Search

Plants in arid regions are exposed to various abiotic stresses and the presence of the waxy cuticular layer acts as a defensive barrier, which consists mainly of long chain fatty acids, hydrocarbons and other derived compounds. Studies on the chemical composition and properties of cuticles of arid plants are scanty. The present study deals with the analysis of cuticular wax composition and effect of temperature on some ecophysiological parameters of an important arid plant Ziziphus nummularia. A total of 59 different wax compounds were detected from the leaf cuticle by capillary GC–MS. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanone, Heptacosane and 2,7-Dimethyloctane-3,5-dione were the dominant wax compounds in Z. nummularia. The variation of photosynthetic rate varied from 0.70 to 7.70 µmol CO2 m-2s-1 against the studied temperature range of 15–55 °C. The transpiration rate varies from 1.80 to 8.40 mmol H2O m-2s-1 within the temperature range of 15–55 °C. The quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) also exhibited much variation due to the variation of temperature. The results clearly shows that Z. nummularia is highly adapted to restrict water loss and can tolerate high temperatures and can be considered as an appropriate species for vegetating the arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the research is to improve the functional aspect of volleyball players through the use of appropriate training method, which works to build and adapt the appropriate function, including blood components, in addition to the receipt of scientific information for trainers about the role of this training, the high severity on the components of blood has applied in a manner that fits the privacy of the game of the ball of the plane. The objectives of this research are to prepare of high-intensity training on some blood measurements for young volleyball players, identification of the effect of high intensity training on some blood measurements for young volleyball players. This study concluded that, training of high-intensity fetus is of high significance in increasing blood components under the study (number of red blood cells (million/mm 3), Percentage of hemoglobin in mg (%), Number of white blood cells (Thousand/mm3), Number of thrombocytopenia (Thousand/mm3). Also, high physical load of severity gives great benefits in the components of blood, which is the most important functional component of the body functions to transfer energy and waste to and from the working muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of research is to maintain the production of energy and non-disbursement in a large way and it is only through the right and appropriate training, including the method of increasing speed and thus put the scientific information for trainers on the importance of maintaining the production of energy for players through the implementation of this training and testing. This study aimed to prepare the training of increasing speed in determining the effectiveness of creatine and phosphorus for advanced volleyball players. Also, to Identify the impact of high intensity training in determining the effectiveness of creatine and phosphorus for advanced volleyball players. This study concluded that, the technique of speed training is especially important in the production of energy after decomposition of creatine and phosphorus during the appropriate training. Also, Experimenting with appropriate training and investigating the facts of speed and its importance in the volleyball game in the production of energy through the control of creatine and phosphorus also, this study recommendations that, adopting the method of training of increasing speed is especially important in the production of energy after decomposition of creatine and phosphorus during appropriate training. Also, the need to emphasize the experimentation of appropriate training and investigating the facts of speed and its importance in the game of volleyball in the process of energy production through control creatine and phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capparis spinosa L. is a perennial plant typical of the Mediterranean flora and a multipurpose plant used for curing various human ailments. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), as constituents of Capparaceae, play important roles in protecting against abiotic stress. Aim of this work was to determine QACs in root and leaves of caper from two proveniences. The presence of stachydrine, choline, glycine betaine and homo-stachydrine has been confirmed by high resolution MS, while 1H NMR was applied to quantify the main QACs in the aqueous extracts. Stachydrine was quantified at 20.2 mg/g and 32.3 mg/g on dry leaves from South of Italy and Saudi Arabia, respectively, while a minor content was in dry roots (from 10.4 to 12.5 mg/g). Choline was considerably lower both in leaves and roots (from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/g). To our knowledge, this is the first report on the determination of QACs both in root and leaves of C. spinosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants belonging to the genus Amaranthus is widely consumed by humans and animals and is known for their nutritive value and health beneficial effects. Literature indicated the potential of Amaranthus spinosus plants as efficient radical scavengers and chain-breaking antioxidants as well as their efficacy against inflammatory insults. It has been claimed that the phenolic compounds present in the A. spinosus are responsible for its pharmacological values. However, there is no clear cut information available on this matter; therefore, the study compared the crude A. spinosus extract and its alkaloid and flavonoid fractions as a possible chain-breaking antioxidant and cytotoxic molecules. The study observed a significantly higher (p < 0.001) anticancer potential for the alkaloid fraction (23.29 ± 2.19 μg/mL). Corroborating with this, the expression of apoptotic genes were significantly upregulated in the higher concentration of different extract treated cells; besides, at the same doses, the antiapoptotic genes were downregulated. The DPPH radical scavenging has been significantly high (p < 0.001) in flavonoid fraction (22.19 ± 3.55 μg/mL); whereas, hydrogen peroxide scavenging was found to be similar in crude and flavonoid fractions (30.22 ± 3.12 and 27.95 ± 2.71). The study thus suggests that antineoplastic properties of the plant might have contributed by the bioactive compounds in the alkaloid fraction; whereas, bioactive flavonoid components constituted the radical scavenging properties of the plant. Thus, the differential pharmacological activities of the plant may be due to the synergism between these classes of phytocompounds. • Amaranthus spinosus is a common food item and emerging functional food. • Flavonoid fraction is higher antioxidant potential than alkaloid fraction. • Flavonoid fraction also inhibits pro-oxidant and inflammatory enzymes. • Anticancer and apoptotic activity of alkaloid fraction is significantly high. • Synergism between the fractions may contribute to beneficial effects of A. spinosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario, the increasing prevalence of diverse microbial infections as well as emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics with high morbidity and mortality rates are major public health threat. Despite the persistent production of antiviral drugs and vaccines in the global market, viruses still remain as one of the leading causes of deadly human diseases. Effective control of viral diseases, particularly Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, Herpes simplex virus infection, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Ebola virus disease remain promising goal amidst the mutating viral strains. Current trends in the development of antiviral drugs focus solely on testing novel drugs or repurposing drugs against potential targets of the viruses. Compared to synthetic drugs, medicines from natural resources offer less side-effect to humans and are often cost-effective in the productivity approaches. This review intends not only to emphasize on the major viral disease outbreaks in the past few decades and but also explores the potentialities of natural substances as antiviral traits to combat viral pathogens. Here, we spotlighted a comprehensive overview of antiviral components present in varied natural sources, including plants, fungi, and microorganisms in order to identify potent antiviral agents for developing alternative therapy in future. Unlabelled Image • Viral diseases with high mortality rates are major public health threat globally. • Antiviral drugs and vaccines against deadly diseases are of urgent demand. • Medicines from natural resources have shown low side-effect to human. • Plants, fungi, and microorganisms are recognized as potent antiviral agents. • Drugs from natural resources as future antiviral therapy are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]