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ABSTRACT Bio‐inspired computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) has garnered significant attention in recent years due to the inherent advantages of bio‐inspired evolutionary algorithms (EAs) in handling small datasets with elevated precision and reduced computational complexity. Traditional CAD models face limitations as they can only be developed post‐outbreak, relying on datasets that become available during such events such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. The scarcity of data for emerging diseases poses a substantial challenge to achieving elevated precision with conventional deep‐learning algorithms. Furthermore, even when datasets are available, employing deep learning for class‐based classification is arduous, necessitating model retraining, in this paper, we propose a novel hybrid algorithm that leverages the strengths of the crow search algorithm (CSA) and the spider monkey optimization (SMO) algorithm to create an optimised spider monkey crow search (OSM‐CS) algorithm. We developed a CAD tool that maps each input CT image to a high‐dimensional vector by extracting four categories of features: high contrast, polynomial decomposition, textural, and pixel statistics. The proposed OSM‐CS algorithm is employed as a feature selection method. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the OSM‐CS algorithm, achieving an impressive accuracy of 98.2% when coupled with an AdaBoost classifier for multi‐class classification and 99.93% for binary classification. This performance surpasses that of state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) deep learning models and recently published hybrid algorithms, underscoring the potential of the OSM‐CS algorithm as a powerful tool in the realm of CAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing is a process of trying to find out every believable fault or weakness in a project. In today's world, software products and components play a vital part in our life. Software testing is a world, it contains its own life cycle consists of the following stages -- Requirements, Test Plan, Test Design, Test Execution, Defect reporting/tracking. The core of software testing lies in writing test cases based on specifications. Software testers play a vital role writing the test cases during test design phase of software testing life cycle. Research have proved that writing test cases is the most time killing and challenging activity among other testing life cycle phases. It is very crucial to sequence and write optimized test cases to increase the rate of fault identification during test design phase as early as possible. There are various proven test design techniques available which focuses on optimizing test cases in different test stages. Our key focus in this paper is to identify the optimized test cases minimizing the actual number of test cases with minimal effort using OATS (Orthogonal Array Test Strategy) techniques covering double mode and triple mode test combinations and Random Forest algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objectives: To evaluate lipid profile in ABO blood group phenotypes. Materials and Method: This prospective study was conducted to find the association between different blood groups and their lipid profile, which can further be used for the strategy for prevention of risk factor of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Results: The mean cholesterol was significantly highest in individuals with blood group O (149.86±25.96) and lowest in individuals with blood group AB (92.79±26.93). The mean triglyceride was highest in O blood group (144.67±24.57) and lowest in AB blood group (108.67±32.70). The mean LDL was significantly highest in individuals with blood group O (108.50±24.01) and lowest in individuals with blood group AB (67.35±31.63). The mean VLDL was highest in O blood group (26.09±3.94) and lowest in AB blood group (21.71±4.65). The mean HDL was highest in B blood group (41.25±13.33) and lowest in O blood group (28.78±8.65). The mean cholesterol/HDL ratio was highest in individuals with blood group O (5.57±1.45) and lowest in individuals with blood group AB (3.34±1.02). Conclusion: The lipid profile has been found to vary significantly in different blood groups. As the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and HDL are directly associated with various cardiovascular diseases, the blood group of an individual can be used as a predictor for the development of those diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and specific diagnostic kit is crucial for the detection of human lymphatic filariasis at the early stage of infection as the existing diagnostic tools are inefficient and expensive. In the present study, we have cloned and expressed Brugia malayi HSP70 (BmHSP70) protein and characterized it as a potential antigen for diagnosis of the asymptomatic microfilariae stage of Wuchereria. bancrofti infection using ELISA, western blot, and bioinformatics tools. The antigenic efficacy of BmHSP70 was also compared with ScHSP70. The BmHSP70 and ScHSP70 peptide showed highly antigenic in nature and they showed immunogenic cross‐reactivity endemic normal (EN) < chronic (CH) < microfilaraemic (MF) in IgG, IgG1, and IgG4 ELISA. IgG4‐specific immunoblotting of BmHSP70 with MF sera further explicated its stage‐specific antigenic cross‐reactivity. These antigens (ScHSP70 and BmHSP70) showed a positive immunogenic correlation with the number of MF in blood samples. Thus, proposing BmHSP70 as a potential immunodiagnostic antigen against lymphatic filariasis. A triplet of GGMP tetrapeptide specific to the filarial HSP70 was also identified which was absent in human HSP70. In terms of sensitivity and specificity of antigens, these results suggest that recombinant BmHSP70 is a good antigen and could be used to diagnose early‐stage of microfilariae infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available antifilarial medications are effective only against the larval stage of the filarial parasite. As a result, there is a pressing need for an adulticidal drug. The development of drugs requires the identification of molecular targets that are critical for parasite life. In this study, we observed the effect of 17‐N‐allyl‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin on the survival of adult filarial parasites. The 17‐N‐allyl‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐AAG) is a derivative of geldanamycin (GA), which is an inhibitor of heat shock protein (HSP)90. It is less toxic as compared to geldanamycin. The motility and viability of the adult filarial parasite Setaria cervi were decreased on exposure to 17‐AAG at 2.5 and 5.0 μM/ml concentrations. The 17‐AAG treated parasites showed induction of oxidative stress as evidenced by decreased activity of various antioxidant enzymes like glutathione s‐transferase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, and an increase in ROS production in comparison to control. Oxidative stress may lead to altered calcium homeostasis. Indeed, in 17‐AAG treated worms, there was a rise in calcium in the cytosol and mitochondria, as well as a decrease in the ER. We also observed enhanced activity of phospholipase C in the treated parasite, suggesting the opening of calcium channels located on the ER membrane. ER stress is marked by a reduced level of protein disulfide isomerase. Further, 17‐AAG treated worms showed an increase in apoptotic marker enzyme activities like calpain, cyt‐c, and caspase‐3. The 2D‐gel electrophoresis technique showed 142 protein spots in the control and 112 spots in the 17‐AAG treated parasite. Thus, 17‐AAG induced oxidative stress, and altered calcium, and proteostasis of parasites, which led to apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) systems are vulnerable to a wide range of attacks because of the lack of security measures. IoV systems can be infiltrated by malicious and unauthorized nodes, which can cause the authenticity, accessibility, and privacy of shared information resources to be compromised. Indeed, the use of an access control system can help; as a result, it is unable to respond to such attacks on time. This paper introduces an artificial intelligence-enabled access control mechanism (AI-ACM) with vehicle nodes and roadside units (RSUs) to overcome these issues. Here, use vehicle nodes as lightweight nodes, while RSUs act as comprehensive and edge nodes to provide access control service. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is used in place of risk prediction (RP) due to the lack of training sets, resulting in a sequence generation rather than an accurate risk prediction. Afterward, the blockchain-based Internet of Vehicles (BIoV) approach is summarized for the security mechanisms of vehicles that are discussed from the aspects of access control and authentication to sustain the distributed processing architecture and solve security issues. The simulation results show that AI-ACM is more accurate than the previous GANs at predicting the future. In addition, the RP model's access control accuracy can be improved as a result of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved energy sensor. Activation of AMPK leads to a number of metabolic benefits, including improved mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and lowering of serum glucose levels in type-2 diabetes models. However, direct activation of AMPK leads to cardiac enlargement, and an alternative strategy that activates AMPK without affecting the heart is needed. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which is poorly expressed in the human heart, activates AMPK in other tissues. In a screen to identify novel PDE4 inhibitors, we discovered compound CBU91, which is 5–10 fold more potent than rolipram, the best characterized PDE4 inhibitor. CBU91, like rolipram, is able to activate AMPK and Sirt1 and increase mitochondrial function in myotubes. These findings suggest that activation of AMPK in myotubes is a general property of PDE4 inhibition and that PDE4 inhibition may activate AMPK in metabolically relevant tissues without affecting the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Identification of a 29 kDa heat stress protein in filarial parasite Setaria cervi and evaluation of its diagnostic potential against lymphatic filariasis. Methods and results: The Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were induced in filarial parasite S cervi by incubated at 42°C for 2 hours. The 10% SDS‐PAGE of cytosolic extract showed several over‐expressed bands. The MALDI‐LC/MS analysis of 29 kDa band showed 100% similarity with Bm14‐3‐3 like protein 2. Multiple sequence alignment of Bm14‐3‐3 like protein 2 sequence with W bancrofti, Caenorhabditis elegans; Loa loa and Homo sapiens showed 100%, 86%, 83% and 78%, sequence similarity respectively. The antigenic efficacy of Sc14‐3‐3 protein was evaluated with different filarial sera using ELISA which showed cross‐reactivity in order to Endemic Normal (EN) < Microfilaraemic (MF) < Chronic(CH) with IgG1 and EN < CH < MF in IgG4 ELISA. IgG1‐ and IgG4‐specific immunoblotting with CH and MF sera further explicated its specific antigenic cross‐reactivity. Conclusion: A 29 kDa heat shock protein of S cervi was identified as 14‐3‐3 protein having 100% homology to human filarial parasite B malayi. It showed strong reactivity with IgG1 and IgG4 subclass antibodies of W bancrofti‐infected human sera suggesting that 14‐3‐3 protein could be used as a vaccine/ diagnostic marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 infection results in cytokine burst, leading to proinflammatory responses in lungs of COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a triggers the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the underlying mechanism of dysregulation of proinflammatory responses is not well understood. We studied the role of microRNA in the generation of proinflammatory responses as a bystander effect of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in human lung epithelial cells. We observed upregulation of hsa-miR-155-5p in SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a transfected human lung epithelial cells, which led to the reduced expression of SHIP1. This resulted in phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB, which further led to the increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Additionally, overexpression and knockdown studies of hsa-miR-155-5p were performed to confirm the role of hsa-miR-155-5p in the regulation of the SHIP1. We demonstrated that hsa-miR-155-5p modulates the proinflammatory response by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway through the inhibition of SHIP1 in SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a transfected human lung epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]