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Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Dalya Alwedyan,1 Shaher Hamaideh,2 Mohammed AL-Jabri3 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan; 3Faculty of Nursing, Al-Saeeda University, Thamar, YemenCorrespondence: Mohammed AL-Jabri, Email aljabarimohammed59@gmail.com Sawsan Abuhammad, Email Shabuhammad@just.edu.joObjective: This study seeks to assess the influence of an educational program on enhancing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of NICU nurses regarding MDROs.Methodology: Quasi-experimental design that investigated the efficacy of an educational intervention in shaping the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers working as nurses in NICU toward MDROs was used. A total of 168 nurses participated, divided into 84 intervention groups and 84 non-educational groups.Results: The analysis of overall knowledge scores before and after the educational interventions revealed a significant improvement in post-education knowledge scores (Mean = 16.94) compared to pre-education scores (Mean = 12.9929; t(83) = 40.119, p < 0.001). Attitude scores exhibited a notable improvement post-education, with mean scores increasing from 46.64 in the pretest to 58.45 in the posttest. The total attitude shift was statistically significant (t(83) = 104.23, p < 0.001 0). Regarding overall practice, the data suggests a positive impact of education on neonatal nurses’ practices related to antibiotic usage (t(3) = 149.31, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between post-knowledge and post-attitude (r = 0.251, p = 0.021).Conclusion: Based on the study findings, the MDROs educational program demonstrated its effectiveness in improving nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward MDROs, serving as a valuable educational resource for nurses. Given the increasing demand for nurses with MDROs knowledge, attitude, and practice in NICU, and considering the documented positive impact on protecting neonates from fatal infections, enhancing nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward MDROs has become imperative.Keywords: MDROs, knowledge, attitude, practice, nurse

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Manar ALAzzam,2 Yasmine Alabbasi3 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, Al-Albayt University, Mafraq, 25113 Jordan; 3Department of Maternity and Pediatric Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671 Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Yasmine Alabbasi, Email yaalabbasi@pnu.edu.saAim: To examine the knowledge of parents who are working as healthcare workers about Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to determine the predictors of ADHD knowledge in children among parents.Methods: A cross-section study was conducted among parents who are working as HCWs. An online survey by google forms facilitated the creation of a 373 participant’s sample.Results: The parents who are working as HCWs toward ADHD Knowledge 14.9 (SD = 7.9). The most questions were answered correctly. ADHD children are frequently distracted by extraneous stimuli 285 (76.8%). ADHD children often fidget or squirm in their seats 272 (73.7%) and HCWs training in managing an ADHD child are generally effective when combined with medication treatment 260 (70.5%).Conclusion: This study found that many parents who working as HCWs had poor knowledge regarding causes and general aspects of this disorder. The results had many implications that include increased efforts to improve the capabilities of parents who working as HCWs and prevent further complications for the children and increase awareness among parents and teachers.Keywords: ADHD, parents who working as HCWs, knowledge, Jordan

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Omar F Khabour,2 Karem H Alzoubi,3,4 Shaher Hamaideh,5 Basheer Y Khassawneh,6 Amat Al-Khaleq O Mehrass,7 Baha F Alsmadi,6 Abdelrahman M Ababneh6 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 5Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan; 6Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 7Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Thamar University, Dhamar, YemenCorrespondence: Amat Al-Khaleq O Mehrass, Email Aykasem1@gmail.comAim: This study aims to determine health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that includes the physical and mental health of recovered patients of COVID-19 and examines the significant impact of variables such as period of infection, sample demographics characteristics, hospitalization past, and chronic disease past and the other variables on HRQoL of COVID-19-recovered patients.Methods: An exploratory, community-based, cross-sectional research layout was adopted, using an electronic self-reporting survey disseminated online to recovered COVID-19 patients in Jordan. Targeted COVID-19 patients were individuals who were 18 years old or above. They had a documented background of COVID-19 illness, as stated in the following inclusion requirements: Those who had not been formally proven to have been afflicted by COVID-19 were excluded.Results: The mean of the physical well-being of study participants during COVID-19 was M=68.00 (SD=6.95), representing medium physical well-being status. The mean of psychological well-being of study participants during COVID-19 was M=60.20 (SD=8.85), representing medium physical health. Multiple regression showed that female recovered patients who are not working, with a low level of income, married women, and who getting COVID-19 more than once are having lower health-related quality of life compared to other recovered patients.Conclusion: The HRQoL of COVID-19 patients was significantly impacted, independent of the period since hospitalization or rehabilitation. Policymakers and health workers should research strong ways to enhance the HRQoL of COVID-19 patients as soon as possible. Elderly patients and those who have been infected more than one time and being hospitalized have a greater probability of decreased HRQoL after infection.Keywords: mental health, physical health, COVID-19, recovered

Sawsan Abuhammad Maternal and Child Health Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, JordanCorrespondence: Sawsan Abuhammad, Email Shabuhammad@just.edu.joBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic is our decade’s largest global challenge of health leadership. There is an immediate urge to provide leadership and management with instruction during the extraordinary from before the recovery phase.Aim: To determine the influence of the COVID-19 disease outbreak on leadership challenges during this difficult time.Methods: This review of studies includes the work of scientists who have addressed the challenges of leadership at the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the references to the selected studies were used to locate additional research articles related to the topic challenges for leadership.Conclusion: This new situation of the pandemics needs the leaders in the healthcare system to face many challenges. These challenges are being manager of the care, making decisions, caring for employees, preparing for the unexpected, and updating the community about the situation.Keywords: pandemics, challenges, healthcare, healthcare leadership

Reema Karasneh,1 Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi,2 Sayer Al-Azzam,3 Sawsan Abuhammad,4 Suhaib M Muflih,3 Sahar Hawamdeh,3 Karem H Alzoubi3,5 1Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 4Department of Maternal and Child Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 5Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Reema KarasnehDepartment of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid, 21163, JordanTel +962 2 7211111 Ext 7141Fax +962 2 7211162Email reema.karasneh@yu.edu.joBackground: The protection of patient confidentiality is an essential practice for the successful provision of healthcare. This study examines physicians’ knowledge and attitudes related to data sharing and patient confidentiality.Methods: This is a descriptive, questionnaire-based study. Physicians were invited via e-mail to complete the study survey. The survey comprised three sections related to knowledge, attitudes, and demographic characteristics.Results: A total of 221 physicians, with varying levels of experience and from a range of specialty areas, completed the study survey. Ethical dilemmas were encountered annually by physicians specialized in family medicine and daily by physicians in internal medicine wards more often than those in other departments. The mean score for knowledge was 7.34 (out of 14; SD=2.92) and had a positive correlation with attitudes towards the protection of data confidentiality (r2=0.282, p< 0.001). Undergraduate courses were the main source of knowledge related to ethical issues (167; 74.9%). Sex (B=-1.47, p=0.001), marriage (B=-1.198, p=0.021), and source of consultation (B=-.248, p=0.02) were all found to predict knowledge scores. Likewise, attitudes were predicted by experience (B= 0.279, p< 0.001), sex (B= -2.797, p=0.002), marriage (B=1.91, p=0.02), and number of ethical dilemmas faced (B=1.695, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Physicians from different departments were found to lack sufficient knowledge about many aspects of patient confidentiality. While some of the physicians’ practices complied with the law, other practices were identified as patient confidentiality breaches.Keywords: confidentiality, physician, knowledge, attitudes, data sharing, ethical dilemma

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Suhaib Muflih,2 Karem H Alzoubi,2 Besher Gharaibeh3 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Adult Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, JordanCorrespondence: Sawsan Abuhammad Email Shabuhammad@just.edu.joBackground: Nurses and Doctor of Pharmacy (pharmD) must communicate and properly documented the do not resuscitate orders for terminally ill children and their relatives. They also have to offer excellent care including more family support, assisting the child with terminally ill disease in passing on peacefully, and preventing unnecessary cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This research was aimed to survey attitudes of nursing and pharmD undergraduate students about the “do not resuscitate” order for children with terminally ill diseases.Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used to study the correlation between attitude toward DNR and demographic variables. More than 400 nursing and pharmD students from Jordan University of Science and Technology were recruited in this study. All the participating students were e-mailed information regarding the study, including the web survey link.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in perception toward do not resuscitate order between nursing and pharmD students (p ≤ 0.05). The pharmD students had more positive attitude toward do not resuscitate than the nursing students. Approximately, 60% of the nursing and pharmD students would disclose the need for the do not resuscitate order for children with terminally ill diseases Demographic variables were not associated with the perception toward do not resuscitate orders (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that Jordanian nursing and pharmD students are willing to learn more about different aspects of do not resuscitate orders for terminally ill children. Analyzing their responses to many items showed their misconception about do not resuscitate orders for terminally ill children.Keywords: do not rusticate, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, nursing students, children, pharmD students

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Karem Alzoubi,2 Omar Khabour,3 Tareq Mukattash2 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanCorrespondence: Sawsan Abuhammad Email Shabuhammad@just.edu.joBackground: The nurses are the healthcare providers and researchers in the health institutions. Investment in the research potential of nurses will ultimately benefit society. The purpose of this study was to survey nurses regarding barriers to participating in research studies.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study using electronic surveys sent by email, and social media groups (WhatsApp). A total of 447 nurses agreed to participate in this study. Barriers were measured using the Barriers of Research Utilization (BRU) Scale.Results: More than half (53.3%) of the participants perceived the barriers to be high, whereas a small fraction (8.9%) perceived them as low. Barriers related to the organization scored the highest (P< 0.01) compared to the other domains (nurse, innovation, and communication). The regression analysis model showed that age, working experience, and nationality were associated with barriers to participate in research (P< 0.05).Conclusion: More than half of the nurses in Jordan perceived barriers to participating in research studies to be high. The barriers associated with the organization had more influence. A comprehensive approach should be developed to boost research utilization among nurses by overcoming the barriers identified in the current study.Keywords: barriers, nurses, research, clinical settings, research utilization

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Karem H Alzoubi,2 Sayer I Al-Azzam,2 Reema A Karasneh3 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: Sawsan Abuhammad Email shabuhammad@just.edu.joBackground: The key patient rights entail respecting human decency, receiving healthcare services of high-quality, the right to information, the initial agreement of the patient to medical intervention, respecting privacy and personal life, and sustaining care and treatment. This study aims to survey the knowledge and practice of nurses in various healthcare industries toward sharing and confidentiality of patients’ data.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed through an online survey from May to June 2020. The authors sent a developed tool containing 19 statements reflecting the understanding of nurses’ knowledge and practice of privacy and sharing of data required to safeguard patient privacy. A total of 800 nurses agreed to participate in the study out of 1000 nurses.Results: Roughly, all participants agreed that junior nurses should participate in a data sharing and confidentiality course before engaging in practice. Regarding institution policies for data sharing and protection, many nurses agreed that there are special recommendations and instructions from the institution in which they work to exchange patient information among nurses and the medical staff. The predictors of sharing practices and confidentiality among nurses include age, gender, marriage status, and attending a security course before practice. Young age, female, not attending a data sharing course, and single nurses are less engaging with data sharing and confidentiality of the patients for unauthorized patients.Conclusion: A significant proportion of the staff had appropriate practices that ensured data security. However, practices that ensure patient confidentiality in the aspects of access, sharing, and transferring of patient data need improvement. Training is essential since it will have a beneficial relationship with knowledge, opinions, views, and actions. Thus, planning continuous training on policies and regulations about data safety and privacy may assist in improving healthcare setting practices.Keywords: nurse, confidentiality, data sharing, privacy

Sawsan Abuhammad,1 Omar F Khabour,2 Karem H Alzoubi3 1Department of Maternal and Child Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, JordanCorrespondence: Sawsan Abuhammad Email Shabuhammad@just.edu.joBackground: The contact-tracing COVID-19 technology allows for tracing people that come in contact to individuals with COVID-19 wherever they are located. The number of tracing COVID-19 infection technology and devices is rapidly increasing. This has prompted many researchers to study the acceptability and ethical issues related to the implementation of such technology.Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the acceptability of COVID-19 contact-tracing technology and ethical issues of use.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was used. The target population was Jordanian adults (> 18 years). The survey was distributed to a convenience sample of 2000 general public in Jordan.Results: The results found that the number of people who accept to use COVID-19 contact-tracing technology was 71.6%. However, the percentage of people who were using this technology was 37.8. The main ethical concerns for many of participants were privacy, voluntariness, and beneficence of the data. Only income and living area were predictors for acceptability and use of tracing technology (p≤ 0.01).Conclusion: The majority of Jordanians accept the implementation of contact-tracing technology for COVID-19 infection. Among ethical concerns of the implementation of such technology were privacy, beneficence and voluntariness.Implications: The results of this study would help in improving the state of science regarding acceptability to use contact-tracing technology for health purposes. Moreover, the present findings provide evidence of predictors of acceptance and ethical concerns among Jordanian population about COVID-19 contact-tracing technology.Keywords: research, ethical issues, individuals, Jordan, tracing COVID-19