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Este trabajo presenta la reconstrucción del paisaje colonial a través del estudio pormenorizado de los aspectos relacionados con el paisaje físico y cultural del mapa de la Relación Geográfica de 1577 de Ameca (Jalisco, México). Ello se consigue mediante la contextualización del documento y el estudio de la flora, fauna y elementos humanos. Se establece la estructura económica y jerarquización del espacio, así como el impacto de la introducción de especies exógenas a partir de la llegada de los españoles. Se presentan las consecuencias de este proceso en cambios culturales y sociales en los grupos humanos que allí habitaban.

La Guerra Chichimeca (1550-1600 d.C.) conllevó un cambio significativo en la estrategia y concepción de la guerra por parte de los españoles en Nueva España, así como su política con respecto a las bandas y tribus de la frontera septentrional. El empleo de presidios a lo largo de la red vial que comunicaba las minas con la capital y las zonas de aprovechamiento agropecuario marcaron un hito en la forma de control del territorio para el virreinato de Nueva España. Estos presidios fueron, de hecho, el origen de la “pacificación” de la Gran Chichimeca a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas del siglo XVI. La ubicación de estos fuertes, el control que ejercían en el territorio y su visibilidad constituyen los elementos esenciales que analizamos en el presente trabajo. Por medio del SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica), así como del trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en la zona de estudio y de la investigación realizada, indicaremos qué área dominaba y si el presidio de Ojuelos, uno de los pocos que se conservan en la actualidad, fue efectivo en su labor de control.

Introduction In a flipped classroom, students learn basic concepts before class, allowing them time during class to apply newly gained knowledge to problem sets and cases. Harvard Medical School (HMS) has introduced a form of flipped classroom, called case-based collaborative learning (CBCL), during preclinical curricula. Finding few published resources, the HMS Academy's Peer Observation of Teaching Interest Group developed a guide for observations and feedback to CBCL facilitators. Methods After conducting an extensive literature search, speaking to flipped classroom methodology experts, and observing 14 facilitators using CBCL methods, the interest group identified specific teaching behaviors that optimize student interaction and knowledge application. The group next engaged in several rounds of the modified Delphi method to develop the CBCL peer observation worksheet and compendium and then tested these materials' effectiveness in capturing CBCL teaching behaviors and providing feedback to CBCL faculty facilitators. Results Seventy-three percent of faculty rated the worksheet and compendium as extremely helpful or helpful in identifying new teaching techniques. Moreover, 90% found the CBCL peer observation and debriefing to be extremely helpful or helpful, and 90% were extremely likely or likely to incorporate peer suggestions in future teaching sessions. Discussion Medical schools have begun to embrace flipped classroom methods to eliminate passive, lecture-style instruction during the preclinical years of the MD curriculum. This tool identifies specific in-classroom approaches that engage students in active learning, guides peer observers in offering targeted feedback to faculty on teaching strategies, and presents consensus-based resources for use during CBCL faculty development and training.

Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica, que recibió tratamiento dialítico peritoneal durante 8 meses, pero ingresó en este centro hospitalario por presentar lesiones cutáneas dolorosas con cambios de coloración, de tonalidad violácea, que afectaban la mayoría de los dedos de ambas manos y la palma de la izquierda, con pulsos dístales presentes. Se le diagnosticó arteriolopatía urémica calcificante y evolucionó gravemente hasta fallecer.A case report of a patient with chronic renal failure, who received peritoneal dialysis treatment for 8 months, is described. He was hospitalized at this center due to painful skin injuries changing of color and purplish tonality, that affected most of fingers in both hands and in the palm of the left hand, and having distal pulses. The diagnosis was calcific uremic arteriolopathy and it gravely evolved to death.

Desde la aplicación del enfoque comunicativo en la enseñanza del idioma Inglés en el Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, el principal foco de atención en nuestras clases ha sido el desarrollo de las cuatro habilidades del habla: hablar, leer, escribir y comprender el idioma oral, y la adquisición de las funciones comunicativas de forma fluida. Esta polarización ha traído como resultado relegar la importancia de los aspectos formales del idioma a un segundo plano.

Introduction: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide. Suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents may be influenced by factors such as resilience, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic served as a significant stressor with documented impacts, yet further research is needed to clarify its effects. While stressful events are known to be associated with increased SI, direct evidence linking COVID-19 specifically to elevated SI remains limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the risk and protective factors associated with SI in Mexican adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: A cross-sectional, correlational descriptive study was conducted between May and June 2022 with a sample of 2,194 high school students, with a mean age of 16.6 years (SD = 1.2). Among the participants, 58.9% were female and 41.1% were male. They completed inventories to assess stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Results: Of 2194 adolescents, 15.5% presented SI, with females showing a higher prevalence of SI, anxiety, and depressive symptoms compared to males. In contrast, resilience was lower in females. Furthermore, depressive symptoms were identified as a risk factor for SI (OR 1.212; 95% CI 1.186, 1.240), whereas social competence was highlighted as a protective factor (OR 1.046 95% CI 1.044, 1.078). Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of preventing SI in adolescents by addressing anxiety and depressive symptoms, which were identified as risk factors, and by promoting social competence as a protective factor. Therefore, an integrated approach that addresses both individual mental health and the social context must be considered for preventing SI in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to determine the prevalence and risk factors of alcohol abuse and psychoactive substance in mexican high school students. Methods: cross-sectional study was designed between February and July 2015 in seven high schools in Minatitlán Veracruz, Mexico. Sociodemographic data, the alcohol use identification test, and the 2006 student questionnaire were used. Descriptive and correlational statistics were used. Results: the prevalence of alcohol consumption was 84.2%, and excessive consumption in the last year was 64.8%, predominantly in students of technical high schools, 15 years of age, female, single, Catholic, with economic income, and living with their parents. The main risk factors among those who consumed alcohol in excess were having economic income, studying in technical high schools, consuming tobacco and marijuana, and fights with co-habitants. Conclusion: in high school students there is high prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, which is associated with risk factors such as economic income, tobacco, and marijuana use, as well as conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Pediatria is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Pediatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIMEL is the property of CIMEL (Centro e Investigacion Medica Estudiantil Latinoamericana) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of epilepsy, acute manias and bipolar disorder. It is known that the use of AVP during pregnancy an produce congenital malformations, the fetal valproate syndrome and augment the risk for autism. This disorders haven been modeled in the laboratory by injecting VPA during the embryonic period rats, inducing additionally modifications in the cerebellar anatomy similar to those detected in people with autism. Objective: The goal of this study was to describe some congenital malformations observed in rats exposed prenatally to VPA and its correlation with the number of Purkinje cells from the cerebellar vermis. Methods: VPA (600mg/kg) was applied to pregnant rats during the 12th embrionic day; control rats were injected with saline during the same day. Rats with malformations and control rats were euthanized during the postnatal day 40 and the number of Purkinje cells was determined in sagittal sections from the medial vermis stained with Nissl technique. Results: The prenatal exposure to AVP produced different severity of tail malformations and toe polydactyly, as well as a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells in the lobules VI, VII, VIII y X. A lineal positive correlation between the malformation severity and the number of Purkinje cells was observed in the lobule VIII-B; however, no correlation was detected between those parameters in any additional lobe. Conclusion: There is not correlation between the severity of the malformations produced by VPA and the decrease in the number of Purkinje cells. These findings are relevant for a better understanding of the VPA experimental model in the rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSuicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents worldwide. Suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents may be influenced by factors such as resilience, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic served as a significant stressor with documented impacts, yet further research is needed to clarify its effects. While stressful events are known to be associated with increased SI, direct evidence linking COVID-19 specifically to elevated SI remains limited.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the risk and protective factors associated with SI in Mexican adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodA cross-sectional, correlational descriptive study was conducted between May and June 2022 with a sample of 2,194 high school students, with a mean age of 16.6 years (SD = 1.2). Among the participants, 58.9% were female and 41.1% were male. They completed inventories to assess stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and resilience.ResultsOf 2194 adolescents, 15.5% presented SI, with females showing a higher prevalence of SI, anxiety, and depressive symptoms compared to males. In contrast, resilience was lower in females. Furthermore, depressive symptoms were identified as a risk factor for SI (OR 1.212; 95% CI 1.186, 1.240), whereas social competence was highlighted as a protective factor (OR 1.046 95% CI 1.044, 1.078).ConclusionsThe findings underscore the importance of preventing SI in adolescents by addressing anxiety and depressive symptoms, which were identified as risk factors, and by promoting social competence as a protective factor. Therefore, an integrated approach that addresses both individual mental health and the social context must be considered for preventing SI in adolescents.

Introduction: Medical students have a high prevalence of Academic Burnout Syndrome (ABS); however, few studies have analyzed the protective factors of this syndrome in this population. Objective: To determine the association of emotional intelligence (EI) with ABS in medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted on medical students using Google Forms to respond to the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey for Students to determine EI and ABS, respectively. Results: Between 36% and 50% of students have insufficient attention, clarity, and emotional repair. Furthermore, 13% of students were diagnosed with ABS. It was found an association between subscales of EI and the ABS. It was observed that women got lower punctuation on EI and showed a higher prevalence of ABS. Conclusions: In this population, the students with higher abilities of EI showed the lowest symptomatology of ABS, it is necessary to include training in the progress of abilities of EI inside of study programs. Resumen: Introducción: Los estudiantes de medicina están expuestos a altas exigencias académicas que los predisponen a desarrollar el Síndrome de Burnout Académico (SBA), sin embargo, a nivel nacional, pocos estudios han analizado los factores protectores que pueden disminuir la incidencia de este síndrome en esta población. Este estudio busca determinar la asociación de la inteligencia emocional (IE) con el SBA en los estudiantes de medicina. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional en estudiantes de medicina, los cuales respondieron por medio de un formulario de Google, la Escala Rasgo de Metaconocimiento Emocional y el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach para Estudiantes para determinar la IE y el SBA respectivamente. Resultados: Entre el 36 y 50% de los estudiantes presentan atención, claridad y reparación emocional insuficiente. Además, 13% de los estudiantes mostraron SBA. Se encontró asociación entre las subescalas de IE y las del SBA. Se observó que las mujeres obtuvieron menores puntuaciones de IE y mayor prevalencia de SBA. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes con mayores habilidades de IE muestran menor sintomatología del SBA, es necesario incluir capacitación en el desarrollo de habilidades de IE dentro de los programas de estudio.

La reactancia psicológica es una reacción negativa instintiva en respuesta a la imposición a un qué hacer; en estudios previos identificamos poca participación de los estudiantes en intervenciones y se desconoce su relación con la reactancia. Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de reactancia de los estudiantes, así como su asociación con la percepción y participación en una intervención psicológica, factores sociodemográficos y la sintomatología de ansiedad durante la pandemia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, analítico, transversal en estudiantes de medicina, a través de un formulario de Google se utilizaron la escala de reactancia de Hong, el Inventario de ansiedad rasgo y estado (AR y AE), y un cuestionario sociodemográfico básico. Resultados: Alrededor del 43 % de los estudiantes tienen niveles medios y altos de reactancia, se observó mayor reactancia en los estudiantes de menor edad, de semestres inferiores, con conocimiento de presentar sintomatología de ansiedad, conscientes de necesitar ayuda y considerar importante las intervenciones. Por otro lado, cerca de 70 % de los estudiantes muestran niveles medios a muy altos de AE, y cerca del 40 % mostró niveles medios-altos de AR. No se observó asociación entre la reactancia, la participación en la intervención, y los mayores niveles de ansiedad. Conclusión: La reactancia modifica la percepción y búsqueda de apoyo por medio de las intervenciones psicológicas, es necesario establecer un cambio de actitudes en los universitarios por medio de técnicas psicológicas para mitigar la evasión de responsabilidades de autocuidado, principalmente en los individuos altamente reactivos.

Introducción: Clínicamente la cistatina C sérica podría ser el indicador más sensible de tasa de filtrado glomerular. El objetivo del presente estudio fue proponer el uso de cistatina C como prueba de rutina para evaluar la función renal en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional a 115 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 normoalbuminúricos, estableciendo la tasa de filtrado glomerular con valores de cistatina C y fórmula de Cockroft–Gault. A aquellos con un filtrado glomerular < 60 ml/min se realizó aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 horas; y comparamos los resultados con el programa estadístico SPSS 17, presentando los datos en tablas de contingencia con análisis de riesgo y test de significancia de X2. Resultados: La tasa de filtrado glomerular obtenida con cistatina C, tuvo un valor promedio de 99 ± 19.07 ml/min, mientras que la de Cockroft-Gault un valor de 79.85 ± 23.63 ml/min, reflejando mejor correlación con aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 horas que obtuvo un valor de 74.95 ± 37.41 ml/min. Al relacionar los valores con el aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 horas, no hubo una relación significativa entre ambos parámetros (P = 0.14). Conclusiones: La tasa de filtrado glomerular con cistatina C presenta una gran dispersión en la correlación con el aclaramiento de creatinina en orina de 24 horas; este hecho, junto a diversos factores que influyen en su variabilidad, y el mayor coste de su determinación, hacen poco justificable su uso para valorar función renal.

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder is associated with alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Here, we aimed to determine the concentration of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, taurine, and glycine in brain tissue and plasma of rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA), a well-characterized experimental model of autism. Pregnant rats were injected with VPA (600mg/Kg) during the twelfth-embryonic-day. Control rats were injected with saline. On the fourteen-postnatal-day, rats from both groups (males and females) were anesthetized, euthanized by decapitation and their brain dissected out. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, brain stem and cerebellum were dissected and homogenized. Homogenates were centrifuged and supernatants were used to quantify amino acid concentrations by HPLC coupled with fluorometric detection. Blood samples were obtained by a cardiac puncture; plasma was separated and deproteinized to quantify amino acid concentration by HPLC. We found that, in VPA rats, glutamate and glutamine concentrations were increased in hippocampus and glycine concentration was increased in cortex. We did not find changes in other regions or in plasma amino acid concentration in the VPA group with respect to control group. Our results suggest that VPA exposure in utero may impair inhibitory and excitatory amino acid transmission in the infant brain.

En México como en el resto de Latinoamérica nuestros hábitos alimenticiosnutricionales, culturales y educación favorecen a los factores de riesgo para desarrollar padecer diversas enfermedades crónicas degenerativas como la diabetes, hipertensión arterial, obesidad o trastornos como el aumento de colesterol y triglicérido. Cuando tres o más de los anteriores factores se presentan en conjunto proporcionan lo que conocemos como síndrome metabólico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico de estudiantes con factores de riesgo para desarrollarlo en estudiantes universitarios. El estudio se realizó a estudiantes de primer año de la Universidad Veracruzana Campus Minatitlán, tomando en cuenta los resultados del Examen de Salud Integral que se les aplico al ingresar a la universidad, además se les realizó una prueba rápida de glucosa, somatometría y un cuestionario sociodemografico. Se estudió una población de 91 estudiantes de las facultades de Medicina, Odontología y Trabajo social de los cuales 73,6 % eran mujeres y 26,4 % hombres, en una edad promedio de 19.2 ± 1.1 años, encontrando una prevalencia de 6,6 % de síndrome metabólico. Además se observó que 37,4 % presentaron un factor de riesgo, 12 % dos factores de riesgo y 44 % no mostraron ningún factor de riesgo. Siendo el principal factor de riesgo la obesidad presente en 44 % de los estudiantes, seguido de las hipertrigliceridemias. La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en los estudiantes de nuevo ingreso de la facultad de medicina del campus Minatitlán es alta con respecto a los reportes nacionales e internaciones, en donde más del 50 % presenta algún factor de riesgo, siendo la obesidad el principal con un mayor predominio en las mujeres.