Search

Az írás célja az Európai Unió Bírósága, valamint a strasbourgi Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága által az elmúlt öt évben hozott, legfontosabb és legrelevánsabb ítéletek áttekintése az egyes tagállamok vonatkozásában, tagállamonként, abc-sorrendben haladva. A szerző fókusza a munka világában az egyenlő bánásmód területén felmerült ügyekre összpontosult, amelyek az adott tagállamban zajló kiemelkedő munkajogi jogvitákra terjedtek ki, különös tekintettel a hátrányos megkülönböztetés tilalmára. A szerzőnek nem szándéka az ismertetett ítéletek minősítése, rendszerezése, mint ahogy az sem, hogy azokból akár jogi, akár társadalompolitikai következtetéseket vonjon le, vagy azokról összehasonlító elemzést készítsen a terjedelmi korlátokra is figyelemmel. A tanulmány célja alapvetően az EU-tagállamokban történt jogesetek rövid, mintegy felvillantásszerű ismertetése, listázása tanulságul, a konkrét esetek pedig referenciaként szolgálhatnak Magyarország és a magyar jogászok számára is a tágabb európai uniós és emberi jogi bíráskodás gyakorlatának mélyebb áttekintése szempontjából, illetve egy-egy uniós tagállam munkajogi vitáinak gyors áttekintése érdekében.

Conks (a kind of diary or notepad which contains poetries) has been one of the most important sources of folk literature and folk culture for centuries. We also aimed to bring one of these sources to Turkish cultural studies by revealing the folk poets and poems registered in conk that we discussed in our article. The source we are working on is conk, which was completed in 1951 and registered in the National Library with the number "06 Mil Yz a 4573-1". In this study, we indicated the pseudonym of folk poets and the poems of these pseudonym by giving page numbers in alphabetical order. Most of the poems we come across bear traces of the Alawi-Bektashi culture. Although the general subject of the poems is within the religious-Sufi framework, non-religious poems have also found their place. It is not known by whom conk was written. Numerous typos have been made. The syllable and rhyme are also sometimes seen to deteriorate. Our study basically consists of three parts. In the introduction, we focused on the historical value of conks. We briefly touched on the roles folk poets play in society. We tried to explain the connection between the past and the present. In the second part, we evaluated the poems from a technical point of view and mentioned the topics that were processed. Instead of evaluating each poet one by one, we tried to reach general judgments. We focused on the causes of these defects by examining some of the defects we encountered. We touched on the subject of measure and rhyme. In the last episode, we opened the titles of folk poets in alphabetical order. Under the titles of folk poets, we included rhyme the of poems belonging to those folk poets in page order. We have mentioned separately the poets who use the syllabic measure and the aruz measure Keywords: Folk literature, Turks Folk Culture, Poem, Conk, Folk Poets

A considerable amount of the Turkish language vocabulary is composed of derived words. Affixes forming nouns from nouns have an important function in word derivation. These aforementioned affixes, which don’t have any meaning on their own, become meaningful when they attach themselves to noun roots or stems. In other words, the primary task of these affixes is to form new and lasting noun words by attaching themselves to the noun roots or stems of noun which had become one derived from a verb. These new words, from the standpoint of the meanings they have, also show similarities with the meanings of the roots and stems to which they are attached since they are formed via derivational affixes to those roots or stems. The field of usage of these affixes is quite large and they usually express abstract and concrete notions such as time, space, profession, community, belonging. From this theoretical information forth, derivational affixes used to derive nouns from nouns in Karachay-Balkar Turkish, which is in north-west (Kipchak) Turkish dialect group, are identified and classified in alphabetical order. Subsequently the functions of each of these aforementioned affixes and the relationship of the new meanings they derived to the roots and stems they are attached to are shown by giving examples. In addition, development of these aforementioned affixes in Karachay-Balkar Turkish are exhibited in comparison with Orkhon, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Khorezm, Kipchak and Chagatai periods of Turkish language.

The notion of love is one of the most studied subjects in diwan poetry. Love-lover-beloved is used by almost all ottoman poets and is one of the indispensable, common forms of diwan poetry. Beloved is at the center of the poems in which love is concerned. The parables used in the diwan poetry about beloved are quite rich. Like moon, water of life, spring, friend, intriguer, houri, image, rose, king, cypress, seductive, belle, unfaithful, angel, candle, sake, fairy many words they are often used to express beloved through simile. Some of these words likened of the beloved and some are adjectives; but all of them are used as the name of the beloved directly in couplets. Modern period Persian poets, name Rahi, Mohammad Hoseyin Moayyeri in own ghazals beloved like gazelle, hunter, moon, saint, spring, life, sun, rose, fairy, image, flame, witness, star agreed with various names and adjectives. In the study, these names and adjectives used by the hostage for the beloved are briefly explained. how the poet used these names and adjectives by associating with his beloved was examined with the sample couplets brought from the ghazals. These names and adjectives are listed in Persian alphabetical order. In the footnote next to the headings, the page number and the couplet number of the similar examples in the poet's diwan are given.

The Dewey Decimal Classification or alphabetical order employed by many libraries may create an opaque boundary for patrons seeking resources. A system that promotes browsing may be more appropriat...

It has been a decade since the world's rhinologic community gathered in the United States for RhinoWorld. The American Rhinologic Society (ARS), International Rhinologic Society (IRS), and International Society of Inflammation and Allergy of the Nose (ISIAN) have joined together to host this international gathering of clinicians and scientists. Herein, you will find the abstracts that will be presented orally during RhinoWorld on June 5-9, 2019, in Chicago, IL. This IFAR supplement serves as an informational centerpiece for cutting edge discovery and innovation, and commentary and debate, for clinicians and researchers worldwide with interest in the fields of rhinology, cranial base, otolaryngic allergy, and associated disorders. Many thanks to the nearly 50 members of the RhinoWorld Program Committee and its co-chairs Robert Kern, MD, Rakesh Chandra, MD, and Kevin Welch, MD. This IFAR supplement is organized such that the Top 10 Clinical Abstracts (as determined by the RhinoWorld Program Committee) and the Top 10 Basic/Translational Science Abstracts (as determined by the RhinoWorld Program Committee) are presented first followed by all abstracts in alphabetical order by title. Some abstracts required post-submission editing for length. IFAR and Wiley have published this as an open access document online so that it is available all around the globe. We sincerely hope you find this publication meaningful in your practice and research. For more cutting edge information, please visit the IFAR website at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20426984 and follow us on Twitter @IFAR_Journal.

In the article the academic career of the German comparative and general linguist H.-J. Sasse is introduced, accompanied by his linguistic interests. The main part of the contribution is his full bibliography, arranged in alphabetical order, but commented according to themes. Especially stressed is his cont

ACKNOLWEDGEMENTS This research was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation for the North East Water Resources Network (NEWRnet) (grant #IIA-1330406) and from the Center for Behavioral and Experimental Agri-environmental Research (CBEAR), which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. We are grateful for comments received during the 2015 Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association Annual Meeting and the 2015 Behavioral and Experimental Economists of the Mid-Atlantic Conference. Authors listed in alphabetical order.

Submission period: 1 December 2018 to 15 January 2019 Guest Editors (in alphabetical order): Gianvito Lanzolla (Cass Business School, London), Annika Lorenz (U. of Utrecht, the Netherlands), Ella Miron-Spektor (Technion, Israel and Cass Business School, London), Melissa Schilling (NYU Stern School of Business, USA), Giulia Solinas (Ludwig-Maximilian Universitat, DE), Christopher Tucci (EPFL, Switzerland).

The mandated exposure effect on voting represents a mechanism through which affirmative action policies such as quotas can improve prospects for candidates from underrepresented groups. In this paper, we identify an exposure effect by exploiting unintended variation in female candidates’ electoral results in a natural experimental setting. In a 2006 local council election in Korea, the names of candidates nominated by the same party for a ward appeared on the ballot in alphabetical order (based on the Korean alphabet). As a result, in certain districts, some female candidates were arbitrarily elected, based on their name-order advantage. In the subsequent election, those elected females were more likely to be nominated by the party and to win seats again. However, the accidental exposure to female politicians failed to generate positive spillover for other female candidates.

In the US Senate, roll calls are held in alphabetical order. We document that senators early in the order are less likely to vote with the majority of their own party than those whose last name places them at the end of the alphabet. To speak to the mechanism behind this result, we develop a simple model of sequential voting, in which forward-looking senators rely on backward induction in order to free ride on their colleagues. Estimating our model structurally, we find that this form of strategic behavior is an important part of equilibrium play. We also consider, but ultimately dismiss, alternative explanations related to learning about common values and vote buying. (JEL D72, D82, D83)

Each time researchers jointly write an article, a decision must be made about the order in which the authors are listed. There are two main norms for doing so. The vast majority of scientific disciplines use a contribution-based norm, according to which authors who contributed the most are listed first. Very few disciplines, most notably economics, instead resort primarily to the norm of listing authors in alphabetical order. It has been argued that (1) this alphabetical norm gives an unfair advantage to researchers with last name initials early in the alphabet and that (2) researchers are aware of this ‘alphabetical discrimination’ and react strategically to it, for example by avoiding collaborations with multiple authors. This article reviews the empirical literature and finds convincing evidence that alphabetical discrimination exists and that researchers react to it.

The analysis of a historical mathematical textbook constitutes a particular challenge when the original had been composed before the invention of the printing press and an even greater one when the very original might even not have been fixed as a manuscript. The analysis of such cases affords a focus on the relation between orality and written text. A particular clue for this relation is given by the diagrams accompanying the text. Diagrams in mediaeval manuscripts have several particularities which have been eliminated in modern editions as inappropriate for mathematical arguments. However, they may have not been so strange in the context of the direct oral teaching in which the teacher drew the diagrams in front of the pupils. The text and the structure of the Elements also contain other particular features preserved also in modern editions of which the following ones are examined: (1) no use of proposition numbers, (2) label assignment in alphabetical order which may result in different assignments in similar propositions, (3) oscillation of the appellation of the objects expressed by two or more letters such as line AB and line BA, (4) long and sometimes incomprehensible protasis (general enunciation at the beginning of each proposition). All these particularities can be interpreted as traces of oral teaching and communication of mathematics in ancient Greece.

In most scientific communities, the order of author names on a publication serves to assign credit and responsibility. Unless authors are presented in alphabetical order, it is assumed that the first author contributes the most and the last author is the driving force, both intellectually and financially, behind the research. Many, but not all, journals individually delineate what it means to be a contributing author and the nature of each author’s role. But what does this mean when a paper has co-first authors? How are academic librarians going to handle questions surrounding co-first authorship in an era in which author metrics are important for career advancement and tenure? In this commentary, the authors look at the growing trend of co-first authorship and what this means for database searchers.

Alphabetical name order is the norm for joint publications in economics. However, alphabetical order confers greater benefits on the first author. In a two-author model, we introduce and study certified random order: the uniform randomization of names made universally known by a commonly understood symbol. Certified random order (i) distributes the gain from first authorship evenly over the alphabet; (ii) allows either author to signal when contributions are extremely unequal; (iii) will invade an environment where alphabetical order is dominant; (iv) is robust to deviations; (v) may be ex ante more efficient than alphabetical order; and (vi) is no more complex than the existing alphabetical system modified by occasional reversal of name order. (JEL A14, Z13)

Congesta, written about the middle of the fifteenth century in England and only partially preserved, is a massive sermon commentary, originally in five volumes, covering the Sundays of the church year, some feast days and common sermons for saints, and two special occasions (“In Time of Persecution” and “For Religious”). Of the entire cycle only forty-six sermons are extant in two manuscripts (Oxford, Magdalen College MSS 96 and 212). The commentary deals at great length with the Epistle or Gospel lection of the respective Mass. Its anonymous author, probably an English Carthusian, excerpted long passages from over 130 named authors and anonymous works, including Petrus Berchorius, Saint Brigid of Sweden, and the Imitatio Christi. The sermons, which are basically moral postillation of the lections and show much concern with the qualities of a good pastor, can be seen as part of the reforming tendencies in the English church marked especially by Thomas Gascoigne. The article describes and discusses the sermon cycle, analyzes the sermon for 23 Trinity, and discusses the structure of the sermons and some of the authors of the later Middle Ages that are quoted or excerpted. An appendix lists the authors and anonymous works quoted in alphabetical order.

In 1996, Hādī Ḥasan Ḥammūdī published an edition of a medical dictionary based on two manuscripts he had found in a private collection in Oran, Algeria. The dictionary was allegedly written by ʾAbū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh b. Muḥammad al-ʾAzdī, known under the name Ibn al-Dhahabī (d. 456/1064). The transcription shows hamzat al-qaṭʿ but not hamzat al-waṣl, therefore: ʾabū but ibn. The author of the dictionary acquired his knowledge in several regions of the Islamic world and allegedly studied with such famous scholars as al-Bīrūnī (d. 440/1048) and Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037). Complaining that his contemporaries frequently used non-Arabic terms, he decided to compile a dictionary, arranging the terms in alphabetical order by their roots, and explaining their medical as well as their linguistic aspects. He entitled his dictionary the Book of Water (Kitāb al-māʾ), after its first entry, on water (al-māʾ). This paper investigates the text with regard to its author, content, principles of organisation, authorities, and intertextuality, with the aim of verifying the authorship of Ibn al-Dhahabī and of better understanding the literary environment and the reading culture of the fifth century.

Managers tend to provide subjective performance evaluations that are relatively high (leniency) and not very dispersed (compression). This paper reports on an experiment that investigates whether the layout of performance reports affects the leniency and compression of managers’ subjective evaluations. Relying on psychology theory, we predict that subjective ratings will be higher and more compressed if performance reports contain alphabetically listed indicators rather than categorically listed indicators (as in a balanced scorecard). Moreover, we predict that ratings will be higher and more compressed if performance reports present indicator target and actual values in tables than when this information is presented in graphs. The results from the experiment provide support for the hypothesis that performance ratings are higher if measures are listed in alphabetical order as opposed to presented in a four-category balanced scorecard format. However, there is no support for the other hypotheses. We discuss the implications of the study for accounting research and practice.

The first official pharmacopoeia of the Ottoman period was written in 1844 under the title of Pharmacopee Militaire Ottomanee (Pharmacopea Castrensis Otomana) by Austrian Dr. Charles Ambrosie Bernard who was the founder of the first school of pharmacy at that time. This pharmacopoeia was written in French based on 1841 Pharmacopoea Castrensis Austriaca and consists of 161 pages. In this pharmacopoeia, drug names were given in Turkish, Italian and Latin as well as French. Also, in this pharmacopoeia medicinal plants were given in alphabetical order, simple and mixed drugs preparing methods were mentioned and especially focused on pastes but reagents and control methods weren’t mentioned. This book was specifically designed for military hospitals and pharmacies, so, it was not given much of an interest by Istanbul pharmacists.The other codex Düstur-ül Edviye (Drugs Law) which was the translation of 1866 French Codex in Turkish by Major Mr Huseyin Sabri was published in 1874. This codex was printed in Tıbbiye-i Şahane printing house and consisted of 73 chapters and 508 pages. This book replaced the codex which was written by Dr Bernard and has become a guide for Istanbul pharmacists for a long time.In this study, both pharmacopoeias are examined and various aspects of them are discussed.

According to Collins Dictionary, an encyclopedia is a book or set of books in which facts about many different subjects, or one particular subject are arranged for reference, usually in alphabetical order [...]

Dioscorides's De materia medica from the first century AD was for about 1,800 years the most influential work and prime source in all matters concerning drugs and pharmacy. Originally written in Greek, the book was soon translated into Latin, thereby changing its structure from a systematic arrangement in five books according to the internal relationship of the drugs to a simply alphabetical order by the first letter of the name. Such an alphabetical order was also retained in the first printed version of the work in 1478. This edition was praised by recent researchers because of its supposed new material, by others, however, it was criticized severely with respect to its general set-up. The present paper discusses both opinions and substantiates some other neglected details regarding the 1478 edition. Besides the 1478 edition the amended new edition from 1512 is analysed too.

[ES] En la lectura del pensamiento que subyace a todo proyecto arquitectónico aparecen referentes que, sumados a las motivaciones de cada decisión, organizan el marco contextual para su crítica. Renée Gailhoustet (1929-) es una arquitecta cuya labor profesional, ejercida entre los años 1961 y 1995, sintetizó intereses políticos y sociales a través de la experimentación tipológica, principalmente en el ámbito de la vivienda colectiva. En sus proyectos, insertados en las periferias urbanas, ensayó dispositivos arquitectónicos que planteaban el cuestionamiento del modelo urbanizador surgido con la institucionalización de los postulados funcionalistas de la Carta de Atenas. En este artículo se analizará la transición de su discurso tipológico para con ello comprender su texto titulado “Abecedario” con el que conformó una especie de “doxa” o vademécum propio. Los términos seleccionados, en orden alfabético, concretaron sus intereses —materializados como constantes en su obra— y enfocaron coordenadas intelectuales coincidentes con las de otros arquitectos de su generación. El objetivo será demostrar cómo la multidireccionalidad de aquellos significados antropológicos y arquitectónicos modelaron un corpus teórico que, complementado por sus estudios de filosofía y por su compromiso político, encaminó sus propuestas hacia la mejora de las condiciones sociales para la convivencia y la compenetración hombre-ciudad., [EN] When reading into the underlying thinking of every architectural project, there are references that, together with the motivation behind the making of all decisions, give rise to the contextual framework of the project for its critique. Renée Gailhoustet (1929-...) is an architect whose professional work, carried out between 1961 and 1995, synthesized political and social interests through typological experimentation, mainly in the field of collective housing. In her projects in urban peripheries, she tested architectural mechanisms that raised the questioning of the urban model emerged with the institutionalization of the functionalist postulates of the Athens Charter. In this article we will analyze the transition of her typological discourse in order to understand her text entitled "Alphabet" with which she formed a kind of "doxa" or vade mecum. The selected terms, in alphabetical order, specified her interests, which materialized as constants in her work, and intellectual coordinates which were coincident with those of other architects of her generation. The objective will be to demonstrate how the multi-directionality of these anthropological and architectural meanings modeled a theoretical corpus that, complemented by her philosophy studies and by her political commitment, geared her proposals towards the improvement of social conditions for coexistence and the rapport between the city and its people., Este artículo es producto de una estancia de investigación en el Laboratoire Architecture, Culture et Société (ACS) de la École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture (ENSA) de Paris-Malaquais durante el otoño de 2019. Se agradece la acogida por parte de sus miembros, especialmente de los investigadores Jac Fol y Guillemette Morel Journel.

An updated checklistof the Egyptian species of the family Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) is presented. The listincludes about 397 species belonging to 5 subfamilies in 33 tribesbased on the records in literatures and material kept in the main reference insect collections of Egypt. Synonyms of some species and the recent taxonomic position are included. The taxa (subfamilies, tribes, genera and species) are arranged in alphabetical order.

We propose that selection favors nonveridical perceptions that are tuned to fitness. Current textbooks assert, to the contrary, that perception is useful because, in the normal case, it is veridical. Intuition, both lay and expert, clearly sides with the textbooks. We thus expected that some commentators would reject our proposal and provide counterarguments that could stimulate a productive debate. We are pleased that several commentators did indeed rise to the occasion and have argued against our proposal. We are also pleased that several others found our proposal worth exploring and have offered ways to test it, develop it, and link it more deeply to the history of ideas in the science and philosophy of perception. To both groups of commentators: thank you. Point and counterpoint, backed by data and theory, is the essence of science. We hope that the exchange recorded here will advance the scientific understanding of perception and its evolution. In what follows, we respond to the commentaries in alphabetical order.

Prior literature has documented that the academic success of scholars in Economics partially depends on their surname initials’ position in the alphabet. This alphabetical discrimination is said to be mainly triggered by the alphabetical name-ordering rule prevalent in scholarly journals. We test whether scholars react to alphabetical discrimination for Economics as well as for Finance, where such discrimination has hitherto not been analyzed. We show that Economics scholars late in the alphabet seem to react to alphabetical discrimination as they refrain from publishing articles with three or more authors. In Finance, however, we do not find evidence of strategic co-authoring.

Psychological research suggests that individuals are satisficers. That is, when confronted with a large number of options, individuals often choose the first acceptable option, rather than the best possible option (Simon, 1957). Given the vast quantity of information available and the widespread convention of listing stocks in alphabetical order, we conjecture that investors are more likely to buy and sell stocks with early alphabet names. Consistent with this view, we find that early alphabet stocks are traded more frequently than later alphabet stocks and that alphabeticity also affects firm value. We also document how these effects have changed over time.

This is the last time you are going to see Chicago style being used in the Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ). This issue is a collector's item that many of you may want to keep on your bookshelves. As we are moving to APA style from the autumn issue, you will see fewer footnotes and our explicit editorial policy discouraging excessive self-citations as listed in our Information for Contributors. The APA style puts authors' names within the main body text, while the references are listed by the authors' last names in alphabetical order. This makes the authors' names much more visible than the Chicago style. Regarding this, some authors received a note from me asking them to refrain from citing their own works too much, because that would have identified them easily. They have been asked to cut their self-citations before we sent the manuscripts out to reviewers. Authors certainly may have done many prior works on the topic that they would like to refer in the manuscript. At a time when impact factor and number of citations is becoming more and more important for institutions, it is understandable that authors may want to include as many of their own works in the manuscript as possible. However, this practice will threaten the integrity of the blind review process. When a reviewer sees an article citing five or more works from the same individual, he or she will question the relationship between the author and the individual who got cited so many times. As scholars, we should be judicious in citing our own works and acknowledge others who also have contributed to the same topic. Simply listing "author" without name in front of the citation will not help as it is very easy to find online the author from the article title nowadays. Citing the author's own works the same way as others' works is the best way to avoid the author being identified.As I started posting tweets on Twitter for our articles, I realized how our JMCQ articles aroused interest of political scientists, sociologists, scientists, and people in other fields from their retweets. In addition to increasing the theoretical and methodological rigor of our field, highlighting the relationship of our research with other fields will broaden the impact and elevate the status of research in our field. One thing I did quite often recently was to suggest to some of our accepted manuscript authors to consider making their titles more relevant to readers and highlighting the unique contribution or essence of the study. In these days with short text messages dominating online conversations, a good title, just like a news headline, will make a big difference to how many people read the text of the full article. An article with a title that does not reflect the article well will drastically lower its readership potential.New Keyword System in JMCQAuthors and reviewers should know that we now use a new set of keyword categories in the JMCQ manuscript submission system. There are nine keyword categories that are standardized, and all authors are required to choose one or more item in each category as appropriate for their submitted manuscript specifically and themselves as scholars. The nine keyword categories are (1) Topic (34 topics),1 (2) Approach (Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed, Conceptual only), (3) Method (19 methods),2 (4) Statistics (12 common statistical techniques, quantitative research only),3 (5) Medium (14 media types including media in general),4 (6) Country of study or expertise,5 (7) Theory (29 common theories and a write-in category),6 (8) Research interests related to any of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) division/interest group,7 and (9) author's own keywords (other than those keywords given in the eight categories). I hope this scheme is comprehensive enough to accommodate all types of manuscripts, authors, and reviewers. It will also help new authors to easily see if their manuscript falls within the scope of our journal when they check the categories. …

Personal names have important consequences for many life outcomes, but their influence on political success is relatively unexplored. Yet widespread biases towards outcomes early in the alphabet and the propensity for some seniority lists (such as those in the United States House of Representatives) to privilege alphabetical position when politicians assume office simultaneously suggest that alphabetically early surnames may promote electoral success. Examining American governors and members of the federal Congress reveals that prominent elected politicians are, on average, earlier alphabetically than their average constituent. Furthermore, members of the House of Representatives are more likely to assume party leadership positions when they are earlier in alphabetical order, whereas members of the Senate (where alphabetical position plays no role in determining seniority) show no such relationship.

Summary In Qing China (1644–1911), many bilingual dictionaries of Manchu and Chinese were compiled to serve the needs of a multilingual empire. They were largely forgotten in the 20th century. In the 1970s, government initiatives to organize and research the historical heritage meant greater interaction with the Manchu language of the millions of Qing administrative documents still extant. Several projects to compile Manchu-Chinese dictionaries were thus undertaken, leading to the simultaneous publication of several titles in the early 1990s. The new Manchu dictionaries appealed to the Qing lexicographical tradition in their arrangement. By comparing the organization of two recent Manchu dictionaries, compiled respectively by An Shuangcheng (b.1942) and Hu Zengyi (b.1936), two scholars based in Beijing, this paper reveals that although no one pointed it out, the allegedly traditional arrangement in fact differed substantially between dictionaries.

Using a sample of U.S.-based scientific journal articles, I examine the relationship between author surname initials and paper citations, finding that the papers with first authors whose surname initials appear earlier in the alphabet get more citations, and that this effect does not exist for non-first authors. Further analysis shows that the alphabetical order effect is stronger in those fields with longer reference lists, and that such alphabetical bias exists among citations by others and not for self-citations. In addition, estimates also reveal that the alphabetical order effect is stronger when the length of reference lists in citing papers is longer. These findings suggest that the order in reference lists plays an important role in the alphabetical bias. (JEL D0, O3, Z1)

We thank the discussants for their thoughtful comments on our paper and the raising of issues for further examination. As it is not possible to respond to all comments here, our intent is to cover at least the main scientific points made. In responding in the sequel to the four contributions of the discussants (in alphabetical order), we shall refer to Christian Hennig as CH, Luis Angel Garcia-Escudero, Alfonso Gordaliza, and Augustin Mayo-Iscar as EGM, Giuliano Galimberti and Angela Montanari as GM, and Paul McNicholas, Ryan Browne, and Paula Murray as MBM. Our response to the latter contribution is somewhat longer than to each of the others since a number of questions are asked of us. We are keen to answer them as it gives us the opportunity to clarify further the underlying assumptions and hence the consequent limitations of the various proposals. Starting with the discussion of CH, a number of pertinent points are made about clustering. The notion of a cluster is a vague concept in a general context and so we can thus understand why CH made the statement that “reconstructing the given clusters in a data set for supervised classification is not of real scientific interest, and one may wonder whether such a setup can be seen as representative for a real unsupervised clustering task.” But in the context of the model-based approach as adopted in our paper, the clustering is undertaken within a probabilistic (mixture) framework, where each data point in the sample to be clustered is assumed to come from a mixture of a stipulated number of subpopulations with distributions specified by the component distributions of the mixture model. In the case where this framework can be viewed as being a realistic approximation to how the data were generated, it seems to us it is of scientific interest to see if the data points can be assigned to their population of origin

The practice of listing co-author surnames in alphabetical order, irrespective of their contribution, can make it difficult to effectively allocate research credit to authors. This article compares the percentages of articles with co-authors in alphabetical order (alphabetization) for two-author, three-author and four-author articles in eighteen social sciences in 1995 and 2010 to assess how widespread this practice is. There is some degree of alphabetization in all disciplines except one but the level varies substantially between disciplines. This level is increasing slightly over time, on average, but it has increased substantially in a few disciplines and decreased in others, showing that the practice of alphabetization is not fading away. A high correlation between alphabetical order and the proportion of first authors near the beginning of the alphabet confirms that high percentages of alphabetical order could affect the appropriate allocation of research credit. Similar patterns were found for science and the humanities. Finally, since some degree of alphabetization is almost universal in social science disciplines, this practice may be affecting careers throughout the social sciences and hence seems indefensible.

I would like to thank Benj Hellie, Chris Peacocke, and Susanna Siegel for their very interesting commentaries on The Character of Consciousness. All of them focus mainly on issues from the second half of the book, especially issues concerning the contents of consciousness. Hellie focuses especially on the role of acquaintance and perceptual attention in perception and introspection and on the ontology of consciousness. Peacocke focuses especially on my Fregean account of the content of spatial experience. Siegel focuses especially on my account of the Edenic content of perception and its relation to Fregean content. I will reply to the three commentaries in alphabetical order. Each of the commentaries raises many issues, and space precludes me from replying in detail on each issue. Instead, in each part I concentrate especially on a single central issue: acquaintance with phenomenal states for Hellie, spatial externalism for Peacocke, perceptual Frege cases for Siegel. I aim to discuss the central issue in depth and then discuss other issues more briefly. I have tried to start each section with a relatively accessible discussion of the central issue that does not presuppose much knowledge of my book or of the commentaries.1

The other day I was explaining to my panelists that although they were accepted for the MLA Special Session I was organizing, the session as a whole would still have to get accepted by "the posers that be"--oops--that should be "powers." Or maybe not: on second thought, I prefer the typo. Roland Barthes said that his typing mistakes meant that "there is something inside me that resists the word and punishes it by distorting it" (119-20). But you can also get some quirky bonuses emerging from the touch of a fat finger. These are often truer or newer than what one intended to write. And autocorrect often just compounds the problem, as shown on the next page, by the iPhone exchange posted on the web. (1) What I like about errors, and their even more disastrous corrections, is that they open a chink in the so-called prison house of language. Through that chink pour all kinds of surreal possibilities--so much so that the surrealists, among others, deliberately courted such possibilities through aleatory techniques, as with Exquisite Corpse. This parlour game is best known in its visual form, where part of a body is drawn and then folded over, with only a few lines overlapping onto the next part of the page, then passed over to the next artist to repeat the process. But there is a verbal form, which I used to inflict on students in my creative writing class. A grammatical structure is predetermined--usually in the form of a National Enquirer headline--and then the papers are passed around with only one word at a time showing. When you unfold it at the end, you have the headline of a bizarre news story, which you then have to write. It was a way of prying my students away from realistic fiction about the tribulations of sensitive adolescents. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] This is art founded on mistakes--or is that the right word? They are mistakes if you have a notion of what is correct. When I'm typing away, presumably my aim is to produce a perfect, error-free page. But the surrealist products I have been talking about are neither perfect nor imperfect; for both these terms depend on a standard against which they can be assessed--a standardized language that is already in place. It dominates us through patterns that are not only patterns of grammar, lexicography, orthography, and so on--they are also patterns of thought. But in typing errors these patterns reveal their arbitrary and fragmented nature. The words can now be seen as a confetti of letters, letters that are nothing but lines, and "alphabetical order" is seen to be an oxymoron. And here's another way in which I like imperfect language: it allows me to take a holiday from my official definition as an articulate, intelligent literary critic, because those descriptors are true but also false. …

In 2010 and 2011, 28 new fellows were elected to the American College of Medical Informatics, and were inducted into the college at ceremonies held in conjunction with the American Medical Informatics Association annual conferences in Washington, DC, in those years. A brief synopsis of the background and accomplishments of each of the new fellows is provided here, in alphabetical order. Dr Ammenwerth received her undergraduate education in medicine from the University of Essen in Germany, and a doctorate in medical informatics from the University of Heidelberg's Institute for Medical Biometry and Informatics. She also received a degree in habilitation in medical informatics from the University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology in Tirol, Austria. She rose through the academic ranks and at the time of election to the college was professor of health informatics at the University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology in Tirol. Professor Ammenwerth has made sustained contributions in the field of technology evaluation, and her methods have been adopted widely, in Europe, the USA and around the world. At the time of election she had more than 150 peer-reviewed publications and a sustained record of funded research in electronic health records (EHR) design, innovations to improve patient safety, evaluation of the impact of clinical information systems, and the use of inpatient, home and mobile monitoring. She has been a member of scientific program committees for a wide range of international health informatics conferences, and served as managing editor of the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics. Her work on technology evaluation, particularly that based on the theory of interaction of task, technology and individuals, has been widely cited. Her election as an international fellow of the college recognizes these contributions that have had an international scope of influence. Dr Bernstam received bachelors degrees in … Correspondence to Jeffrey J Williamson, American Medical Informatics Association, 4720 Montgomery Lane, Suite 500, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; jeff{at}amia.org

The leaders of scientific groups appear in the last place (or in the first place) of the authors’ lists of multi-author papers more often than other scientists (group-members). The preferential position of the group leader depends on the branch of science, geographical location and the time point. New tools to study the order of authors were introduced. The validity of assessment of the contributions of particular authors to the paper solely from their ranks in the authors’ lists was challenged.