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Switching the angle of concern from the most usual one, our paper focuses rather on the “external” effects of the economic activities. It aims at reconsidering the useful effects of productive activities by applying specific reinterpretation of usual data, having in mind the general economic-social welfare. Methodologically, the indicators we propose for this purpose use simple ratios, logarithmic summaries and some simple summation, and certain completions, in an original approach. The analysis of the economic activity is proposed in terms of certain effects on the natural environment and on the economic and social environment, upstream and downstream of the studied activity (different than the effects on the economic entity itself), directly targeted. Other connections in the systemic environment are also concerned, suggestions for more applied researches being provided.

Even if very much used in most economic research, the productivity issue and its common indicators do not profoundly capture the whole complexity of the productivity's very inner meaning. Our paper aims at developing elements in the purpose of setting original concrete proposals and suggestions for a more accurate unorthodox approach on productivity. It aims at applying a widened economics angle, in contrast with the common business view (focused on business private interest) based on usual performance criteria., Our research is a purely theoretical one, proposing conceptual grounds for applied quantitative and qualitative analyses that involve, as part of a larger research project, the productivity matter, in the purpose of those widening horizon. Our approach is conceptually fundamentally apart from the usual ones. Namely, in accordance with the reasons explained in each section, our paper is interested in indicators and manners of analysis that bring corrections to the unusual ones concerning market competitiveness, efficiency, productivity, by (a) completing the productivity formula (section 3), by (b) conceiving new indicators, as an alternative, may be even opposite to the usual ones (section 4), or by (c) building a system of equations that approach the market reality in an unusual way (section 5). Concretely, we aim at giving bigger attention to social and systemic aspects, to “externalities”, to certain connected qualitative and quantitative features of “productive“ economic processes; from the point of view of the interconnections on the market, the paper also explores some aspects of possible price relationships (negotiations) among economic entities, and related value transfers. Concluding propositions concerning prices, original concepts, analyzing ways, evaluating principles and correlation indicators are set and put forward, as apart from the most usual ones, and as possibilities of further theoretical an practical developments and in the purpose of practical application. Our proposals will be useful for economic researches that want to be more consistent with the growing complexity of the economic reality and that dare to put under question the most common approach, ratio and manner of analyzing productivity.

The paper proposes an approach to equity in the economy and society, based on reconsidering fundamental conceptual elements of the original liberalism with reference to generally valid value creation and to the original meaning of the concept of productivity. The approach – theoretical par excellence (no empirical developments are proposed) – is critical to the market mechanism, highlighting the possible perverse nature of their functionality, and involving requirements on democracy, justice and regulations. The allegations are sustained by quotations from famous authors (of the classical period, until recent times). References to other works of the author are made too, for issues not developed in this paper. In the end, certain relations between calculated productivity and intrinsic productivity (defined by the original concept of servicity) are made; such relations can define an expression of the degree of inequality manifested in a market economy.

This paper aims to outline synthetically a set of indicators for the study of productivity in education and to critically analyze their suitability as input, output or outcome. References were made to the indicators available in the databases of Romania, World Bank, Eurostat, OECD relevant for measuring productivity in education, which opposed to usual reporting between effect / result and inputs elements consumed in the production process,in the case of educational services should be considered the quantitative, but also qualitative aspects - and especially - mediated effects, on long-term and very long term. The research results presented, emphasize the importance of the educational reform efforts to focus more on qualitative aspects in measuring productivity, more precisely on the abilities, competencies that have pupils /students and adults, on motivating teachers, to achieve educational outcomes which could increase students performance, productivity growth on long-term and very long term effects, with an impact at the macroeconomic level.

Purpose - This article presents a theoretical model of firms engaged in a market process, in diverse stages: separately, and by acquisition of the little one by the bigger one. Method - Being a purely theoretical paper, developments are made in a two steps dynamic model of productivity calculation, with focus on the resulted serviceability. Results and Conclusions - The article discusses certain basic linkages between firms in a competition market and presents productivity as a dynamic process, considering the effects for the diverse actors involved. It also specifies that the components are depending on the state of the concerned firms. The model provides an analytical framework for other developments, including various simulations on the matter and for more advanced conceptual and applied studies on productivity, in descriptive and analytical line. It also suggests bases for developing management and market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]