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In this paper, I touch on the holotic structure of the ideas of unity, identity and finality, using the word "holotic" to refer to a theory that includes both partonomic (or mereological) wholes and taxonomic (or diairological) wholes. In the second section, I expound on two classifications of wholes and two classifications of the types of parts I deem relevant to the ideas of unity, identity and finality. In the third and fourth sections, I discuss how these three ideas acquire different significance depending on the type of totalities and parts involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three recent studies carried out in the Spanish regions of Madrid, Valencia, and Murcia have shown that medical residents at public hospitals are systematically required to work for more than 48 hours a week. This practice is institutionalised, and there are indicators suggesting that it also occurs in other public hospitals throughout Spain. The obligation to work excessive hours has been shown to have harmful consequences for workers' physical and psychological health while jeopardizing residents' and patients' safety. I argue that behaviours contrary to people's health and safety imply bioethical and, in this case, institutional, malpractice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss the significance of the idea of system as applied to academic philosophy. Firstly, I will distinguish systems from other types of totalities, such as sets, aggregates and structures, and then present a definition of system and analyse the basic constituent components of any system. I will subsequently apply the proposed idea of system and its internal modulations to philosophical systems to account for the different ways of understanding academic philosophy as systematic philosophy. To end, I will argue that the systematicity of academic philosophy does not necessarily imply any dogmatism, doctrinarism or metaphysical monism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I will classify theories about the origin of religions, distinguishing two groups of theories: those upholding the revealed origin of religion and those denying it. The former can be split into two: theories assuming that revelation is an encounter between humans and certain finite extraterrestrial intelligences (an encounter taking place in the past or being expected for the future) and those defining revelation as the presence before humans of either a transcendent, immaterial God or certain mythological or historical beings sent by him. As for the latter, two varieties exist as well: theories holding that non-human animals also have religion, and those restricting religion to humans and explaining their origin through the relationships of human groups with their environment. To classify the latter, I will make use of Gustavo Bueno's theory of anthropological space. Finally, I will touch on the necessarily partisan components of my classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish philosopher Gustavo Bueno coined the expression "substantive arts" to refer to those arts that do not serve any immediate, mundane or practical purpose. In this paper, I briefly present this idea and put forward a definition of the substantive arts as an alternative to those used until now. Starting from the assumption that since the end of the 18th century there has been a set of arts that have their own substantivity, I expound on certain criteria widely used as distinctive features to define the substantive arts. I subsequently put forward an alternative intensional criterion to characterize the substantive arts. To end, I draw some corollaries following from the application of this criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I shall present a reasoned answer to the question about the usefulness of philosophy. I start by analyzing the meaning and intentionality of the question "philosophy: what for?" Next, I study the different meanings of the word "philosophy" in the context of that question (section two). In the third section, I present some examples of certain answers given to the question "philosophy: what for?" as they can be studied from a historical and anthropological perspective. Next, I take into account certain outstanding philosophical systems to see how they have answered the question about the usefulness of philosophy (section four). Finally, I argue a reasoned answer to the question from the perspective of a Stoic, materialistic philosophy of the present (section five). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent within the ethical debate on abortion and fraught with controversy, thought experiments prove challenging to proper evaluation. I begin here with a presentation of eight renowned thought experiments advanced in the abortion debate. I then discuss the significance of the ontological status of the imagined scenario. Firstly, I analyse certain thought experiments that make use of the analogy between real humans and other existing or imagined beings in order to revise certain intuitions that might be incompatible with our received ideas on abortion and to provide arguments for and against abortion. Secondly, I show that in other cases, such as Thomson's well-known violinist experiment and the experiment of complete ectogenesis, the purpose is to present an argument by taking advantage of the similarities between pregnancy and other real or imagined processes. I conclude the article with a brief discussion of the limits of the use of thought experiments in the abortion debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss what specific traits distinguish sciences from other historical institutions. First I will review several philosophies conceiving sciences having in mind constitutive, but generic, features. This is the case when sciences are understood as explanation, as comprehension, as knowledge, as description, as representation, as construction, as cultural institution, as experimentation and elaboration of hypotheses, as theory, and as instrument of domination and intervention on reality. I put forward certain specific traits of theorems and scientific fields that allow us to distinguish sciences from other historical formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a classification of the sciences carried out from the Gustavo Bueno's philosophy of categorial closure. Firstly, I will comment on certain assumptions of Bueno's theory that affect this classificatory task. Then, I will distinguish the classifications based on ontological criteria from those based on gnoseological criteria. Next, I will present a gnoseological criterion of classification of sciences that, although different from that proposed by Gustavo Bueno, is internal to the philosophy of categorial closure. Finally, I will apply that criterion and I will propose a classification of the sciences, confronting it with other alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the transformation from the human zygote to the implanted embryo under the prism of substantial change. After a brief introduction, it vindicates the Aristotelian ideas of substance and accident, and those of substantial and accidental change. It then claims that the transformation from the multicelled zygote to the implanted embryo amounts to a substantial change. Pushing further, it contends that this substantial change cannot be explained following patterns of genetic reductionism, emergence, and self-organization, and proposes Gustavo Bueno's idea of anamorphosis as a means to encapsulate criticism against such positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examined attitudes towards and knowledge about abortion among undergraduate students doing eleven different subjects. The differences in attitudes and knowledge about abortion according to gender, religious and political affiliation, religiosity, sexual orientation, number of sex partners and previous sexual experience were also considered. Method: 1,025 undergraduate students (58.34% women and 41.66% men; mean age 20.18) completed the following instruments: an adaptation of the Abortion Attitudes Scale by Hill, and an adaptation of Abortion Knowledge Test by Esposito and Basow. Results: With attitudes ranging from 0 to 100, medicine, psychology and nursing students were in the anti-abortion range (55.93, 54.19 and 53.62, respectively) while history, philology and physics students were in the pro-abortion rights range (48.44, 48.49 and 50.12, respectively). Law, medicine and nursing students showed greater theoretical knowledge about abortion, while physics, engineering and philology students proved to be the least knowledgeable. Conclusions: Differences were found in students' attitudes towards abortion and in knowledge about abortion depending on their degree subject. As in previous reports, differences were found in students' attitudes towards abortion which reflected differences in religious affiliation, religiosity, political affiliation, and previous sexual experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author responds to Vicente Chuliá's comments on the idea of substantive arts in Gustavo Bueno's work. The author addresses different criticisms and provides responses to each of them. They discuss the relationship between substantive art and the prose of life, the elimination of the author in substantive arts, the importance of the spectator in artworks, Bueno's theories on the substantivity of artworks, and the existence of an allegorical plane in substantive artworks. The author presents arguments and evidence to support their responses to the raised criticisms. [Extracted from the article]

The author explores whether the history of science is "whiggish," considering if it embraces the notion of progress or whether it embraces the notion of history for history's sake, based on theories forwarded by British historian Herbert Butterfield in his essay "The Whig interpretation of history" and French science historian Alexandre Koyré in his book "Études galiléennes." Topics considered include the dual notions in anthropology of emic and etic, the difference between social or moral progress and scientific and technological advancement, presentism in history writing, and macro- versus micro-histories.

This article looks to make a philosophical reading of a number of sculptures by Herminio Álvarez (b. 1945). After briefly presenting the topic, it discusses the differences between sculpture and artifacts. Focusing on these differences, it argues for a shared problematic held by some of Herminio's sculptures and certain philosophical ideas. Initially the article draws analogies between Herminio's challenge to sculpt pure motion abstractly and the philosophical attempt to conceptualize a constantly changing world in the abstract, an attempt characteristic of Western philosophy since its origin. The article then posits that some of Herminio's most important works address the fracture of physics into two different, albeit intertwined, fields, both guided by different principles. Following similar lines as this sculpture, any non-monistic, philosophical system must conceptualize the fracture lines between sciences and the tension among different areas of reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideas of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity have been widely applied to the relationship between sciences. This article is an attempt to discuss the reasons why scientific interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity pose specific problems. First of all, certain questions about terminology are taken into account in order to clarify the meaning of the word ‘discipline’ and its cognates. Secondly, we argue that the specificity of sciences does not lie in becoming disciplines. Then, we focus on the relationship between sciences, and between sciences and technologies: we argue that multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are a common practice among strict sciences and technologies. Finally, we discuss the different meanings of transdisciplinarity when it is applied to sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the characterization of substantive arts in the work of Gustavo Bueno. The definition of substantive art as that which exists outside the prose of life is discussed, but it is noted that this characteristic does not allow it to be distinguished from other forms of art such as the ludic and the sacred. The difference between substantive arts and adjectival arts is also explored, as well as the comparison between substantive arts and sciences. The importance of the spectator in works of art is raised, and the elimination of the subject in substantive arts is questioned. Additionally, the topic of purpose in substantive arts is addressed, and the criteria used by Bueno to characterize them are analyzed. [Extracted from the article]