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In order to clarify the temporal and spatial changes in the internal photothermal environment in an open-field agrivoltaic system (OAVS), this paper took the OAVS in eastern China as the research object and divided the internal area into the southern area, middle area and northern area, according to the spatial structure. Further, a photothermal environment test was conducted in the above three areas in the summer and winter. The results showed that the summer average daylight rate (Rm-avg) in the middle area was 66.6%, while the Rm-avg in the other two areas was about 20%, with no significant difference. In the winter, the light environment in the southern area was slightly better, and the Rm-avg in the above three areas was 26.4%, 24.7% and 19.7%, respectively. On the whole, the relationship between the thermal environmental factors and the solar radiation intensity was consistent. Further, a 3D model of an OAVS was established using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011, and the internal light environment was simulated. Compared with the measured values, the relative error was less than 10%, which verified the reliability of the OAVS model. Then, the model was used to reveal the temporal and spatial changes in the light environment of the OAVS. The simulation results showed that the daylighting rate in the summer from the ground to the height of the fig canopy inside the system was 20.7% to 61.5%. In the winter, the daylighting rate from the ground to the height of the fig canopy inside the system was 17.7% to 36.4%. The effectiveness of the OAVS in reducing the level of solar radiation intensity depended on the time of day and the angle of the sun. At the spatial scale, due to the strong consumption of light by photovoltaic panels, there was a strong horizontal and vertical light environment gradient inside the system. In conclusion, the photothermal environment research of an OAVS based on Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 can not only provide a basis for agricultural production and structural design such as span, height and the laying density of PV panels, but also expand its application to regions with different latitudes and longitudes and specific climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, capital structure of 200 farms was researched in central county, Ilıca, Aşkale, Pasinler, Köprüköy and Horasan counties of Erzurum province. The machinery owner farms have average parcel size of 19,23 da.81,70 percent of area is property area. The machinery owner farms have average labor unit of 3,98. Capital distribution is out of blance too much.73,80 percent of capital is land capital, only 26,20 percent of capital is working capital. Respectivly not machinery owner farms have 17,80 da, 78,83 percent, labor unit of 4,06, 84,14 percent and 15,86 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the temporal and spatial changes in the internal photothermal environment in an open-field agrivoltaic system (OAVS), this paper took the OAVS in eastern China as the research object and divided the internal area into the southern area, middle area and northern area, according to the spatial structure. Further, a photothermal environment test was conducted in the above three areas in the summer and winter. The results showed that the summer average daylight rate (Rm-avg) in the middle area was 66.6%, while the Rm-avg in the other two areas was about 20%, with no significant difference. In the winter, the light environment in the southern area was slightly better, and the Rm-avg in the above three areas was 26.4%, 24.7% and 19.7%, respectively. On the whole, the relationship between the thermal environmental factors and the solar radiation intensity was consistent. Further, a 3D model of an OAVS was established using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011, and the internal light environment was simulated. Compared with the measured values, the relative error was less than 10%, which verified the reliability of the OAVS model. Then, the model was used to reveal the temporal and spatial changes in the light environment of the OAVS. The simulation results showed that the daylighting rate in the summer from the ground to the height of the fig canopy inside the system was 20.7% to 61.5%. In the winter, the daylighting rate from the ground to the height of the fig canopy inside the system was 17.7% to 36.4%. The effectiveness of the OAVS in reducing the level of solar radiation intensity depended on the time of day and the angle of the sun. At the spatial scale, due to the strong consumption of light by photovoltaic panels, there was a strong horizontal and vertical light environment gradient inside the system. In conclusion, the photothermal environment research of an OAVS based on Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 can not only provide a basis for agricultural production and structural design such as span, height and the laying density of PV panels, but also expand its application to regions with different latitudes and longitudes and specific climates.

The infrastructural design of an animal farm can significantly motivate or discourage adopting biosecurity measures in the daily routines. Proper planning and collaboration between architects, farmers and veterinarians is critical in the prevention of serious biosecurity issues, possible financial and animal losses. The consistent use of a uniform nomenclature that encompasses both, construction-functional and veterinary-epidemiological terms is therefore essential. We developed a conceptual framework for key constructional elements in terms of biosecurity and characterize key concepts from both disciplines, architecture and veterinary epidemiology. From an epidemiological point of view, we focus on pathogens and vectors, and from a constructional perspective on biosecurity areas, barriers and locks. The central aspect of the framework is the capability of barriers and locks to prevent (uncontrolled) movement of vectors between different biosecurity areas, thus interrupting pathways of pathogen transmission. Concepts are abstracted and aggregated in such a way that they can be applied to any animal husbandry system, regardless of species or size, and independently of a particular disease. The aim is providing a common basis of terminology that facilitates cross-sectoral cooperation.

In work the information system, allowing to automate process of the analysis, an estimation and a choice of the investment project of agricultural building most favourable from the economic point of view on the basis of the comparative analysis of such indicators, as is offered: the modern (pure)discounted cost of the project,an index of profitableness (profitability) of real investments, internal norm of profitableness of real investments, profitability of actives of the project and a project time of recovery of outlay.

Work is devoted the information systems, allowing to automate managerial process by increase of efficiency of investments into agricultural building. The control system of economic object where the choice of mechanisms of management is carried out by increase of efficiency of investments into agricultural building by means of the automated system of the analysis and an estimation of efficiency of investments is developed. Use in spread of knowledge on new information technologies in Republic Dagestan of possibilities of the federal state unitary enterprise «Mail of Russia» is offered.

To study natural ventilation for agricultural buildings, OpenFOAM, an open source CFD code, enables to develop tools that automate complex simulation procedures for nonprofessional CFD users. Prior to developing such tools, this paper investigates the accuracy of simulated air velocity in three test buildings according to different mesh sizes and turbulence models. The computed results, that were obtained using 13 different mesh sizes and 4 different k-ε turbulence models, were qualitatively and quantitatively compared to wind tunnel measurements by two validation metrics. The results showed that the smaller mesh size leads to slightly higher simulation accuracy, but an increase in the number of meshes above a certain level did not improve the simulation accuracy due to the problem of solution convergence. The mesh size larger than 0.25 m at building walls was appropriate for the standard k-ε model and the RNG k-ε model, while a small mesh size of 0.125 m was preferable for the low Re k-ε model. The simulation results, especially obtained from the RNG k-ε model, were highly influenced by whether the solution converged showing the relative error of on average 6.4% higher in the oscillatory solutions, while those from the low Re k-ε model were more dependent on the mesh size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the supplementary heat required when brooding turkey poults in winter and summer in the Kahramanmaras region of Turkey was determined using a heat and humidity balance method for a naturally ventilated house with a capacity of 6500 tom turkey poults. In the calculation of heat and humidity balance, temperature values, sensible heat and moisture production of tom turkey poults were taken from the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) standards for corresponding turkey poult weights, and outside long term (1980 - 2005) monthly average temperatures were obtained from a local climate station. The coldest and warmest crucial months were determined as January (6.5 °C) and August (29.2 °C), respectively. When brooding was initiated in the first week of January, supplementary heat was needed for the subsequent five weeks, being 32937, 27028, 21721, 9476 and 5400 W per week, respectively. When brooding started in the first week of August, poults needed only 5544 W supplementary heat. However, tom turkey poults would nevertheless benefit from supplementary heat during this period because they are not yet fully feathered and the digestive system has not yet fully developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A macroscopic model for predicting dust concentration distribution in mechanically ventilated swine rooms has been developed. The model accounts for the effect of turbulent diffusive deposition, gravitational settling, coagulation and ventilation. Four particle diameter sizeranges were chosen to represent the fine particles in swine buildings: 0.5-0.9, 0.9-1.6, 1.6-2.8, and 2.8-5.0 mum. Predicted results indicated that ventilation would be the dominant particle removal mechanism accounting for over 90% of the particles removed; that deposition of particles on surfaces would be small (2-9%), and loss by coagulation negligible (0%). Additionally, source location would strongly influence the dust concentration distribution in the prototype swine room. Dust generation rate and presence or absence of obstructions in theform of mock pigs would affect the dust distribution minimally. Temperature difference between supply and room air (7-9 vs. 14-16 deg. C)would not cause any appreciable difference in dust distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]