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Background: There is increasing evidence that people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are impaired in emotion regulation, but psychophysiological and functional MRI data on emotion processing in adult patients with ADHD are scarce. We investigated the neural correlates of reappraisal as one of the most efficient emotion-regulation strategies. Methods: We included 30 adult patients with ADHD and 35 healthy controls in our study. We applied a well-established reappraisal paradigm in functional MRI and assessed behavioural emotion-regulation strategies with standardized questionnaires. We hypothesized that patients with ADHD would demonstrate impaired reappraisal related to reduced activations in the frontoparietal cognitive control network. Results: Despite our hypothesis, we found no significant activation differences in the neural reappraisal network between patients with ADHD and controls. As well, both groups revealed similar reappraisal success on the immediate behavioural ratings in the scanner. Interestingly, patients with ADHD revealed significantly increased activations in the dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) compared with controls when viewing negative > neutral pictures. These ACC activations were significantly correlated with the prevalence of habitual use of reappraisal in patients with ADHD only. Limitations: Patients withdrew medication only 24 hours before the experiment; we investigated negative, but not positive, emotion processing and regulation. Conclusion: Although emotion dysregulation is regarded as a core symptom of ADHD, explicit reappraisal does not seem to be impaired in adult patients. However, increased activation of the ACC implies stronger implicit emotion regulation induced by negative stimuli. This might be explained by emotional hyperresponsivity in patients with ADHD compared with controls., Introduction Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder in childhood, and about one-third of patients have persistent symptoms into adulthood. (1) Large epidemiological studies have yielded [...]

A growing share of the U.S. population uses e-cigarettes but the optimal regulation of these controversial products remains an open question. We conduct a discrete choice experiment to investigate how adult tobacco cigarette smokers ' demand for e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes varies by four attributes: (1) whether e-cigarettes are considered healthier than tobacco cigarettes, (2) the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a cessation device, (3) bans on use in public places, and (4) price. We find that adult smokers' demand for e-cigarettes is motivated more by health concerns than by the desire to avoid smoking bans or higher prices. (JEL C35,112,118), I. INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes are relatively new products in U.S. tobacco markets; they were developed in China in 2003 and entered the United States in 2007 (Riker et al. 2012). Since [...]

Byline: Carolyn McNamara Barry (1), Laura M. Padilla-Walker (2), Stephanie D. Madsen (3), Larry J. Nelson (2) Keywords: Prosocial behavior; Regulation of prosocial values; Parent--child relationship quality; Emerging adulthood Abstract: Studies document that parents serve as children's primary socialization agents, particularly for moral development and prosocial behavior however, less is known regarding parental influences on prosocial outcomes during the transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate how mother--child relationship quality was related to prosocial tendencies via emerging adults' regulation of prosocial values. Participants included 228 undergraduate students (ranging from 18 to 25 years 90% European American) and their mothers (ranging from 38 to 59 years) from four locations across the United States. Path analyses using structural equation modeling revealed that mother--child relationship quality was related to emerging adults' regulation of prosocial values, which was, in turn, related to emerging adults' prosocial tendencies. Specifically, emerging adults who reported higher levels of internal regulation of prosocial values were more likely to report prosocial tendencies that de-emphasized themselves, and were less likely to report prosocial tendencies for the approval of others. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Psychology, Loyola College in Maryland, 4501 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21210, USA (2) Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA (3) McDaniel College, Westminster, MD, USA Article History: Registration Date: 04/10/2007 Received Date: 28/08/2007 Accepted Date: 04/10/2007 Online Date: 30/10/2007 Article note: Portions of this study were submitted for presentation at the Society for Research in Adolescence biennial meeting in March 2008.