin action. Oxidative stress, as a result of imbalance between the free radical production and antioxidant defense systems is strongly related to diabetes and its complications. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of experimental diabetes and forced treadmill exercise on oxidative stress indexes in heart tissue. Materials & Methods: 40 male wistar rats (200±20g) were divided into four groups(n=10): control, control with exercise, diabetic, diabetic with exercise. Diabetes was induced by a single dose injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/Kg-1, i.p). Treadmill was performed for 1 hour, 5 days in 8 weeks. At the end of the experiments, the rats were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/Kg-1, i.p) and left ventricle dissociate from heart and maintenance in -80 ºC. Supernatant from homogenization were used to determine the superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthatione peroxidase (GPX), gluthatione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activities as enzymatic antioxidant status. Also Maolnyldealdehyde (MDA) level as index of lipid peroxidation and total glutathione (T.GSH) of the heart tissue were measured. Results: Diabetes significantly reduced CAT and GR activities in diabetic rats compared with control rats. SOD and GPX activities weren't changed in the hearts of the diabetic rats. MDA level, as a lipid peroxidation index, increased in non exercised diabetic rats. In response to exercise, MDA level, CAT, GR and SOD activities showed a significant increase in exercise diabetic rats compared with non exercise diabetic rats. Conclusion: Forced treadmill with moderate severity has harmful effects on cardiovascular system in diabetes because it increases MDA level of heart tissue in exercised diabetic rats.

Background and Objective: Job stress is an interactive situation between the job situation and the person having that job. In the effort-reward imbalance model, which is a method for measuring job stress, the imbalanced relationship between the invested efforts and the rewards received causes stressful reactions in employees, which in the long term causes physical and mental damage to the person. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between job stress and the intention to turnover and early retirement by investigating the mediating role of job satisfaction among nurses. Materials and Methods: This correlational study was conducted in 2017 through field methods and questionnaires. The study sample consisted of 455 nurses working in the governmental hospitals of Hamedan, Iran. Data collection tools included four self-report questionnaires, including job stress, intention to turnover, early retirement, and job satisfaction. Finally, after data collection, SPSS software (version 18) and AMOS2 3 were used for data analysis. Results: Based on the findings of the present research, a significant negative relationship was observed between effort-reward imbalance with job satisfaction and a significant positive relationship with the intention to turnover. However, no significant relationship was found between effort- reward imbalance and the intention to retire early. Additionally, although a significant negative relationship was seen between job stress and job satisfaction, there was no significant relationship between this variable and the intention to turnover the job and the intention to retire early. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the variables used in this research, especially the variables with a mediating role, should be considered in organizational planning and policy makings to reduce occupational diseases and enhance employees' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iraqi wisdom has made great efforts to restore and revive the marshes and the need to return them to their previous era and provide all the necessary support requirements for the restoration of the marshes. All the years of returning up to 90% of the area of the marshes, which is the percentage planned to implement the restoration of the marshes, as these endeavors were able in the best form to return less than 70% of the area of the marshes in the seventies, and this percentage is not fixed and may decrease a lot during the subsequent years. The reasons for the decrease in the rate of flooding and the inability of efforts to fully achieve plans for the restoration of the marshes can be attributed to the decrease in the water revenue of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as a result of the growth of water projects in the basin countries (Turkey, Syria, Iran), as well as the growth of agricultural areas and population size in all basin countries, which works on Increasing water needs and reducing the amount of water reaching the marshes area. On the other hand, climate change has increased evaporation rates in the area, which is the result limits the opportunities for the areas of flooding the marshes, because the increase in the areas of the marshes under conditions of intense evaporation is part of water dissipation and increased opportunities for its loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The exposure of hospital personnel to anesthetic gases in various parts of health centers, such as operating rooms and recovery rooms, can exert serious effects on a person's physical and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic v ariables on the prevalence of neurotoxic symptoms in operating room personnel. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 operating room personnel in western Iran. Euroquest questionnaire and demographic checklist were used for data collection. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Based on the obtained results, the rate of neurotoxic symptoms was higher in men, compared to women, and this difference was statistically significant. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between single and married employees and morning and shift staff in neurotoxic symptom s. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between neurotoxic symptoms with age and experience of the subjects. Conclusion: Symptoms were higher in some demographic groups; therefore, it is recommended to use appropriate training programs or management techniques, such as job rotation in operating room personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial claims have been made that Formative Assessment (FA), if practiced effectively, improves learning. This study aimed at exploring the effect of FA on EFL learners’ academic achievement. The population included high school teachers and their students in Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran. The sample included 40 teachers and their students (n=651) who were randomly selected and assigned to two groups of experimental and control. Teachers in the experimental group participated in a workshop on FA before the treatment. However, teachers in the control group followed the usual syllabus based on Iran’s educational system. The students’ academic achievement was measured in both groups by an achievement test before the treatment. Trained observers attended the classes in the experimental group and completed Formative Assessment Observation Report, which reports teachers’ practice of FA. After the treatment, posttests on students’ achievement in both groups were conducted. To analyze the data, ANCOVA was used. The results indicated that effective implementation of FA enhances students’ academic achievement. However, gender was not a determining factor. Moreover, among FA components, clarifying learning targets was the most and monitoring was the least frequent strategy used by teachers.

In this study, the effect of adding granular activated carbon (GAC) to aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) on possibility to treat a wastewater containing a reactive dye (Brill Blue KN-R) was investigated. Experiments were performed in four cylindrical Plexiglas reactors for 68 days (5 days for acclimatization of sludge and 63 days for normal operation in two separate phases). Initial dye concentrations were adjusted to 20, 25, 30 and 40 mg/L in the reactors R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectively. Constant concentration of GAC (1000 mg/L) was added to SBRs after 36 days of normal operation. According to the obtained data, dye removal efficiencies were increased significantly by adding GAC to SBRs. The average dye removal efficiencies of R1, R2, R3 and R4 were increased 23, 23.6, 18.7 and 18 percent, respectively, after adding GAC to SBR reactors. Additionally, no significant changes on average COD removal efficiencies were observed. Average SVI of all reactors was slightly decreased by adding GAC. The average SVI of all reactors, before and after adding GAC, was in the range of 37-49 mL/g and 27-43 mL/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]