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Widespread livelihood shocks and vulnerability in rural areas highlight the critical need to extend the provision of social protection interventions, as targeted to reduce vulnerabilities and poverty. Evaluating the real effects of social protection instruments on rural communities is an important concern for governments and policymakers. Hence, the objectives of this review were to examine the effects and challenges of social protection in rural Ethiopia. The review was conducted by synthesizing peerreviewed journals, books, working papers, and organization reports, which were obtained through internet searches from Google Scholar, AgEcon, Science Direct, Taylor, and Francis. Interestingly, among the documents retrieved, 45 were included using eligibility criteria. Finally, the data were presented and narrated in texts. The review outcome indicated that Idir, Zakat in Afar, communitybased health insurance and productive safety net program were important to reducing risk vulnerability, poverty, and food insecurity in the rural community. Moreover, a productive safety net program has both positive and negative effects on beneficiaries' social, economic, and environmental development. In a nutshell, social protection services play a vital role in addressing poverty, hazardous events, and vulnerabilities that affect livelihood. Therefore, concerned bodies should be focused on targeting rural communities to achieve food security and health services through social protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was carried out with the objective of assessing the social consequences of pastoralist sedenterisation schemes in Beer Caano district Shabelle Zone of Ethiopian Somali Regional State. Household data were collected from 154 households drawn randomly from three kebeles. In light of this, both primary and secondary data were used. The main tool of data analysis for this study was descriptive statistical and thematic analysis. Results: Descriptive statistics results indicate that there was a significant mean difference at different levels of significance between before and after sedentarization of pastoral households in terms of household size, farmland size (in hectare), TLU holding and annual income. With regard to access to social and institutional services, after sedentarization schemes in the study area, there are improvements of social and institutional services in terms of education, health, water and sanitation, communication, irrigation usage, use of improved agricultural inputs, extension service, credit and market services. The sedenterization scheme has slight effects on the traditional and social aspects of resettled households that contributed social consequences in the study area. Conclusive remark: Improving the production, productivity and marketing conditions of crop and livestock, and provision of basic social services would improve the livelihoods of pastoral household in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study attempts to highlight the importance and opportunities of indigenous knowledge for resilience and adaptation of the pastoral production system in the Sheygosh woreda of Somali region of Ethiopia. The study used data from primary and secondary sources. The primary data collected through key informants, focus group discussions, observations, ranking, and life history. The study highlights the fact that indigenous knowledge for resilience and adaptation contributes to reducing of vulnerability results from climate variability and also plays a critical role in adaptation, mitigation and coping with hazards and shocks in the past time. However, due to recurrent hazards and prolonged shocks and climate change, the use of traditional knowledge of coping mechanisms are under tremendous threats and will not be viable and sustainable in the coming years. In conclusion, the indigenous knowledge in the pastoral community deserves to recognize and support in view of their coping with, adapting to and withstand to hazard and climate chance. Thus, it needs to integrate in policies of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]