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Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (BEO) draws attention for its phenolic acid content which causes it to be used as a medicinal agent and food additive. However, its vulnerability to environmental and technological factors can be an obstacle to its implementation in industry and, at this point, encapsulation technology is utilized. The objective of this study was to encapsulate BEO using a spray drying technique to extend its shelf life, and to evaluate the influence of different wall material formulations on the properties of the BEO microcapsules. Gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD), and whey protein isolate (WPI) were used as wall materials and four different formulations were studied: GA, GA:WPI (1:1, w/w), GA:WPI:MD (1:1:1, w/w), and WPI:MD (1:1, w/w). The GA, GA:WPI, and GA:WPI:MD emulsions displayed shear thinning behavior (pseudoplastic, n

Bu çalışmada, farklı koşullarda pastörize edilen sütten (A: 65 °C’de 20 dak, B: 75 °C’de 5 dak ve C:85 °C’de 5 dak.) üretilen Beyaz peynirlerin dinamik reolojik, tekstür, renk ve duyusal özellikleri 7., 30., 60. ve 90. günlerde araştırılmıştır. C ve B peynirlerinin, A’dan daha yüksek elastik özellikleri, sıcaklığa bağlı kazeinin molekül içi ve moleküller arası etkileşimlerinin gelişmesine ve bu yapıdaki denatüre peynir altı suyu yüzdesinin artmasına bağlanmıştır. Depolama sırasında viskoelastik özelliği ve kompleks viskozite parametresi en fazla A peynirinin değişirken, B peynirinin daha kararlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tekstür analizindeki sertlik ve dış yapışkanlık sonuçları da B peynirinin daha dirençli protein yapısına sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Farklı pastörizasyon sıcaklıklarının, renk parametreleri üzerine bir etkisi bulunmamıştır. B peynirinin Yapı-Tekstür özelliği ilk aylarda daha yüksek puan alırken, son ayda örnekler arası fark görülmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, 75 °C’de pastörize edilen sütten, viskoelastik özelliği gelişmiş bir Beyaz peynir üretilebilmekledir fakat artan sıcaklık bu karakteri azaltmaktadır.

In the present study, a novel method was developed to determine honey adulteration. Natural sunflower honey (A), adulterated honey (B), indirectly adulterated honey obtained by feeding of bee colonies using sugar syrup (C), mixtures of them (AB and AC), and two additional natural sunflower honey samples coming from different geographical regions (D and E) were examined after seeding at different levels (1, 5, 10%, w/w) of crystallized honey. The physico-chemical property, FT-IR spectra, thermodynamic property (T-p and Delta H), flow behavior [storage (G ') and loss (G '') modulus], and microstructural changes of the samples were investigated. According to the obtained results, natural sunflower honeys showed different visco-elastic and flow behaviors from adulterated honeys. The microstructure properties were also different and more homogeneous, and faster crystallization was detected in natural honey (A). The results of this study notably show that honey adulteration can be determined by examining honey crystallization behaviors. Therefore, it is thought that the industry will benefit from this easy and simple method instead of time-consuming, expensive, and complex methods used for determining honey adulteration.

Deacetylation is a chemical modification process (DD, 0-50-100%) that was applied to purified salep glucomannan at different glycerol concentrations (G, 0-5-10%) to decrease its high hydrophilic film behavior and improve its barrier, mechanical and structural characteristics. The solubility and water vapor permeability of films were significantly reduced by deacetylation. The film mechanical parameters were decreased by 50% DD, but 100% DD increased these parameters compared with the unmodified film. The improved interactions between glucomannan chains induced by deacetylation were revealed by FTIR. SEM results indicated that acetyl-free films had a smooth and compact microstructure when treated with glycerol, but 50% DD films showed aggregation at the surface. XRD analysis showed the conformational rearrangement and improvement in the crystallinity of the films due to deacetylation. Deacetylated films possessed higher thermal stability. Overall, deacetylation provides a promising and potential approach to improve salep film performance, which can benefit its applications in the food industry.

Kurt, Abdullah/0000-0003-1452-3278 WOS: 000440390300016 Mushrooms are considered to be a next-generation health food due to their rich protein content with high biological value, fiber and bioactive compounds. Utilization of the protein and fiber contents of mushroom for the production of functional meat products with better emulsion characteristics was the aim of this study. Therefore, the influence of mushroom powder (MP) addition (0-3%) on the properties of a model meat emulsion was investigated. Dynamic and creep-recovery analyses were conducted to reveal the effect of MP on emulsion stability by evaluating internal structure variations. Samples with 2% MP added exhibited higher resistance to applied stress and higher gel-like behavior, complex viscosity, pseudoplastic behavior, heat resistance and emulsion strength compared with other samples. Modifications of the chemical structure of emulsions with MP included were confirmed by examination of Fourier-transform infrared spectra. The addition of 2% MP provided a higher protein adsorption at the lipid interface, resulting in a well-ordered emulsion structure. As a final product, cooked meat emulsion exhibited improvement in textural properties with the addition of 2% MP. Therefore, supplementation of emulsions with mushroom powder may help to obtain a functional product with better characteristics. Ondokuz Mayis University Research FoundationOndokuz Mayis University [PYO.MUH.1901.17.003] The authors would like to thank Ondokuz Mayis University Research Foundation (PYO.MUH.1901.17.003) for funding this project.

Kurt, Abdullah/0000-0003-1452-3278 WOS: 000402343000047 PubMed: 28504162 The aim of this study was to. investigate the effects of different extraction temperatures (25, 55 and 85 degrees C) on the structural characteristics of glucomannan (GM) purified from salep. All extraction conditions reduced protein content and molecular weight of salep. The effectiveness of removing the impurities and the highest purity of GM25 were observed with size exclusion profile. FTIR experiments demonstrated the presence of acetyl group, reduction of protein content and increment of polymer interaction of GM25. XRD patterns of GM25 with narrower and higher intensity than GM55, GM85 and native salep indicated strengthened interaction of GM25. Higher particle size was determined for GM25. The degradation peak observed with DSC increased from 293 to 314 degrees C and GM25 had the higher thermal stability which was also supported with TGA results. These results could provide widening the applications in food industry and other fields and also progressing development of salep with a better structural characteristic. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kurt, Abdullah/0000-0003-1452-3278 WOS: 000361920900078 PubMed: 26344324 Glucomannan is the main and important constituent of salep. The other contents are called as impurities. In this study, the removal of them was achieved by ethanol treatment to increase salep quality (40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%). The highest glucomannan and the lowest impurities contents were succeeded with the 40% ethanol treatment (SF40). Apparent viscosity of SF40 increased about 5 folds as compared with native salep. SF40 also had higher intrinsic viscosity [eta] and lower critical concentration (C*) than other samples. The improved molecular entanglement between glucomannan chains were demonstrated with increased Berry number C chi[eta]. The storage (G') and loss (G '') moduli spectra of SF40 were found higher within the whole range of frequency and temperature. This simple ethanol process could be used as a promising modification method for improving the properties of salep. (C)15 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aim Despite extensive research, there is still controversy regarding the time at which sucking and swallowing functions mature in preterm infants. This study aimed to evaluate maturation using the noninvasive method of swallowing sound. Methods We compared 52 preterm infants of between 27 and 36 weeks' gestational age with a control group of 42 healthy full-term infants. Feeding performance was based on swallowing data collected during two-minute audio recordings. The following variables were generated for each evaluation: total number of swallows, total number of rhythmic swallows, total number of resting intervals, average time between resting intervals, average time between swallows, average time between rhythmic swallows, maximum number of rhythmic swallows and volume of milk ingested. The dependency of the variables on postmenstrual age was also investigated. Results The volume of milk ingested by the preterm infants and the maximum number of rhythmic swallows were positively correlated with postmenstrual age (PMA). The preterm infants reached the 10th percentile of the control infants at 34–35 weeks' PMA and were not significantly different from the control infants at 38–40 weeks' PMA. Conclusion Swallowing sound can be used to assess feeding maturation in preterm infants during neonatal intensive care unit follow-up.

This study covers two main subjects: (i) The experimental and theoretical analysis: the Cutting forces and indirectly cutting tool stresses, affecting the cutting tool life during machining in metal Cutting, are One Of very important parameters to be necessarily known to select the economical cutting conditions and to Mount the workpiece on machine tools securely. In this paper, the cutting tool stresses (normal, shear and von Mises) in machining of nickel-based Super alloy Inconel 718 have been investigated in respect of the variations in the cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut). The cutting forces were measured by a series of experimental measurements and the stress distributions on the cutting tool were analysed by means of the finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS software. ANSYS stress results showed that in point of the cutting tool wear, especially from von Mises stress distributions, the ceramic cutting insert may be possible worn at the distance equal to the depth of cut on the base cutting edge of the cutting tool. Thence, this wear mode will be almost such as the notch wear, and the flank wear on the base cutting edge and grooves in relief face. In terms of the cost of the process of machining, the cutting speed and the feed rate values Must be chosen between 225 and 400 m/min, and 0.1 and 0, 125 mm/rev, respectively. (ii) The mathematical modelling analysis: the use of artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed to determine the cutting tool Stresses in machining of Inconel 718 as analytic formulas based on working parameters. The best fitting set was obtained with ten neurons in the hidden-layer using back propagation algorithm. After training, it was found the R(2) values are closely 1. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to evaluate the frequency and seasonal characteristics of dermatological problems of juvenile outpatients in the dermatology polyclinic. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Children under the age of 17 treated in an outpatient setting in our polyclinic within a 10-year period were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: The study registered a total of 3244 patients, of whom 1651 (50.90%) were females, and 1593 (49.10%) were males. The largest group was infectious diseases, with 1031 patients (31.78%). This was followed by the dermatitis group with 635 patients (19.57%). The months when the number of presentations at the hospital was the highest were August and November, and the months with the lowest number of presentations were January and July. CONCLUSION: In the present study we found that the most frequent cause of hospital visits of juvenile outpatients at our polyclinic was infectious diseases and dermatitis, and that there was significant correlation between diseases and seasons.

To evaluate the expression of lymphocyte subsets in newborns diagnosed as culture proven or culture negative sepsis and to investigate the differentiation. The aim of this study is to explore neonatal immunology in newborns diagnosed as culture proven or culture negative neonatal sepsis and to identify their place in the diagnosis. This prospective study was performed in newborns who were diagnosed as neonatal sepsis and hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital and who were classified as culture proven sepsis (n = 12), as culture negative sepsis (n = 21) and healthy (n = 17). Lymphocyte subsets were obtained at time of diagnosis. Culture proven sepsis had statistically significant increase of WBC compared to culture negative sepsis and control groups (p < 0.05). Significant decreases were observed of percentage of lymphocyte, when compared to culture negative sepsis and control group (p < 0.05). Percentage of CD4+ was lower in culture proven sepsis and absolute count of CD4+ was lower in culture negative sepsis (p < 0.05). Percentage and absolute count of CD45RA+ were lower in culture negative sepsis than control and percentage of CD45RA+ was lower in culture proven sepsis than control (p < 0.05). Percentage of CD45RO+ was higher in culture proven sepsis than control group (p < 0.05). It is clear that during neonatal sepsis lymphocyte subsets are different from healthy controls. Whether the described abnormalities represent the absence of a normal maturation process, rather, pathological events is still not clear.

Cutting forces affecting the cutting tool during machining in metal cutting are one of very important parameters necessarily known to select the economical cutting conditions and to mount the workpiece on machine tools securely. In this paper, the effects of the feed rate in machining of nickel-based super alloy Inconel 718, used in aircraft and spacecraft industries, nuclear power systems and steam generators, etc., on the cutting tool stresses have been investigated. Cutting forces were measured by a series of experimental measurements while stress distributions on the cutting tool were analysed using a commercial finite element method (FEM) (ANSYS). The results obtained show that the feed rate is the most relevant cutting parameter affecting cutting tool stresses. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Background: Sandifer Syndrome is an uncommon clinical entity characterized by gastroesophageal reflux, irritability and abnormal movements of the body and contortions of the neck. The majority of paroxysmal cases, in particular, tend to show an association with epilepsy. Methods: The clinical, laboratory and 6-month observation results of the four patients (two boys, two girls) have been presented. Results: The 6-month prospective observation/treatment of four patients aged between 2 and 14 months (mean age, 6.5 ± 5.2 months) with a diagnosis of Sandifer Syndrome has been investigated. Due to paroxysmal extensor jerks, two of the patients were misdiagnosed with infantile spasm and they were treated accordingly. In the clinical observations of the patients, abnormal neurobehavioral attacks (irritability, crying, head/eye version, torticollis, extensor spasm and dystonic posture) 5–10 times daily were observed. In two of the patients, motor growth retardation was observed, in one patient, bronchospasm attacks were observed, and in all the patients iron deficiency anemia was observed. The electroencephalograms of the patients which were taken during the routine, sleepless and paroxysmal behaviors were normal; the gastroesophageal scintigraphies were positive in the manner of reflux. Management of the infant with gastroesophageal reflux disease, in addition to nonpharmacological interventions pharmacologic therapy, including metoclopramide HCl and Fe (6 mg/kg per day, oral) was useful for the patients, and their paroxysmal attacks decreased dramatically (0–2 attacks/day). Conclusion: These findings suggest that infants or children with these atypical movements should be evaluated for Sandifer Syndrome. Expensive and comprehensive neurologic examination may be unnecessary. Early diagnosis permits prompt treatment and relief of the problem. Medical management is usually successful.

Fragile X syndrome is an inherited disorder caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome. It is associated with developmental or behavioral symptoms and various degrees of mental retardation. Morphologic abnormalities and altered perfusion of various brain areas can underlie these functional disturbances. The aim of this study was to investigate the cerebral perfusion state in patients with fragile X syndrome using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Structural and functional assessment was also performed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). Eight boys with cytogenetically confirmed fragile X syndrome (mean age 8.8 ± 4.4 years, range 5–18 years), were included. All patients had mental retardation, with a mean IQ of 58.9 ± 8.8 (range 40–68), and additional neurobehavioral symptoms. SPECT revealed cerebral perfusion abnormalities in six patients (75%), most commonly in the frontoparietotemporal area and prominent in the right hemisphere. The SPECT and EEG findings were concordant: hypoperfused areas in SPECT corresponded to regions of persistent slow-wave paroxysms on EEG. On the other hand, cranial MRI was abnormal qualitatively only in two patients (25%) showing cerebellar and vermal hypoplasia and cerebral hemispheric asymmetry. Our results indicate that cerebral perfusion abnormalities, which are correlated with electrophysiologic findings but not necessarily with anatomic abnormalities, can underlie the pathogenesis of the clinical findings observed in fragile X syndrome.

Cutting experiments and finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software have been carried out in this paper in order to investigate the effects of chamfer angle on the cutting forces and the cutting tool stresses, principal and von Mises stress, of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools in finishing hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel. The obtained cutting force measurement tests and FEA results showed that the chamfer angle has a great influence on the cutting forces and tool stresses, especially, in the passive force and von Mises stress distribution. From the present work, it can be drawn that critical chamfer angle is 20 degrees in finishing hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this paper, the effect of feed rate on the cutting forces was investigated when machining St 44 steel workpiece material. The machining tests were carried out on a shaper. For cutting force measurement, a test setup that was previously designed and constructed for cutting force measurement was used. The beam type load cells were used to construct the setup and cutting force measurement readings were recorded on a computer during the tests. In the measurement of the cutting forces, elastic deflections of the cutting tool due to the cutting forces were measured by means of the load cells located suitable position on the cutting tool. Machining tests were performed at various cutting speeds and feed rates while the depth of cut was held as constant. The results show that cutting force decreased with increasing speed while increasing feed rate increased cutting forces. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between neonatal mortality-morbidity and pregnancies with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), particularly those complicated by histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA), in preterm infants. A retrospective study was conducted on 58 preterm neonates born to 46 pregnant women with PPROM. Maternal characteristics, placental examination, and neonatal morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Of 1,392 deliveries, 46 (3.3%) pregnancies and 58 newborn infants were complicated with PPROM. HCA was present in 21 (1.5%) cases, and 15 of them were28 weeks of gestational age. In the HCA (+) group, 8/21(38%) neonates had 5-minute Apgar scores of5, 12/21 (57.1%) infants had patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and 16/21 (76.1%) infants had respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The latency period was significantly longer and the rate of chorioamnionitis and percentage of major neonatal morbidity and mortality were significantly higher in preterm infants with gestational age28 weeks. Respiratory distress syndrome, perinatal hypoxia and PDA were significantly associated with HCA in preterm infants.

Multiple systemic risk factors are associated with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We analyzed the role of low weight gain (WG) to predict the development of stage 3+ ROP among preterm infants. This study included 126 newborns with birth weight ≤1500 g and gestational age32 weeks. Preterm newborn infants were divided into two groups according to severity of ROP as: preterm infants without ROP or mild ROP (Group 1) and preterm infants with stage 3+ ROP (Group 2). WG and WG proportion were measured at completed 4 and 6 weeks of life. The patients under the cut-off point according to receiver operating characteristic curve were classified as low WG patients. WG and WG proportion were significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 at the 4th and 6th weeks of life. We concluded that low WG and WG proportion at the 4th and 6th weeks of life were predictive for the development of stage 3+ ROP. Preterm babies with low birth weight and low WG should be followed closely for severe ROP.

This study was carried out to evaluate the frequency and seasonal characteristics of dermatological problems of juvenile outpatients in the dermatology polyclinic.Children under the age of 17 treated in an outpatient setting in our polyclinic within a 10-year period were retrospectively evaluated.The study registered a total of 3244 patients, of whom 1651 (50.90%) were females, and 1593 (49.10%) were males. The largest group was infectious diseases, with 1031 patients (31.78%). This was followed by the dermatitis group with 635 patients (19.57%). The months when the number of presentations at the hospital was the highest were August and November, and the months with the lowest number of presentations were January and July.In the present study we found that the most frequent cause of hospital visits of juvenile outpatients at our polyclinic was infectious diseases and dermatitis, and that there was significant correlation between diseases and seasons.