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A programação competitiva é um esporte mental em que os competidores resolvem problemas de Ciência da Computação dentro de um tempo limitado, sem acesso a materiais externos. Ganhou popularidade nas instituições de ensino fundamental e médio com o crescimento da internet e das competições como a Olimpíada Brasileira de Informática e a Maratona Brasileira de Programação. Professores têm treinado seus alunos para participarem desses eventos, mas a falta de plataformas adequadas dificulta o sucesso no preparo dos competidores. Para suprir essa demanda, foi desenvolvida a aplicação web Kheiron para o auxílio pedagógico, aplicação que facilita o gerenciamento e acompanhamento dos estudos dos alunos por parte do docente e fornece ferramentas de análise e de repasse de conteúdo, além de permitir que o aluno seja atendido diretamente pelo docente/treinador ou por um robô (bot) dotado de Inteligência Artificial Generativa. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, aplicou-se uma pesquisa exploratória, seguida de uma revisão bibliográfica.

In this study, aluminum alloy 7075 (AA7075) nanopowders were prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) in a bath of isopropyl alcohol. The process was investigated in different milling times and silicon carbides (SiC) reinforcement percentual. The effects of these parameters on the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Laser Diffraction (LD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD analyses showed that as the grinding time increases, the micro deformation also increases, while the crystallite and particle size decrease until a constant value at 480 min. If the percentual of SiC reinforcement increases until 5 percent, there is a minimum change in the results compared to AA 7075 milling 480 min with no reinforcement. On the other hand, when the AA7075 was milled for 480 min and reinforced by 10 percent SiC, the best structural refinement result was achieved.

In this work, composite powders of aluminum alloy 7075 (AA7075) reinforced by 2 weight percent of nanosized particles of silicon carbide (SiC), titanium nitride (TiN), and zinc oxide (ZnO) were produced in a bath of isopropyl alcohol by high energy ball milling during 480 min at 25 ºC, 900 rpm, and Balls-to-Powder Weight Ratio (BPR) of 20:1. The techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Laser Diffraction Method (LDM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and microanalysis of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the powders as received and processed. Then, the composites were hot extruded and characterized by XRD, SEM, and microhardness Vickers (HV). The milling process reduces the crystallite and particle size to around 30 nm and 10 µm, respectively. After extrusion, a fine microstructure and good consolidation were found for all bars, except for AA7075 as received. The ranging microhardness values were from 97 HV to 121 HV.

No Brasil, a formação da autoimagem da magistratura tem sido em grande parte constituída em torno do grau de autonomia do Judiciário, articulada como reação à interferência dosdemais poderes. Tais reações estão presentes inclusive quando o recurso à independência dos juízes sirva a usos políticos que conspirem contra a efetiva autonomia do direito. Visto como órgão da estrutura de poder aliado à “governabilidade” na cúpula, e gestor burocrático de demandas de massa na base, a independência de juízes e tribunais pouco tem representado para a afirmação do sentido de liberdade. O déficit de transparência, as interferências governamentais e a organização corporativa da magistratura potencializam o risco da conversão do Judiciário em instrumento aristocrático da proteção de redes organizadas por elites políticas e econômicas interessadas na ampliação de seus privilégios. Por sua vez, a estabilização do alto grau de exclusão, refletidona autocompreensão das instituições judiciais, contribui para a percepção de um Judiciário que se adapta defensivamente às demandas dos grupos de pressão. Isso não implica, porém, afirmar a descrição caricatural de uma imparcialidade à brasileira. Tal perspectiva não descarta, antes reforça, o interesse numa descrição adequadamente complexa da administração de justiça no discurso constitucional.

The relationship between the productivity of crops of agricultural interest and their interactions with physicochemical soil properties is widely explored. However, there is still a gap concerning the contribution of biological soil attributes and especially the relationship between crop productivity and the structures of organism communities within the soil, such as the enchytraeids. This paper aimed to evaluate the diversity and structures of enchytraeids communities in subtropical soils and their relationship with soybean productivity and soil properties within a no‐tillage system. This study was conducted in soybean growing grounds working under no‐till farming systems in southern Brazil. Samples were collected according to ISO 23611‐3 and extracted with the hot–wet methodology. The organisms were identified up to their genus level. Enchytraeids density increased with the increase of soybean productivity for both evaluated crops. Enchytraeus, Fridericia, and Hemienchytraeus were more abundant in high productivity and genus Achaeta was only found in the second crop and was not a sensitive indicator toward changes in soybean productivity. Regarding the relationship between the enchytraeid community and soil attributes, the variables clay, phosphorus, moisture contents, pH, Ca/Mg as well as carbon and nitrogen from soil and litter, affected Enchytraeidae distribution. Enchytreids showed significant correlations with soybean productivity in the no‐tillage system for subtropical soils in Brazil, demonstrating potential bioindicators of soil quality and consequently of soybean productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo: O objeto do artigo consiste na investigação do conceito de stare decisis na jurisdição norte-americana e como ele desempenha uma função limitadora da discrição judicial, estabelecendo, a um só tempo, a estabilidade da interpretação constitucional e certa flexibilidade jurisprudencial, capaz de evitar a cristalização de decisões em descompasso com as mudanças desencadeadas na sociedade. Em seguida, será analisado o instituto das súmulas vinculantes no direito brasileiro, procurando compreender qual significado ele assume no sistema judicial brasileiro, tanto como instrumento de concentração da jurisdição constitucional ou quanto expressão do exercício de uma normatividade positiva pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal.Abstract: The object of this paper is to investigate the concept of stare decisis in U.S. jurisdiction and how it plays a role in limiting judicial discretion, establishing at the same time, the stability of constitutional interpretation and judicial flexibility, able to avoid crystallization decisions in step with changes in society triggered. Then, the institute will analyze the binding precedents in Brazilian law, trying to understand what meaning he takes on Brazilian judicial system, both as a means of pooling the constitutional jurisdiction of the exercise or expression as a positive normativity by the Supreme Court.

O trabalho tem como escopo investigar como se formou a clássica teoriada separação dos poderes, desde suas raízes no pensamento político desenvolvidona Antiguidade por Aristóteles, passando pela formulação da idéia de tripartiçãodas funções de poder do Estado em Montesquieu, de acordo com contextualizaçãohistórica no Iluminismo francês, até sua consolidação como princípio jurídicoadotado nas constituições modernas como a francesa e a americana, e como asconstituições contemporâneas têm trabalhado a idéia de divisão do poder, para aofinal formar um prognóstico crítico acerca da debatida crise político-institucional noBrasil e os seus reflexos no fenômeno denominado judicialização da política.

Copyright of Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política is the property of Instituto de Ciencia Politica (Universidad de la Republica de Uruguay) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumo Comumente, os estudos dedicados à centralização da jurisdição constitucional no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) adotam, como fundamento, suposta ampliação da segurança jurídica e presumido ganho de eficácia em contexto de crescente demanda do Poder Judiciário. Comparando-se os discursos nos debates legislativos que alteraram o texto constitucional, expandindo os efeitos das decisões do STF, e os dados levantados pela pesquisa “A quem interessa o controle concentrado de constitucionalidade?”, analisou-se, neste artigo, a eficácia do aumento da concentração do controle no STF para a redução da litigiosidade e, consequentemente, da sobrecarga nessa corte. Observou-se que a ampliação dos poderes do STF na adjudicação constitucional, durante os últimos cinquenta anos, não resultou em diminuição da sobrecarga; contudo, as estratégias de seletividade, para reduzir os julgamentos de mérito, foram mais eficazes. Por outro lado, houve a estabilização do número de acórdãos proferidos, fato que refuta o reiterado argumento de inviabilização dos trabalhos do tribunal.

Copyright of Revista de Ciências Sociais - Brazil is the property of Revista de Ciencias Socias do Universidade Federal do Ceara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors evaluated the diversity of Enchytraeids in the no-tillage system cultivated with soybean over two years, the most used soil management technique for grain cultivation in Brazil. Samples were collected according to ISO 23611–3 and extracted with the hot-wet methodology. Compared to native forests, no-tillage areas presented less richness of genera, individual density, and changes to the structure of the community. Among the chemical and physical variables of the soil, it was identified that the clay, calcium, potassium, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the soil affect the enchytraeid community. • Guaranidrilus was not found in no-tillage system cultivated with soybean. • Areas of native forest showed greater richness and diversity than no-tillage system. • Clay, Ca, K, moisture, and soil nitrogen contents affect the Enchytraeid community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the recurrence atypical coloration of Guiana Dolphins in Northeastern Brazil. It cites on the categorization of the marine mammal as vulnerable for conservation due to high anthropic pressure over its distribution. The article also reports on the observation using photo-identification techniques since 20083.

The Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis is a tropical and warm temperature small cetacean endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. Here we report the first sighting of this species from the waters of Uruguay, further expanding the distribution of this species to 35°S. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cetaceans depend highly on acoustic signals, such as whistles, for social communication. Mixed-species associations (MSAs), temporary or long-term encounters between different species, may play an important role on the acoustic dynamics of the species involved. Because of whistles' communication function, we used these sounds to investigate the acoustic relationships of Tursiops truncatus when involved in different group contexts: in MSAs with two other delphinid species and in single species group. Acoustic recordings of T. truncatus single species groups and in associations with Globicephala melas and Grampus griseus were collected in the Western South Atlantic Ocean through a towed array of hydrophones. A total of 1267 whistles were analysed and acoustical parameters were extracted. To verify the differences among whistles produced in such contexts a support vector machine and random forest analysis were implemented. Both analyses revealed a clear separation of whistles from the single species versus the MSA as well as between both MSAs. The results indicate that interspecific associations may influence the whistle structure and suggests that T. truncatus whistles can be modified during interspecific interactions. These findings are useful to elucidate the possible factors underlying behavioural plasticity and interspecific associations and to understand dolphins' acoustic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic fungicide widely used to control fungal diseases of plants, commonly applied in apple orchards in Brazil. Instead of its common use, there are no reports about the risk to non-target organisms in Brazilian soils. We studied the risk of Mancozeb (in the commercial formulation Dithane® NT) for standard invertebrate species (Folsomia candida , Eisenia andrei and Enchytraeus crypticus) in two subtropical Brazilian soils, Oxisol and Ultisol, which are representative of apple production areas in Brazil. Reproduction and survival tests were carried out following ISO guidelines. Results showed that Mancozeb in Oxisol reduced the survival and reproduction of collembolans (LC 50 54.43 and EC 50 2.72 mg a.i. kg-1) and enchytraeids (LC 50 6.97 and EC 50 3.56 mg a.i. kg-1), in lowest values than those observed in Ultisol (F. candida LC 50 > 1000 and EC 50 > 100 mg a.i. kg-1; E. crypticus LC 50 280.21 and EC 50 29.67). Effects to E. andrei were similar in both soils and indicated a lower sensitivity of this species to Mancozeb. The species F. candida and E. crypticus were more sensitive than E. andrei. These results reinforce the need to include other soil organisms besides earthworms, using chronical endpoints and considering different types of soils, to better predict the risk of pesticides for subtropical soils. • Mancozeb offer a risk to key-groups of non-target species in subtropical soils. • F. candida and E. crypticus were the most sensitive speciesto Mancozeb. • Tests with earthworms were insufficient to protect other non-target invertebrates populations. • A multicriteria approach (soil types and organisms) is needed for pesticides risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]