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Various pathophysiologic mechanisms were proposed to underlie the effect of vitamin D on MetS components. In this systematic review, we reviewed randomized control clinical trials to verify whether vitamin D supplementation (VDS) at different doses is effective concomitantly in controlling high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose level, blood pressure, and central obesity in adults diagnosed with MetS. The following scientific databases were searched from 1998 until April 2023: EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrial.gov, and Google Scholar. No language restrictions were applied. Seven studies were included, and they showed a high level of heterogeneity. All studies reported a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels in the intervention groups. Of these, only two noted a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) level and waist circumference. However, the certainty levels of the evidence rating were very low and low for triglyceride (TG) level and waist circumference, respectively, and moderate for fasting glucose level, blood pressure, and HDL-c. In conclusion, despite these benefits, considering the low certainty, the evidence does not support that VDS decreases triglyceride (TG) level and waist circumference in adults with MetS.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares, renais e hepáticos produzidos pela administração crônica de Ayahuasca em ratos hipertensos. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizados 27 ratos machos Wistar adultos. Realizou-se nefrectomia unilateral com compressão do parênquima renal, segundo o modelo de Grollman, para induzir hipertensão. Os ratos hipertensos foram divididos em 4 grupos, com os seguintes tratamentos por gavagem, durante 60 dias: Grupo C (n=7): dose típica (DT) de água uma vez por semana; Grupo A (n=7): DT de Ayahuasca uma vez por semana; Grupo T (n=6): DT de água diariamente; e Grupo Y (n=7): DT de Ayahuasca diariamente. Os ratos tiveram suas pressões aferidas uma vez por semana; após eutanásia, tiveram sangue colhido para análise laboratorial de função renal e hepática e foram reservados o fígado, rim e coração para análise histopatológica. Resultados: A administração de Ayahuasca não produziu alteração significativa nos padrões pressóricos, sistólicos e diastólicos, assim como parece não ter havido alteração histopatológica relevante; TGO e Uréia sérica apresentaram diferença significativa quando comparados os grupos Y e T. Discussão: Não há na literatura científica trabalhos semelhantes, porém os existentes corroboram para uma ação não tóxica do chá. Conclusão: O uso crônico de Ayahuasca em ratos hipertensos não causou alteração significativa da pressão arterial. Palavras Chave: Ayahuasca, Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, Ratos Wistar. Objective: To evaluate the cardiovascular, renal and liver produced by chronic administration of Ayahuasca in hypertensive rats. Materials and Methods: 27 adult male Wistar rats. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed with compression of the renal parenchyma, according to the Grollman model, to induce hypertension. The hypertensive rats were divided into four groups, with the following treatments by gavage for 60 days Group C (n = 7): typical dose (DT) of water once a week, Group A (n = 7): DT ayahuasca once a week and Group T (n = 6): DT daily water and Group Y (n = 7): DT daily ayahuasca. Rats pressures were measured once a week and after euthanasia, blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis of renal and hepatic function. The liver, kidney and heart were reserved for histopathological analysis. Results: The administration of Ayahuasca produced no significant change in blood pressure patterns, systolic and diastolic, as seems to have been no significant histopathological changes; SGOT and serum urea showed significant differences when comparing the groups Y and T. Discussion: There are no similar studies in the scientific literature, but the existing ones corroborate for non-toxic action of the tea. Conclusion: Chronic use of Ayahuasca in hypertensive rats caused no significant change in blood pressure. Keywords: Ayahuasca, Hypertension, Wistar rats.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação com Ração Humana sobre o peso, perfil lipídico, pressão arterial e glicemia, de ratos induzidos à obesidade, hipertensão arterial e dislipidemia. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados 27 ratos Wistar, machos, recém-nascidos, divididos em 3 grupos (n = 9), denominados Controle (C), Ração Humana (R) e Quinua Real (Q). Aos mesmos, foi administrado glutamato monossódico, para induzir obesidade e intolerância à glicose, sendo alimentados com dieta rica em colesterol e submetidos ao modelo cirúrgico de Grollman modificado, para induzir à hipertensão arterial. A suplementação com Ração Humana e quinua real foi feita durante 30 dias, sendo os produtos incorporados à ração padrão dos animais. Foram aferidos peso e pressão arterial e realizadas dosagens bioquímicas. Resultados: Houve redução altamente significante do colesterol total do grupo R e do LDLc, tanto do grupo R quanto do grupo Q, quando comparados ao grupo C. Em relação ao HDLc, houve aumento altamente significante, tanto com o tratamento com Ração Humana, quanto com quinua real. Por outro lado, ocorreu redução significante da pressão arterial média (PAM) do grupo Q, em relação ao grupo C e redução provavelmente significante no peso corporal dos grupos R e Q, quando comparados ao C. Conclusão: O uso da Ração Humana mostrou-se benéfico na diminuição do colesterol total, do LDLc e do peso corporal, colaborando para o aumento do HDLc. A suplementação com quinua real contribuiu para a diminuição do LDLc, do peso e da PAM, além de aumentar o HDLc. Palavras chave: Ração humana, quinua real, suplementação.

Objetivos: Traçar o perfil das mulheres submetidas a exame mamográfico em uma clínica particular do sul de Minas Gerais em 2007. Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisadas 3665 fichas com informações sobre as pacientes. Os dados coletados foram repassados para uma tabela do Excel®, onde foram separados e contabilizados, sendo, posteriormente, transferidos para gráficos e tabelas do mesmo programa. Resultados: A média das idades das pacientes foi de 50,1 anos e a maior parte delas se originava do Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS (63,44%). A paridade média foi de 2,9 filhos por mulher, sendo que a maioria amamentou (88,56%). Os laudos foram, em sua maioria, classificados em B1 e B2 (86,49%) e dentre os casos de antecedência familiar de câncer de mama, destacou-se o de grau 3 (33,77%). 6,93% das pacientes apresentavam nódulo palpável e 3,63%, secreção papilar; apenas 8,98% faziam reposição hormonal e 5,05% tomavam anticoncepcional oral; 20,22% eram fumantes e 16,40% das mesmas já haviam realizado algum procedimento cirúrgico anterior nas mamas. Conclusões: As mulheres têm estado mais expostas a prováveis fatores de risco para o câncer de mama, embora demonstrem uma tendência positiva em relação ao auto cuidado. O exame mamográfico pode não ser tão eficaz, como único exame, para o diagnóstico dessa neoplasia. Palavras-chave: Neoplasias mamárias, fatores de risco, mamografia, BI-RADS®, perfil das mulheres.

Highlights: [•] Tripoli is a microcrystalline siliceous rock used in polishing and cosmetics. [•] Description of the physical and chemical characteristics of the tripoli dust. [•] Exposure of mice to Tripoli dust impaired lung mechanics and morphology. [•] Granulomas with collagen fibers were found and quantified in the lung. [•] Inflammatory interleukins were detected in the lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract  Lipase immobilization offers unique advantages in terms of better process control, enhanced stability, predictable decay rates and improved economics. This work evaluated the immobilization of a highly active Yarrowia lipolytica lipase (YLL) by physical adsorption and covalent attachment. The enzyme was adsorbed on octyl–agarose and octadecyl–sepabeads supports by hydrophobic adsorption at low ionic strength and on MANAE–agarose support by ionic adsorption. CNBr–agarose was used as support for the covalent attachment immobilization. Immobilization yields of 71, 90 and 97% were obtained when Y. lipolytica lipase was immobilized into octyl–agarose, octadecyl–sepabeads and MANAE–agarose, respectively. However, the activity retention was lower (34% for octyl–agarose, 50% for octadecyl–sepabeads and 61% for MANAE–agarose), indicating that the immobilized lipase lost activity during immobilization procedures. Furthermore, immobilization by covalent attachment led to complete enzyme inactivation. Thermal deactivation was studied at a temperature range from 25 to 45°C and pH varying from 5.0 to 9.0 and revealed that the hydrophobic adsorption on octadecyl–sepabeads produced an appreciable stabilization of the biocatalyst. The octadecyl–sepabeads biocatalyst was almost tenfold more stable than free lipase, and its thermal deactivation profile was also modified. On the other hand, the Y. lipolytica lipase immobilized on octyl–agarose and MANAE–agarose supports presented low stability, even less than the free enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last step of the production of four phthalimide-derived acids, designed to act as antiasthma drugs, was performed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective methyl or ethyl esters. The esters 4-ethyl-[2-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro- 2-isoindoylyl)]-phenoxyacetic methyl ester (PHT-MET), 4-ethyl-[2- (1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-isoindoylyl)]-phenoxyacetic ethyl ester, 4-(1, 3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-isoindoylyl)-phenoxyacetic ethyl ester, and 2-(1,3-dioxo-1, 3-dihydro-2-isoindoylyl)-phenoxyacetic ethyl ester were hydrolyzed by immobilized lipase. The enzymatic reaction could be used only to produce the desired 4-substituted compounds. The best result that was found to hydrolysis of PHT-MET, and, therefore, that ester was selected for optimization experiments in a three-phase system. Reactions were performed with solid biocatalyst (Lipozyme® RM IM), organic solvent phase (ethyl acetate), and aqueous phase (saturated Na2CO3 solution). To optimize the reaction conditions, an experimental design optimization procedure was used. The variables studied were the amount of enzyme, the temperature, and the volume of the aqueous solution. Time course experiments were then performed for different initial enzyme concentrations (0.5, 0.9, and 1.4 UH/mL of solvent). The optimized reaction conditions found were 20 mg of Lipozyme (0.9 UH/mLsolvent) and 5.0 mL of Na2CO3(sat) at 40∞C for 6 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema is caused by a continuous inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract. The development of the condition is believed to be mediated by oxidant–antioxidant imbalance. This paper describes the effects of long-term CS exposure on alveolar cell recruitment, antioxidant defense systems, activity of extracellular matrix metalloelastases, expression of metalloelastase MMP-12, and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1). Ten C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 12 cigarettes-a-day for 60 consecutive days, while 10 control animals were exposed to ambient air. After sacrifice, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was removed, and lung tissue underwent biochemical and histological analyses. In CS-exposed animals influx of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils into BALF, lung static elastance, and expression of MMP-12 and HMGB-1 were significantly increased while the activity of antioxidant enzyme was significantly reduced in comparison with control group. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that long-term CS exposure decreased antioxidant defenses concomitantly with impaired lung function, which was associated with HMGB-1 expression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]