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Plasmodium vivax malaria poses a major global health challenge, fueled by the parasite's ability to establish chronic infections via dormant liver hypnozoites that enable immune evasion and show transmission resilience. A key virulence determinant of P. vivax blood-stage infection is the ligand-receptor interaction of infected erythrocytes mediated by the Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) ligand. Gene duplication events leading to increased PvDBP copy numbers have been documented in parasite populations in Cambodia, Brazil, and Sudan, but whether such changes exist in Indian isolates is not known. India shoulders a disproportionately high P. vivax burden in the world. DNA extracted from malaria-positive samples from a multisite survey was subjected to diagnostic PCR to evaluate PvDBP duplication. We identified PvDBP duplication at 18.6% frequency across various regions in India via diagnostic PCR. Both 'Cambodian-type' and 'Malagasy-type' duplication patterns were detected. PvDBP copy number variations associated with specific Duffy antigen receptor genotypes were correlated in the patient cohort. While PvDBP duplication was widespread, its geographic distribution varied, occurring most prevalently in northeastern regions of India. The presence of Duffy binding protein gene duplication in nearly one-fifth of P. vivax isolates in India may have significant epidemiological and clinical implications. This genetic variation could potentially impact, parasite fitness and invasion efficiency, possibly leading to higher parasitemia levels and immune evasion capabilities, which may affect the efficacy of natural immunity and vaccine development efforts and / or transmission dynamics if the duplication confers any advantage in mosquito stages. To fully understand these implications, we propose longitudinal studies tracking patients with and without PvDBP duplications, comparing clinical outcomes, parasitemia levels, and transmission rates. Additionally, spatial and temporal analyses of duplication frequency across India could reveal patterns of spread and potential selective pressures driving this genetic change. Highlights: 18.6% frequency of PvDBP duplication found across various Indian regions. Both 'Cambodian-type' and 'Malagasy-type' duplication patterns were detected. PvDBP copy number variation was associated with specific ACKR1 antigen receptor genotypes in patients. Geographic distribution of PvDBP duplication varied, with highest prevalence in northeastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued emergence of deadly human coronaviruses from animal reservoirs highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness. Here, using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we report a panel of 50 coronavirus antibodies isolated from human B cells. Of these, 54043-5 was shown to bind the S2 subunit of spike proteins from alpha-, beta-, and deltacoronaviruses. A cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of 54043-5 bound to the prefusion S2 subunit of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike defined an epitope at the apex of S2 that is highly conserved among betacoronaviruses. Although non-neutralizing, 54043-5 induced Fc-dependent antiviral responses in vitro , including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). In murine SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies, protection against disease was observed after introduction of Leu234Ala, Leu235Ala, and Pro329Gly (LALA-PG) substitutions in the Fc region of 54043-5. Together, these data provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of non-neutralizing antibodies and define a broadly conserved epitope within the S2 subunit. [Display omitted] • 50 cross-reactive coronavirus spike antibodies were isolated from human donors • 54043-5 binds spikes from multiple betacoronaviruses • Structural analysis of 54043-5 defines a conserved epitope at the apex of S2 • Fc attenuation confers neutralization-independent, protective phenotypes in mice Johnson et al. identify antibody 54043-5, a non-neutralizing antibody that broadly targets betacoronavirus spike proteins. 54043-5 targets a highly conserved epitope at the apex of the prefusion S2 subunit and elicits Fc-mediated immune functions. An Fc-knockout variant of 54043-5 protects mice from disease, suggesting additional considerations for developing antibody-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cells respond swiftly, specifically, sensitively, and robustly to cognate antigens presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Existing microscopic models capture various aspects of early T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling at the molecular level. However, none of these models account for the totality of the data, impeding our understanding of early T-cell activation. Here, we study early TCR signaling using Bayesian metamodeling, an approach for systematically integrating multiple partial models into a metamodel of a complex system. We inform the partial models using multiple published super-resolution microscopy datasets. Collectively, these datasets describe the spatiotemporal organization, activity, interactions, and dynamics of TCR, CD45 and Lck signaling molecules in the early-forming immune synapse, and the concurrent membrane alterations. The resulting metamodel accounts for a distinct nanoscale dynamic pattern that could not be accounted for by any of the partial models on their own: a ring of phosphorylated TCR molecules, enriched at the periphery of early T cell contacts and confined by a proximal ring of CD45 molecules. The metamodel suggests this pattern results from limited activity range for the Lck molecules, acting as signaling messengers between kinetically-segregated TCR and CD45 molecules. We assessed the potential effect of Lck activity range on TCR phosphorylation and robust T cell activation for various pMHC:TCR association strengths, in the specific setting of an initial contact. We also inspected the impact of localized Lck inhibition via Csk recruitment to pTCRs, and that of splicing isoforms of CD45 on kinetic segregation. Due to the inherent scalability and adaptability of integrating independent partial models via Bayesian metamodeling, this approach can elucidate additional aspects of cell signaling and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells comprise 1–10% of human peripheral blood T cells. As multifunctional T cells with a strong antimicrobial and antitumor potential, they are of strong interest for immunotherapeutic development. Their hallmark is the eponymous Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR), which mediates activation by so‐called "phosphoantigens" (PAg). PAg are small pyrophosphorylated intermediates of isoprenoid synthesis of microbial or host origin, with the latter elevated in some tumors and after administration of aminobisphosphonates. This review summarizes the progress in understanding PAg‐recognition, with emphasis on the interaction between butyrophilins (BTN) and PAg and insights gained by phylogenetic studies on BTNs and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, especially the comparison of human and alpaca. It proposes a composite ligand model in which BTN3A1‐A2/A3‐heteromers and BTN2A1 homodimers form a Vγ9Vδ2 TCR activating complex. An initiating step is the binding of PAg to the intracellular BTN3A1‐B30.2 domain and formation of a complex with the B30.2 domains of BTN2A1. On the extracellular surface this results in BTN2A1‐IgV binding to Vγ9‐TCR framework determinants and BTN3A‐IgV to additional complementarity determining regions of both TCR chains. Unresolved questions of this model are discussed, as well as questions on the structural basis and the physiological consequences of PAg‐recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixation and demineralization protocols for bone marrow (BM) across diagnostic laboratories are not standardized. How different protocols affect histomorphology and DNA amplification is incompletely understood. In this study, 2 fixatives and 3 demineralization methods were tested on canine BM samples. Twenty replicate sternal samples obtained within 24 hours of death were fixed overnight in either acetic acid-zinc-formalin (AZF) or 10% neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) and demineralized with formic acid for 12 hours. Another 53 samples were fixed in AZF and demineralized with hydrochloric acid for 1-hour, formic acid for 12 hours, or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 24 hours. Histologic sections were scored by 4 raters as of insufficient, marginal, good, or excellent quality. In addition, DNA samples extracted from sections treated with the different fixation and demineralization methods were amplified with 3 sets of primers to conserved regions of T cell receptor gamma and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Amplification efficiency was graded based on review of capillary electrophoretograms. There was no significant difference in the histomorphology scores of sections fixed in AZF or NBF. However, EDTA-based demineralization yielded higher histomorphology scores than demineralization with hydrochloric or formic acid, whereas formic acid resulted in higher scores than hydrochloric acid. Demineralization with EDTA yielded DNA amplification in 29 of 36 (81%) samples, whereas demineralization with either acid yielded amplification in only 2 of 72 (3%) samples. Although slightly more time-consuming and labor-intensive, tissue demineralization with EDTA results in superior morphology and is critical for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with the DNA extraction method described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Engagement of the B-cell receptor with immobilized antigens triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), a complex cellular platform where B-cells recruit signaling molecules and reposition lysosomes to promote antigen uptake and processing. Calcium efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) released upon BCR stimulation is necessary to promote B-cell survival and differentiation. Whether the spatial organization of the ER within the B-cell synapse can tune IS function and B-cell activation remains unaddressed. Here, we characterized ER structure and interaction with the microtubule network during BCR activation and evaluated how mechanical cues arising from antigen presenting surfaces affect this process. Methods: B-cells were cultured on surfaces of varying stiffness coated with BCR ligands, fixed, and stained for the ER and microtubule network. Imaging analysis was used to assess the distribution of the ER and microtubules at the IS. Results: Upon BCR activation, the ER is redistributed towards the IS independently of peripheral microtubules and accumulates around the microtubule-organization center. Furthermore, this remodeling is also dependent on substrate stiffness, where greater stiffness triggers enhanced redistribution of the ER. Discussion: Our results highlight how spatial reorganization of the ER is coupled to the context of antigen recognition and could tune B-cell responses. Additionally, we provide novel evidence that the structural maturation of the ER in plasma cells is initiated during early activation of B-cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence challenges the belief that individuals who are Duffy-negative are resistant to Plasmodium vivax due to lacking the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Erythrocyte-binding protein (EBP/DBP2) has shown moderate binding to Duffy-negative erythrocytes in vitro. Reticulocyte-binding protein 2b (RBP2b) interactions with transferrin receptor 1 suggest involvement in Duffy-negative infections. Gene copy number variations in PvDBP1 , PvEBP / DBP2 , and PvRBP2b were investigated in Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative P vivax infections from Ethiopia. Among Duffy-positive samples, 34% displayed PvDBP1 duplications (Cambodian type). In Duffy-negative infections, 30% showed duplications, mostly Cambodian type. For PvEBP / DBP2 and PvRBP2b , Duffy-positive samples exhibited higher duplication rates (1–8 copies for PvEBP / DBP2 , 46%; 1–5 copies for PvRBP2b , 43%) as compared with Duffy-negative samples (20.8% and 26%, respectively). The range of copy number variations was lower in Duffy-negative infections. Demographic and clinical factors associated with gene multiplications in both Duffy types were explored, enhancing understanding of P vivax evolution in Africans who are Duffy negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum is a key component of ovarian cancer systemic therapy. However, most patients will eventually face a recurrence, leading to chemotherapy resistance, especially against platinum. For individuals with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC), treatment options are limited, and their survival prospects are grim. The emergence of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) shows promises as a future treatment for PROC. This review synthesizes current research on the effectiveness of ADCs in treating PROC. It encapsulates the advancements and clinical trials of novel ADCs that target specific antigens such as Folate Receptor alpha (FRα), MUC16, NaPi2b, Mesothelin, Dipeptidase 3(DPEP3), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), as well as tissue factor, highlighting their potential anti-tumor efficacy and used in combination with other therapies. The ADCs landscape in ovarian cancer therapeutics is swiftly evolving, promising more potent and efficacious treatment avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Nasal vaccines are a promising strategy for enhancing mucosal immune responses and preventing diseases at mucosal sites by stimulating the secretion of secretory IgA, which is crucial for early pathogen neutralization. However, designing effective nasal vaccines is challenging due to the complex immunological mechanisms in the nasal mucosa, which must balance protection and tolerance against constant exposure to inhaled pathogens. The nasal route also presents unique formulation and delivery hurdles, such as the mucous layer hindering antigen penetration and immune cell access. Methods: This review focuses on cutting-edge approaches to enhance nasal vaccine delivery, particularly those targeting C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) like the mannose receptor and macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) receptor. It elucidates the roles of these receptors in antigen recognition and uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), providing insights into optimizing vaccine delivery. Results: While a comprehensive examination of targeted glycoconjugate vaccine development is outside the scope of this study, we provide key examples of glycan-based ligands, such as lactobionic acid and mannose, which can selectively target CLRs in the nasal mucosa. Conclusions: With the rise of new viral infections, this review aims to facilitate the design of innovative vaccines and equip researchers, clinicians, and vaccine developers with the knowledge to enhance immune defenses against respiratory pathogens, ultimately protecting public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dual-expressing lymphocytes (DEs) are unique immune cells that express both B cell receptors (BCRs, surface antibody) and T cell receptors (TCRs). In type 1 diabetes, DE antibodies are predominated by one antibody (x-mAb), an IgM monoclonal antibody with a germline-encoded CDR3 that recognizes self-reactive TCRs. We explored if x-mAb and its interacting TCRs have distinct structural features. Methods: Using bioinformatics, we compared x-mAb and its most common interacting TCRαβ to billions of antigen receptor sequences to determine if they were unique or randomly generated. Results: X-mAb represents a unique class of human antibodies with a conserved CDR3 sequence (CARx1-4DTAMVYYFYDW), consisting of a fixed DJH motif (DTAMVYYFDYW) paired with various VH genes. A public TCRβ clonotype (CASSPGTEAFF) associated with x-mAb on DEs features two invariant segments, VβD (CASSPGT) and DJβ (PGTEAFF), key to two large families of public TCRβ clonotypes—CASSPGT-Jβx and CASSPGT-Jβx—formed by recombining the VβD motif with Jβ genes and the DJβ motif with Vβ genes. B cells also use CASSPGT as a VHD motif for public IGH clonotypes (CASSPGT—Jβx). Discussion: DEs, unlike conventional T and B cells, use invariant motifs to create public antibodies and TCRs, a trait previously seen only in cartilaginous fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadly reactive antibodies that target sequence-diverse antigens are of interest for vaccine design and monoclonal antibody therapeutic development because they can protect against multiple strains of a virus and provide a barrier to evolution of escape mutants. Using LIBRA-seq (linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing) data for the B cell repertoire of an individual chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we identified a lineage of IgG3 antibodies predicted to bind to HIV-1 Envelope (Env) and influenza A Hemagglutinin (HA). Two lineage members, antibodies 2526 and 546, were confirmed to bind to a large panel of diverse antigens, including several strains of HIV-1 Env, influenza HA, coronavirus (CoV) spike, hepatitis C virus (HCV) E protein, Nipah virus (NiV) F protein, and Langya virus (LayV) F protein. We found that both antibodies bind to complex glycans on the antigenic surfaces. Antibody 2526 targets the stem region of influenza HA and the N-terminal domain (NTD) region of SARS-CoV-2 spike. A crystal structure of 2526 Fab bound to mannose revealed the presence of a glycan-binding pocket on the light chain. Antibody 2526 cross-reacted with antigens from multiple pathogens and displayed no signs of autoreactivity. These features distinguish antibody 2526 from previously described glycan-reactive antibodies. Further study of this antibody class may aid in the selection and engineering of broadly reactive antibody therapeutics and can inform the development of effective vaccines with exceptional breadth of pathogen coverage. Author summary: Antibodies typically recognize antigen with high specificity, thus targeting a single pathogen. We used LIBRA-seq to identify a class of glycan-targeting human IgG3 antibodies with antigen specificities that span multiple viral families including influenza HA, HIV-1 Env, and SARS-CoV-2 spike, while simultaneously displaying no measurable autoreactivity to human proteins. One of these antibodies, mAb 2526, contains a glycan-binding pocket on the light chain, recognizes complex glycans on the antigenic surface and cross-reacts with antigens from multiple pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-domain antibodies, including variable domains of the heavy chains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHHs) from camelids and variable domains of immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (VNARs) from cartilaginous fish, show the therapeutic potential of targeting antigens in a cytosol reducing environment. A large proportion of single-domain antibodies contain non-canonical cysteines and corresponding non-canonical disulfide bonds situated on the protein surface, rendering them vulnerable to environmental factors. Research on non-canonical disulfide bonds has been limited, with a focus solely on VHHs and utilizing only cysteine mutations rather than the reducing agent treatment. In this study, we examined an anti-lysozyme VNAR and an anti-BC2-tag VHH, including their non-canonical disulfide bond reduced counterparts and non-canonical cysteine mutants. Both the affinity and stability of the VNARs and VHHs decreased in the non-canonical cysteine mutants, whereas the reduced-state samples exhibited decreased thermal stability, with their affinity remaining almost unchanged regardless of the presence of reducing agents. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the decrease in affinity of the mutants resulted from increased flexibility of the CDRs, the disappearance of non-canonical cysteine–antigen interactions, and the perturbation of other antigen-interacting residues caused by mutations. These findings highlight the significance of non-canonical cysteines for the affinity of single-domain antibodies and demonstrate that the mutation of non-canonical cysteines is not equivalent to the disruption of non-canonical disulfide bonds with a reducing agent when assessing the function of non-canonical disulfide bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programming cell signaling during T-cell activation represents a simple strategy for improving the potency of therapeutic T-cell products. Stim-R technology (Lyell Immunopharma) is a customizable, degradable synthetic cell biomimetic that emulates physiologic, cell-like presentation of signal molecules to control T-cell activation. A breadth of Stim-R formulations with different anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (αCD3/αCD28) antibody densities and stoichiometries were screened for their effects on multiple metrics of T-cell function. We identified an optimized formulation that produced receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with enhanced persistence and polyfunctionality in vitro, as assessed in repeat-stimulation assays, compared with a benchmark product generated using a conventional T-cell–activating reagent. In transcriptomic analyses, CAR T cells activated with Stim-R technology showed downregulation of exhaustion-associated gene sets and retained a unique subset of stem-like cells with effector-associated gene signatures following repeated exposure to tumor cells. Compared with the benchmark product, CAR T cells activated using the optimized Stim-R technology formulation exhibited higher peak expansion, prolonged persistence, and improved tumor control in a solid tumor xenograft model. Enhancing T-cell products with Stim-R technology during T-cell activation may help improve therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cats have the highest incidence of lymphoma among all animal species. Lymphoma accounts for 41% of all malignant tumors in cats and is responsible for 90% of hematopoietic tumors in felines. Biopsies are considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based clonality assessment of antigen receptor gene rearrangements can be a valuable complementary tool for identifying infiltrating B-and T-lymphocyte clones. Many studies have focused on intestinal cases but few have addressed mediastinal lymphoma. This study aims to: (1) investigate the clonality patterns of lymphoma samples from various anatomical sites, with a particular focus on mediastinal lymphoma, and (2) evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the clonality analysis of pleural effusion samples in comparison with cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry for diagnosing mediastinal lymphoma. There were 82 cases, divided into 49 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens (FFPE), 22 cell pellets, and 11 fresh tissue. This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) compared to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry. For T-cell receptor gamma chain genes, PARR demonstrated a sensitivity of 58.33% for both fresh tissue and FFPE samples, with a specificity of 100%. Cell pellet analysis exhibited a sensitivity of 64.71% and maintained 100% specificity. A combined analysis of fresh tissue and FFPE with cell pellets showed a sensitivity of 62.07%. For IGH, the sensitivity for fresh tissue and FFPE samples was 56.25%, while cell pellet analysis showed a sensitivity of 62.50%. When considering fresh tissue and FFPE samples, the sensitivity was 57.14%. In conclusion, molecular techniques have emerged as valuable tools for detecting lymphoma, especially in cases where traditional diagnostic methods yield inconclusive results, such as mediastinal lymphoma. While biopsy may not always be feasible, cytology and cell pellets obtained from pleural effusion offer alternative immunocytochemistry and molecular analysis samples, provided they are of sufficient quality and quantity. All sample types considered in this study were suitable for PARR to aid in cases with inconclusive results. Therefore, the sample selection should be tailored to the clinical situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low antigen sensitivity and a gradual loss of effector functions limit the clinical applicability of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells and call for alternative antigen receptor designs for effective T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Here, we applied advanced microscopy to demonstrate that TCR/CD3-based synthetic constructs (TCC) outperform second-generation CAR formats with regard to conveyed antigen sensitivities by up to a thousandfold. TCC-based antigen recognition occurred without adverse nonspecific signaling, which is typically observed in CAR-T cells, and did not depend--unlike sensitized peptide/MHC detection by conventional T cells--on CD4 or CD8 coreceptor engagement. TCC-endowed signaling properties may prove critical when targeting antigens in low abundance and aiming for a durable anticancer response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second critical cause of cancer‐related deaths, with African Americans dying at higher rates in the U.S. The main reasons for the higher mortality rate are ethnic differences and lack of understanding of prostate cancer biology and affordable treatments, as well as the financial burden of African American men to obtain the most effective and safe treatments. The effect of micronutrients, including Vitamin K, on various cancer cell lines has been widely studied, but the potential anticancer effect of VK3‐OCH3, an analog of vitamin K3 (Menadione), on African American prostate cancer has not been evaluated. In this study, we compared the anticancer effect of VK3‐OCH3 on targeting African American derived PCa cell lines namely RC77‐T and MDA‐PCa‐2b. Our results show that VK3‐OCH3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of both RC77‐T and MDA‐PCa‐2b African American PCa cells and promotes apoptosis, and the underlying mechanism of cell death appears to be similar in both the cell lines. Notably, VK3‐OCH3 inhibits colony‐forming ability and induces apoptosis by blocking the cell cycle at G0 in African American PCa cells. VK3‐OCH3 also acts as an anti‐metastatic agent by inhibiting the migration ability of the metastatic properties of African American PCa cells. The cell death of African American PCa cells mediated by VK3‐OCH3 is associated with the production of free radicals, such as intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, antioxidants such as N‐Acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutathione (GSH) effectively negated the oxidative stress induced by VK3‐OCH3 on PCa cell lines derived from African American patients. Of note, VK3‐OCH3 reduces androgen receptor and prostate‐specific antigen expression in these PCa cells. Furthermore, molecular dynamic studies reiterated that VK3‐OCH3 strongly binds to the androgen receptor, suggesting that the androgen receptor is the potential molecular target of VK3‐OCH3. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that VK3‐OCH3 reduces the expression of androgen receptor, TRX2, and anti‐apoptotic signaling molecules such as Bcl‐2 and TCTP in the MDA‐PCa‐2b metastatic PCa cellular model. In conclusion, our results suggested that VK3‐OCH3 is a promising anticancer agent that could potentially reduce the mortality rates of African American PCa patients, warranting further preclinical and translational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potent radiolabelled compounds eligible for therapy of prostate cancer need to be developed. Hence, we developed two candidate therapeutic agents bearing the iodine-131 (131I) radionuclide, namely, [131I]-xanthine (3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) and [131I]-hypoxanthine (1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one). The radiolabelled compounds were subjected to a cellular uptake study, which was accomplished by incubating [131I]-xanthine and [131I]-hypoxanthine with the human prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) for 5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min. Results showed that the accumulation of both [131I]-xanthine and [131I]-hypoxanthine in prostate cancer cells was significantly higher than the control group (131I). [131I]-xanthine rapidly accumulated in prostate cancer cells, with the highest percentage of cellular uptake of 2.73% ± 0.40% observed at 30 min of incubation. By contrast, [131I]-hypoxanthine exhibited more efficient accumulation in prostate cancer cells, especially at 60 and 90 min of incubation, with cellular uptake values of 11.5% ± 3.14% and 11.9% ± 1.83%, respectively. Furthermore, the computational analysis showed that radioiodinated xanthine and hypoxanthine provide potential binding affinities and interaction on both androgen and prostate-specific membrane antigen receptors. Overall, this study indicates that [131I]-xanthine and [131I]-hypoxanthine can be potentially developed as therapeutic agents for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Recent reports have raised concerns about the association of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) with non‐negligible cardiotoxicity, particularly atrial arrhythmias. First, we conducted a pharmacovigilance study to assess the reporting of atrial arrhythmias following CD19‐directed CAR‐T. Subsequently, to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of atrial arrhythmias post‐CAR‐T, we compiled a retrospective single‐centre cohort of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Only commercial CAR‐T products were considered. Atrial arrhythmias were nearly fourfold more likely to be reported after CAR‐T therapy compared to all other cancer patients in the FAERS (adjusted ROR = 3.76 [95% CI 2.67–5.29]). Of the 236 patients in our institutional cohort, 23 (10%) developed atrial arrhythmias post‐CAR‐T, including 12 de novo arrhythmias, with most (83%) requiring medical intervention. Atrial arrhythmias frequently co‐occurred with cytokine release syndrome and were associated with higher post‐CAR‐T infusion peak levels of IL‐10, TNF‐alpha and LDH, and lower trough levels of fibrinogen. In a multivariable analysis, risk factors for atrial arrhythmia were history of atrial arrhythmia (OR = 6.80 [2.39–19.6]) and using CAR‐T product with a CD28‐costimulatory domain (OR = 5.17 [1.72–18.6]). Atrial arrhythmias following CD19‐CAR‐T therapy are prevalent and associated with elevated inflammatory biomarkers, a history of atrial arrhythmia and the use of a CAR‐T product with a CD28 costimulatory domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germinal center (GC) B cells with functional B cell receptors (BCRs) transition from the dark zone (DZ) to the light zone (LZ) through BCR tonic-like signals (checkpoint 1). Antigen-induced BCR crosslinking provides a survival signal and primes LZ GC B cells to receive synergistic CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cell help signals (checkpoint 2). A strong and sustained BCR signal induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis, but this can be counteracted by the Tfh help signal (checkpoint 3). The balance between BCR and Tfh cell help signals ensures the clonal expansion that occurs in the DZ. Positive selection of germinal center B cells depends on the affinity of their antigen receptors. Emerging evidence shows that optimal B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, as well as a balance between BCR and T cell help signals, is necessary for antibody affinity maturation in the generation of antibody diversity. When mature B cells are activated by antigens, the selection of these activated B cells takes place particularly during T cell-dependent immune responses in which an improved antibody repertoire is generated through somatic hypermutation in germinal centers (GCs). In this process the importance of antigen presentation by GC B cells, and subsequent T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help in positive selection of GC B cells, has been well appreciated. By contrast, the role of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling per se remains unclear. Strong experimental support for the involvement of BCR signaling in GC B cell selection has now been provided. Interestingly, these studies suggest that several checkpoints operating through the BCR ensure affinity maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing and ongoing issue of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is of huge concern globally, mainly to healthcare facilities. It is now crucial to develop a vaccine for therapeutic and preventive purposes against the bacterial species causing hospital-based infections. Among the many antibiotic- resistant bacterial pathogens, the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) including six species, E. Colcae, E. absuriae, E. kobie, E. hormaechei, E. ludwigii, and E. nimipressuralis, are dangerous to public health and may worsen the situation. Vaccination plays a vital role in the prevention of infections and infectious diseases. This research highlighted the construction and design of a multi-epitope vaccine for the E. cloacae complex by retrieving their complete sequenced proteome. The retrieved proteome was assessed to opt for potential vaccine candidates using immunoinformatic tools. Both B and T-cell epitopes were predicted in order to create both humoral and cellular immunity and further scrutinized for antigenicity, allergenicity, water solubility, and toxicity analysis. The final potential epitopes were subjected to population coverage analysis. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class combined, and MHC Class I and II world population coverage was obtained as 99.74%, and 98.55% respectively while a combined 81.81% was covered. A multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine construct consisting of the adjuvant, epitopes, and linkers was subjected to the ProtParam tool to calculate its physiochemical properties. The total amino acids were 236, the molecular weight was 27.64kd, and the vaccine construct was stable with an instability index of 27.01. The Grand Average of Hydropathy (GRAVY) (hydrophilicity) value obtained was -0.659, being more negative and depicting the hydrophilic character. It was non-allergen antigenic with an antigenicity of 0.8913. The vaccine construct was further validated for binding efficacy with immune cell receptors MHC-I, MHC-II, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. The molecular docking results depict that the designed vaccine has good binding potency with immune receptors crucial for antigen presentation and processing. Among the Vaccine-MHC-I, Vaccine-MHC-II, and Vaccine-TLR- 4 complexes, the best-docked poses were identified based on their lowest binding energy scores of -886.8, -995.6, and -883.6, respectively. Overall, we observed that the designed vaccine construct can evoke a proper immune response and the construct could help experimental researchers in the formulation of a vaccine against the targeted pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial-intelligence and machine-learning (AI/ML) approaches to predicting Tcell receptor (TCR)-epitope specificity achieve high performance metrics on test datasets which include sequences that are also part of the training set but fail to generalize to test sets consisting of epitopes and TCRs that are absent from the training set, i.e., are 'unseen' during training of the MLmodel.We present TCR-H, a supervised classification Support Vector Machines model using physicochemical features trained on the largest dataset available to date using only experimentally validated non-binders as negative datapoints. TCR-H exhibits an area under the curve of the receiver-operator characteristic (AUC of ROC) of 0.87 for epitope 'hard splitting' (i.e., on test sets with all epitopes unseen duringML training), 0.92 for TCR hard splitting and 0.89 for 'strict splitting' in which neither the epitopes nor the TCRs in the test set are seen in the training data. Furthermore,we employ the SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) eXplainable AI (XAI) method for post hoc interrogation to interpret the models trained with different hard splits, shedding light on the key physiochemical features driving model predictions. TCR-H thus represents a significant step towards general applicability and explainability of epitope:TCR specificity prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOutcomes in adult and pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved over successive generations due to rigorously conducted clinical trials and incorporation of novel therapeutic agents. Despite these advances, approximately 20% of high-risk pediatric patients and 50% of adults with ALL will fail to achieve long-term remission with frontline chemotherapy protocols, mostly due to relapse. The ability to predict which patients with ALL are more likely to relapse allows for early intensification of therapy and/or incorporation of novel immunotherapies with the goal of relapse prevention. In this review, we outline the most robust clinical predictors of relapse in ALL with a focus on measurable residual disease (MRD) and genomics. We also discuss application of these prognostic tools in different clinical settings including frontline treatment, pre-/post-allogeneic stem cell transplant, and pre-/post-Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic TNFAIP3 (A20) inactivation is a classical somatic lymphoma lesion and the genomic trait in haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20). In a cohort of 34 patients with HA20, we show that heterozygous TNFAIP3 loss skews immune repertoires toward lymphocytes with classical self-reactive antigen receptors typically found in B and T cell lymphomas. This skewing was mediated by a feed-forward tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/A20/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) loop that shaped pre-lymphoma transcriptome signatures in clonally expanded B (CD81, BACH2, and NEAT1) or T (GATA3, TOX, and PDCD1) cells. The skewing was reversed by anti-TNF treatment but could also progress to overt lymphoma. Analysis of conditional TNFAIP3 knock-out mice reproduced the wiring of the TNF/A20/NF-κB signaling axis with permissive antigen receptors and suggested a distinct regulation in B and T cells. Together, patients with the genetic disorder HA20 provide an exceptional window into A20/TNF/NF-κB-mediated control of immune homeostasis and early steps of lymphomagenesis that remain clinically unrecognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receptor–ligand interactions at cell interfaces initiate signaling cascades essential for cellular communication and effector functions. Specifically, T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with pathogen-derived peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells are crucial for T cell activation. The binding duration, or dwell time, of TCR–pMHC interactions correlates with downstream signaling efficacy, with strong agonists exhibiting longer lifetimes compared to weak agonists. Traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods quantify 3D affinity but lack cellular context and fail to account for factors like membrane fluctuations. In the recent years, single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has been applied to measure 2D binding kinetics of TCR–pMHC interactions in a cellular context. Here, we introduce a rigorous mathematical model based on survival analysis to determine exponentially distributed receptor–ligand interaction lifetimes, verified through simulated data. Additionally, we developed a comprehensive analysis pipeline to extract interaction lifetimes from raw microscopy images, demonstrating the model's accuracy and robustness across multiple TCR–pMHC pairs. Our new software suite automates data processing to enhance throughput and reduce bias. This methodology provides a refined tool for investigating T cell activation mechanisms, offering insights into immune response modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy uses genetically engineered T-cells with specific binding sites. This therapy allows for tumor specificity and durable treatment responses for patients with hematological malignancies. In this review, we study the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with CAR-T therapy. We searched the National Institutes of Health library, Cochrane Library Databases, ClinicalTrials.gov database, and medical literature search engines PubMed and Google Scholar for Phase 2 and Phase 3 drug-efficacy and safety trials to determine the aggregate incidence and risk of VTE treated with CAR-T. Of 1127 search results, nine studies were identified and included in our meta-analysis. Of the 1017 patients who received therapy, 805 patients (79.15%) experienced some degree of CRS, and 122 patients (11.9%) experienced severe CRS (higher than grade 3). Only three out of one thousand and seventeen patients were reported to have experienced venous thromboembolism. Our study did not find a statistically significant association between increased VTE incidence (OR = 0.0005, 95% CI [0.0001, 0.0017]) and CRS/ICANS (p < 0.0001). There was a 0.0050 (95% confidence interval [0.0019, 0.0132]) relative risk for VTE. In our study, we did not find a statistically significantly increased risk of developing VTE despite CRS and underlying malignancy, which have been associated with increased risk of VTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We present flow cytometry and clonality evaluation as a reliable and useful method for characterizing feline lymphomas. Neoplastic cell size is a crucial factor for prognosis. We have developed a novel system for cell sizing by flow cytometry that was 82–90% concordant with the gold standard of cytology. Moreover, from our retrospective analysis of survival for small versus large cells, we saw consistency between both methodologies. These results highlight the utility of our approach in providing prognostic insights. Feline lymphoma, a prevalent cancer in cats, exhibits varied prognoses influenced by anatomical site and cellular characteristics. In this study, we investigated the utility of flow cytometry and clonality analysis via PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) with respect to characterizing the disease and predicting prognosis. For this purpose, we received fine needle aspirates and/or blood from 438 feline patients, which were subjected to flow cytometry analysis and PARR. We used a subset of the results from patients with confirmed B- or T-cell lymphomas for comparison to cytological or histological evaluation (n = 53). Using them as a training set, we identified the optimal set of flow cytometry parameters, namely forward scatter thresholds, for cell size categorization by correlating with cytology-defined sizes. Concordance with cytological sizing among this training set was 82%. Furthermore, 90% concordance was observed when the proposed cell sizing was tested on an independent test set (n = 24), underscoring the reliability of the proposed approach. Additionally, lymphoma subtypes defined by flow cytometry and PARR demonstrated significant survival differences, validating the prognostic utility of these methods. The proposed methodology achieves high concordance with cytological evaluations and provides an additional tool for the characterization and management of feline lymphoproliferative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, a significant percentage of patients with DLBCL are refractory or relapse after a first line of immunochemotherapy. Second relapses after autologous stem cell transplantation or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies present few treatment options and do not yield good results. New molecules have entered the immunotherapy arsenal. Loncastuximab tesirine comprises a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal conjugated antibody, which consists of an anti-CD19 antibody and cytotoxic alkylating agent, SG3199. Several studies have proven its efficacy in the treatment of refractory cases of DLBCL with a good safety profile, with the main adverse effects being neutropenia, thrombopenia, and liver enzyme involvement. In this review, we explain the mechanism of action of this molecule, the clinical data that have led to its acceptance by the FDA, and the new therapeutic options that are proposed in association with this drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines are a promising therapeutic approach, leveraging the immune system to fight tumors. These vaccines utilize DCs' ability to present tumor-associated antigens to T cells, triggering a robust immune response. DC vaccine development has progressed through three generations. The first generation involved priming DCs with tumor-associated antigens or messenger RNA outside the body, showing limited clinical success. The second generation improved efficacy by using cytokine mixtures and specialized DC subsets to enhance immunogenicity. The third generation used blood-derived DCs to elicit a stronger immune response. Clinical trials indicate that cancer vaccines have lower toxicity than traditional cytotoxic treatments. However, achieving significant clinical responses with DC immunotherapy remains challenging. Combining DC vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen 4 and antiprogrammed death-1 antibodies, has shown promise by enhancing T-cell responses and improving clinical outcomes. These combinations can transform non-inflamed tumors into inflamed ones, boosting ICIs' efficacy. Current research is exploring new checkpoint targets like LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT, considering their potential with DC vaccines. Additionally, engineering T cells with chimeric antigen receptors or T-cell receptors could further augment the antitumor response. This comprehensive strategy aims to enhance cancer immunotherapy, focusing on increased efficacy and improved patient survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of diseases in humans that typically present as increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, hyperinflammation, allergy, and in some cases malignancy. Among newly identified genes linked to IEIs include 3 independent reports of 9 individuals from 7 independent kindreds with severe primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) and autoimmunity due to loss-offunction mutations in the NCKAP1L gene encoding Hematopoietic protein 1 (HEM1). HEM1 is a hematopoietic cell specific component of the WASp family verprolin homologous (WAVE) regulatory complex (WRC), which acts downstream of multiple immune receptors to stimulate actin nucleation and polymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin). The polymerization and branching of F-actin is critical for creating force-generating cytoskeletal structures which drive most active cellular processes including migration, adhesion, immune synapse formation, and phagocytosis. Branched actin networks at the cell cortex have also been implicated in acting as a barrier to regulate inappropriate vesicle (e.g. cytokine) secretion and spontaneous antigen receptor crosslinking. Given the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in most or all hematopoietic cells, it is not surprising that HEM1 deficient children present with a complex clinical picture that involves overlapping features of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. In this review, we will provide an overview of what is known about the molecular and cellular functions of HEM1 and the WRC in immune and other cells. We will describe the common clinicopathological features and immunophenotypes of HEM1 deficiency in humans and provide detailed comparative descriptions of what has been learned about Hem1 disruption using constitutive and immune cell-specific mouse knockout models. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and important areas for investigation regarding HEM1 and the WRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been confirmed to benefit patients with relapsed and/or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It is important to provide precise and timely predictions of the efficacy and toxicity of CAR T-cell therapy. In this study, we evaluated the value of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) combining with clinical indices and laboratory indicators in predicting outcomes and toxicity of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for DLBCL patients. Methods: Thirty-eight DLBCL patients who received CAR T-cell therapy and underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT within 3 months before (pre-infusion) and 1 month after CAR T-cell infusion (M1) were retrospectively reviewed and regularly followed up. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), clinical indices, and laboratory indicators were recorded at pre-infusion and M1 time points, and changes in these indices were calculated. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were as endpoints. Based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis, two predictive models for PFS and OS were developed and evaluated the efficiency. Pre-infusion indices were subjected to predict the grade of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) resulting from toxic reactions. Results: For survival analysis at a median follow-up time of 18.2 months, patients with values of international prognostic index (IPI), SUVmax at M1, and TLG at M1 above their optimal thresholds had a shorter PFS (median PFS: 8.1 months [IPI ≥ 2] vs. 26.2 months [IPI < 2], P = 0.025; 3.1 months [SUVmax ≥ 5.69] vs. 26.8 months [SUVmax < 5.69], P < 0.001; and 3.1 months [TLG ≥ 23.79] vs. 26.8 months [TLG < 23.79], P < 0.001). In addition, patients with values of SUVmax at M1 and ∆SUVmax% above their optimal thresholds had a shorter OS (median OS: 12.6 months [SUVmax ≥ 15.93] vs. 'not reached' [SUVmax < 15.93], P < 0.001; 32.5 months [∆SUVmax% ≥ −46.76] vs. 'not reached' [∆SUVmax% < −46.76], P = 0.012). Two novel predictive models for PFS and OS were visualized using nomogram. The calibration analysis and the decision curves demonstrated good performance of the models. Spearman's rank correlation (rs) analysis revealed that the CRS grade correlated strongly with the pre-infusion SUVmax (rs = 0.806, P < 0.001) and moderately with the pre-infusion TLG (rs = 0.534, P < 0.001). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the pre-infusion value of SUVmax correlated with the risk of developing a higher grade of CRS (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In this group of DLBCL patients who underwent CAR T-cell therapy, SUVmax at M1, TLG at M1, and IPI were independent risk factors for PFS, and SUVmax at M1 and ∆SUVmax% for OS. Based on these indicators, two novel predictive models were established and verified the efficiency for evaluating PFS and OS. Moreover, pre-infusion SUVmax correlated with the severity of any subsequent CRS. We conclude that metabolic parameters measured using [18F]FDG PET/CT can identify DLBCL patients who will benefit most from CAR T-cell therapy, and the value before CAR T-cell infusion may predict its toxicity in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and tumor-associated antigen abnormally expressed in various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer. HER2 overexpression is highly correlated with increased tumor aggressiveness, poorer prognosis, and shorter overall survival. Consequently, multiple HER2-targeted therapies have been developed and approved; however, only a subset of patients benefit from these treatments, and relapses are common. More potent and durable HER2-targeted therapies are desperately needed for patients with HER2-positive cancers. In this study, we developed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based therapy formulated with mRNA encoding a novel HER2-CD3-Fc bispecific antibody (bsAb) for HER2-positive cancers. The LNPs efficiently transfected various types of cells, such as HEK293S, SKOV-3, and A1847, leading to robust and sustained secretion of the HER2-CD3-Fc bsAb with high binding affinity to both HER2 and CD3. The bsAb induced potent T-cell-directed cytotoxicity, along with secretion of IFN-λ, TNF-α, and granzyme B, against various types of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro, including A549, NCI-H460, SKOV-3, A1847, SKBR3, and MDA-MB-231. The bsAb-mediated antitumor effect is highly specific and strictly dependent on its binding to HER2, as evidenced by the gained resistance of A549 and A1847 her2 knockout cells and the acquired sensitivity of mouse 4T1 cells overexpressing the human HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) or epitope-containing subdomain IV to the bsAb-induced T cell cytotoxicity. The bsAb also relies on its binding to CD3 for T-cell recruitment, as ablation of CD3 binding abolished the bsAb's ability to elicit antitumor activity. Importantly, intratumoral injection of the HER2-CD3-Fc mRNA-LNPs triggers a strong antitumor response and completely blocks HER2-positive tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of human ovarian cancer. These results indicate that the novel HER2-CD3-Fc mRNA-LNP-based therapy has the potential to effectively treat HER2-positive cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy represents a breakthrough in treating specific cancer types. However, a critical limitation in its application is the current shortage of donor cells. Attempts to recreate the thymic microenvironment, facilitating the differentiation of therapeutic T-cells from stem cells, hold significant promise for clinical advancements. Nonetheless, replicating crucial elements of T-cell development—dependent on the thymus's three-dimensional (3D) architecture and its complex matrix composition, including stiffness and intricate cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions—remains unattainable with existing thymic models. To address this, we engineered biomaterials integrated with key thymic components such as Delta-like 4, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and proteins derived from collagen. These components are instrumental in directing T-cell development while inhibiting alternative lineage differentiation. Our work led to the identification of a hydrogel formulation that results in the production of both CD4+CD8b+ progenitor (Pro) T-cells and mature, functional CD3+CD8b+ T-cells. The resultant T-cells are not only functional, with the capability for cytokine production, but also mark the establishment of the first hydrogel-based platform for producing T-cells from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoietic stem and Pro cells. This system uniquely supports essential cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions within a 3D context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine lymphoma is a disease with high morbidity and poor long‐term prognosis, despite a high response rate to chemotherapy. In this study, we focused on liquid biopsy, in which small amounts of substances from body fluids were analysed, to determine whether cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in the plasma can be used as a biomarker for lymphoma in dogs. We found that 23 patients with lymphoma had significantly higher cfDNA concentrations than the 12 healthy dogs (median 2360 ng/mL versus 299 ng/mL, p <.0001). Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) was also employed using cfDNA from the lymphoma group to investigate whether cfDNA could be used for the detection of genetic clonality of lymphomas, as well as the genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from an original lesion in each case. The correlation of the PARR results between cfDNA and gDNA was observed in 100% of B‐cell lymphomas (10/10), 77.8% of T‐cell lymphomas (7/9), and 100% of other types of lymphomas (4/4), respectively. These results indicate that plasma cfDNA levels are increasing in canine lymphoma patients, that cfDNA concentration can be a novel diagnostic tool, and that it can be used as a diagnostic tool for PARR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypogammaglobulinemia without B-cells is a subgroup of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) which is characterized by a significant decline in all serum immunoglobulin isotypes, coupled with a pronounced reduction or absence of B-cells. Approximately 80 to 90% of individuals exhibit genetic variations in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK), whereas a minority of cases, around 5–10%, are autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia (ARA). Very few cases are grouped into distinct subcategories. We evaluated phenotypically and genetically 27 patients from 13 distinct families with hypogammaglobinemia and no B-cells. Genetic analysis was performed via whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. The most prevalent genetic cause was mutations in BTK. Three novel mutations in the BTK gene include c.115 T > C (p. Tyr39His), c.685-686insTTAC (p.Asn229llefs5), and c.163delT (p.Ser55GlnfsTer2). Our three ARA patients include a novel homozygous stop-gain mutation in the immunoglobulin heavy constant Mu chain (IGHM) gene, a novel frameshift mutation of the B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein (CD79A) gene, a novel bi-allelic stop-gain mutation in the transcription factor 3 (TCF3) gene. Three patients with agammaglobulinemia have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which includes a missense variant in PIK3CD, a novel missense variant in PIK3R1 and a homozygous silent mutation in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit (RASGRP1) gene. This study broadens the genetic spectrum of hypogammaglobulinemia without B-cells and presented a few novel variants within the Iranian community, which may also have implications in other Middle Eastern populations. Notably, disease control was better in the second affected family member in families with multiple cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmodium vivax (Pv) accounts for over 50% of malaria cases in Latin America and Asia. Despite a significant reduction in Pv transmission in Thailand, the parasite remains endemic to the border areas. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of the parasites and the host factors, as well as their relation to parasite density in Pvisolates, along the Thai–Myanmar border. Genetic variations in Pv markers, specifically the ookinete surface protein Pvs25, and host genes, including Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), TLR9, TIR Domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP), Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A total of 548 PCR-positive Pv samples collected from Tak and Kanchanaburi provinces during two periods (2006–2007 and 2014–2016) were included in the study. Pvs25 exhibited four haplotypes, with H1 (EGTKV) being the most prevalent in both provinces. Kanchanaburi isolates exhibited greater genetic diversity than Tak isolates. No significant deviations from neutrality were observed for Pvs25 in either area. ICAM-1 and TOLLIP s3750920 heterozygous carriers had greater median parasite densities than homozygous mutants. The TLR9 rs187084 T genotype had a significantly higher parasite density than the non-T genotype. The findings underscore the significant association between the rs3750920 C/T, rs5498 A/G, and rs187084 T genotypes and high parasite density in patients infected with Pv, highlighting their potentially critical role in malaria susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-year-old neutered male Maltese dog was presented for an investigation of lymphocytosis. The dog was up-to-date on vaccinations and deworming. Physical examination did not reveal any significant abnormalities. A complete blood cell count (CBC) showed mild leukocytosis with moderate lymphocytosis, basophilia, and moderate neutropenia, but no significant left shift or toxic change. Serum biochemistry and urinalysis were unremarkable. All performed tests for infectious agents common in this geographical region were negative. No significant abnormalities were found on abdominal ultrasound examination. Multiparametric flow cytometry of peripheral blood showed a CD8+ T-cell lymphocytosis, and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement revealed a clonal expansion of the T-cell receptor gamma chain genes. A clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was made, and follow-up was recommended. On Day 48 post-presentation, the CBC showed mild non-regenerative anemia (NRA), moderate leucocytosis due to moderate to marked lymphocytosis, basophilia, and a marked increase in hyposegmented neutrophils with mild toxic change in the absence of neutrophilia or neutropenia. Treatment with chlorambucil and prednisolone was initiated. On Days 87 and 197 post-presentation, the CBC showed mild NRA, with progressively decreasing numbers of hyposegmented neutrophils. The dog remained without clinical signs. Basophilia and probable pseudo-Pelger–Huët anomaly were possibly secondary to CLL. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of these two hematologic conditions secondary to CLL in dogs. Recognition of a pseudo-Pelger–Huët anomaly is clinically relevant to avoid misinterpretation as a marked left shift due to severe inflammation and prevent unnecessary urgent therapeutic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with melanoma, but primary and acquired resistance have led to a bottleneck in treatment. The binding of T-cell receptors to tumor antigens is the key point for immunotherapy. Neoantigens are newly formed antigens generated by tumor cells as a result of various tumor-specific alterations. Neoantigens, identifiable as foreign entities, have the capacity to initiate an immune response unfettered by central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. This distinctive characteristic renders them highly promising targets in the realm of cancer therapy. Vaccines targeting tumor neoantigens, adoptive cell transfer, and antibody-based therapies can effectively enhance and expand tumor-specific immune responses, promoting T-cell recognition and elimination of tumors, thereby breaking through current treatment bottlenecks. This article discusses the current status, recent advancements, clinical challenges, and future directions in the personalized treatment of melanoma based on neoantigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial respiration is essential for the survival and function of T cells used in adoptive cellular therapies. However, strategies that specifically enhance mitochondrial respiration to promote T cell function remain limited. Here, we investigate methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ), an endogenous negative regulator of mitochondrial complex I expressed in CD8 cells, as a target for improving the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapies. We demonstrate that MCJ inhibits mitochondrial respiration in murine CD8+ CAR-T cells and that deletion of MCJ increases their in vitro and in vivo efficacy against murine B cell leukaemia. Similarly, MCJ deletion in ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ T cells also increases their efficacy against established OVA-expressing melanoma tumors in vivo. Furthermore, we show for the first time that MCJ is expressed in human CD8 cells and that the level of MCJ expression correlates with the functional activity of CD8+ CAR-T cells. Silencing MCJ expression in human CD8 CAR-T cells increases their mitochondrial metabolism and enhances their anti-tumor activity. Thus, targeting MCJ may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to increase mitochondrial metabolism and improve the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapies. Treatment failure following chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is common yet incompletely understood. In this study, the authors demonstrate that deletion of the mitochondrial negative regulator, MCJ, in CAR T cells promotes target cell killing ex vivo and augments their efficacy in an in vivo B cell leukaemia model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable prediction of T cell specificity against antigenic signatures is a formidable task, complicated by the immense diversity of T cell receptor and antigen sequence space and the resulting limited availability of training sets for inferential models. Recent modeling efforts have demonstrated the advantage of incorporating structural information to overcome the need for extensive training sequence data, yet disentangling the heterogeneous TCRantigen interface to accurately predict MHC-allele-restricted TCR-peptide interactions has remained challenging. Here, we present RACER-m, a coarse-grained structural model leveraging key biophysical information from the diversity of publicly available TCR-antigen crystal structures. Explicit inclusion of structural content substantially reduces the required number of training examples and maintains reliable predictions of TCR-recognition specificity and sensitivity across diverse biological contexts. Our model capably identifies biophysically meaningful point-mutant peptides that affect binding affinity, distinguishing its ability in predicting TCR specificity of pointmutants from alternative sequence-based methods. Its application is broadly applicable to studies involving both closely related and structurally diverse TCR-peptide pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An immune checkpoint is a signaling pathway that regulates the recognition of antigens by T-cell receptors (TCRs) during an immune response. These checkpoints play a pivotal role in suppressing excessive immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis against viral or microbial infections. There are several FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and avelumab. These ICIs target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, ongoing efforts are focused on developing new ICIs with emerging potential. In comparison to conventional treatments, ICIs offer the advantages of reduced side effects and durable responses. There is growing interest in the potential of combining different ICIs with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the classification, mechanism of action, application, and combination strategies of ICIs in various cancers and discusses their current limitations. Our objective is to contribute to the future development of more effective anticancer drugs targeting immune checkpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors have become one of the most vital drugs in the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Inactivation of BTK disrupts the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, which leads to the inhibition of the proliferation and survival of CLL cells. BTK inhibitors (BTKi) are established as leading drugs in the treatment of both treatment-naïve (TN) and relapsed or refractory (R/R) CLL. Furthermore, BTKi demonstrate outstanding efficacy in high-risk CLL, including patients with chromosome 17p deletion, TP53 mutations, and unmutated status of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IGHV) gene. Ibrutinib is the first-in-class BTKi which has changed the treatment landscape of CLL. Over the last few years, novel, covalent (acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib), and non-covalent (pirtobrutinib) BTKi have been approved for the treatment of CLL. Unfortunately, continuous therapy with BTKi contributes to the acquisition of secondary resistance leading to clinical relapse. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the predominant mechanisms of resistance to BTKi are mutations in BTK or phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCG2). Some differences in the mechanisms of resistance to covalent BTKi have been identified despite their similar mechanism of action. Moreover, novel mutations resulting in resistance to non-covalent BTKi have been recently suggested. This article summarizes the clinical efficacy and the latest data regarding resistance to all of the registered BTKi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Clonal expansion of antigen‐specific lymphocytes is the fundamental mechanism enabling potent adaptive immune responses and the generation of immune memory. Accompanied by pronounced epigenetic remodeling, the massive proliferation of individual cells generates a critical mass of effectors for the control of acute infections, as well as a pool of memory cells protecting against future pathogen encounters. Classically associated with the adaptive immune system, recent work has demonstrated that innate immune memory to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is stably maintained as large clonal expansions of natural killer (NK) cells, raising questions on the mechanisms for clonal selection and expansion in the absence of re‐arranged antigen receptors. Here, we discuss clonal NK cell memory in the context of the mechanisms underlying clonal competition of adaptive lymphocytes and propose alternative selection mechanisms that might decide on the clonal success of their innate counterparts. We propose that the integration of external cues with cell‐intrinsic sources of heterogeneity, such as variegated receptor expression, transcriptional states, and somatic variants, compose a bottleneck for clonal selection, contributing to the large size of memory NK cell clones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strain is the most genetically diverse pathogenic bacterium and now alarming serious human health concern ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer and human death all over the world. Currently, the majority of commercially available diagnostic assays for H. pylori is a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of virulence factors in various geographical regions. In this concern, designing of universal multi‐epitope immunogenic biomarker targeted for all H. pylori strains would be crucial to successfully immunodiagnosis assay and vaccine development for H. pylori infection. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the potential immunogenic epitopes of PSA D15 and Cag11 proteins of H. pylori, using immunoinformatics web tools in order to design novel immune‐reactive multi‐epitope antigens for enhanced immunodiagnosis in humans. Through an in silico immunoinformatics approach, high‐ranked B‐cell, MHC‐I, and MHC‐II epitopes of PSA D15 and Cag11 proteins were predicted, screened, and selected. Subsequently, a novel multi‐epitope PSA D15 and Cag11 antigens were designed by fused the high‐ranked B‐cell, MHC‐I, and MHC‐II epitopes and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 adjuvant using linkers. The antigenicity, solubility, physicochemical properties, secondary and tertiary structures, 3D model refinement, and validations were carried. Furthermore, the designed multi‐epitope antigens were subjected to codon adaptation and in silico cloning, immune response simulation, and molecular docking with receptor molecules. A novel, stable multi‐epitope PSA D15 and Cag11 H. pylori antigens were developed and immune simulation of the designed antigens showed desirable levels of immunological response. Molecular docking of designed antigens with immune receptors (B‐cell, MHC‐I, MHC‐II, and TLR‐2/4) revealed robust interactions and stable binding affinity to the receptors. The codon optimized and in silico cloned showed that the designed antigens were successfully expressed (CAI value of 0.95 for PSA D15 and 1.0 for Cag11) after inserted into pET‐32ba (+) plasmid of the E. coli K12 strain. In conclusion, this study revealed that the designed multi‐epitope antigens have a huge immunological potential candidate biomarker and useful in developing immunodiagnostic assays and vaccines for H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful development of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies has led to an exponential increase in the number of patients recieving treatment and the advancement of novel CAR T products. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop streamlined platforms that allow rapid, cost-effective, and accurate measurement of the key characteristics of CAR T cells during manufacturing (i.e., cell number, cell size, viability, and basic phenotype). In this study, we compared the novel benchtop cell analyzer Moxi GO II (ORFLO Technologies), which enables simultaneous evaluation of all the aforementioned parameters, with current gold standards in the field: the Multisizer Coulter Counter (cell counter) and the BD LSRFortessa (flow cytometer). Our results demonstrated that the Moxi GO II can accurately measure cell number and cell size (i.e., cell volume) while simultaneously assessing simple two-color flow cytometry parameters, such as CAR T-cell viability and CD4 or CAR expression. These measurements are comparable with those of gold standard instruments, demonstrating that the Moxi GO II is a promising platform for quickly monitoring CAR T-cell growth and phenotype in research-grade and clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inborn errors of T cell development present a pediatric emergency in which timely curative therapy is informed by molecular diagnosis. In 11 affected patients across four consanguineous kindreds, we detected homozygosity for a single deleterious missense variant in the gene NudC domain–containing 3 (NUDCD3). Two infants had severe combined immunodeficiency with the complete absence of T and B cells (T -B- SCID), whereas nine showed classical features of Omenn syndrome (OS). Restricted antigen receptor gene usage by residual T lymphocytes suggested impaired V(D)J recombination. Patient cells showed reduced expression of NUDCD3 protein and diminished ability to support RAG-mediated recombination in vitro, which was associated with pathologic sequestration of RAG1 in the nucleoli. Although impaired V(D)J recombination in a mouse model bearing the homologous variant led to milder immunologic abnormalities, NUDCD3 is absolutely required for healthy T and B cell development in humans. Editor's summary: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and Omenn syndrome (OS) are two related inborn errors of immunity that continue to inform our understanding of how human lymphocytes develop. Chen et al. report the existence of 11 patients with SCID or OS who have a single homozygous deleterious missense variant (G52D) of the gene NUDCD3. These NUDCD3G52D patients showed defects in RAG-mediated V(D)J recombination, a critical step in B and T cell development, namely, the pathological sequestration of RAG1 in the nucleoli and reduced recombinase activity. Mice with a knock-in Nudcd3G52D variant also exhibited altered B and T cell development but to a lesser degree than in the human patients or in other RAG-deficient mouse models. These findings suggest that NUDCD3 may be an important cochaperone in RAG2-mediated egress of RAG1 from the nucleoli. —Seth Thomas Scanlon [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several conceptual pillars form the foundation of modern immunology, including the clonal selection theory, antigen receptor diversity, immune memory, and innate control of adaptive immunity. However, some immunological phenomena cannot be explained by the current framework. Thus, we still do not know how to design vaccines that would provide long-lasting protective immunity against certain pathogens, why autoimmune responses target some antigens and not others, or why the immune response to infection sometimes does more harm than good. Understanding some of these mysteries may require that we question existing assumptions to develop and test alternative explanations. Immunology is increasingly at a point when, once again, exploring new perspectives becomes a necessity. Despite deep knowledge of how the immune system works, many questions remain difficult to answer within the current core framework of innate and adaptive immunity. This perspective highlights open questions where a change in the conceptual approach could be transformative for addressing persistent challenges to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present significant challenges in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Hormone therapies for prostate cancer target androgen receptors and prostate-specific antigen markers. However, treatment options for prostatic small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma are limited. NSCLC, on the other hand, is primarily treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors but exhibits resistance. This study explored a novel therapeutic approach by investigating the potential anticancer properties of vitekwangin B, a natural compound derived from Vitex trifolia. Methods: Vitekwangin B was chromatographically isolated from the fruits of V. trifolia. ANO1 protein levels in prostate cancer and NSCLC cells were verified and evaluated again after vitekwangin B treatment. Results: Vitekwangin B did not inhibit anoctamin1 (ANO1) channel function but significantly reduced ANO1 protein levels. These results demonstrate that vitekwangin B effectively inhibited cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer and NSCLC cells. Moreover, it exhibited minimal toxicity to liver cells and did not affect hERG channel activity, making it a promising candidate for further development as an anticancer drug. Conclusion: Vitekwangin B may offer a new direction for cancer therapy by targeting ANO1 protein, potentially improving treatment outcomes in patients with prostate cancer and NSCLC. Further research is needed to explore its full potential and overcome existing drug resistance challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: CARD11 is a lymphoid lineage-specific scaffold protein regulating the NF-kB activation downstream of the antigen receptor signal pathway. Defective CARD11 function results in abnormal development and differentiation of lymphocytes, especially thymic regulatory T cells (Treg). Method: In this study, we used patients' samples together with transgenic mouse models carrying pathogenic CARD11 mutations from patients to explore their effects on Treg development. Immunoblotting and a GFP receptor assay were used to evaluate the activation effect of CARD11 mutants on NF-kB signaling. Then the suppressive function of Tregs carrying distinct CARD11 mutations was measured by in vitro suppression assay. Finally, we applied the retroviral transduced bone marrow chimeras to rescue the Treg development in an NF-kB independent manner. Results and discuss: We found CARD11mutations causing hyper-activated NF-kB signals also gave rise to compromised Treg development in the thymus, similar to the phenotype in Card11 deficient mice. This observation challenges the previous view that CARD11 regulates Treg lineage dependent on the NF-kB activation. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the noncanonical function CARD11, which negatively regulates the AKT/FOXO1 signal pathway, is responsible for regulating Treg generation. Moreover, primary immunodeficiency patients carrying CARD11 mutation, which autonomously activates NF-kB, also represented the reduced Treg population in their peripheral blood. Our results propose a new regulatory function of CARD11 and illuminate an NF-kB independent pathway for thymic Treg lineage commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While normal B- and T-lymphocytes require antigenic ligands to become activated via their B- and T-cell receptors (BCR and TCR, respectively), B- and T-cell lymphomas show the broad spectrum of cell activation mechanisms regarding their dependence on BCR or TCR signaling, including loss of such dependence. These mechanisms are generally better understood and characterized for B-cell than for T-cell lymphomas. While some lymphomas, particularly the indolent, low-grade ones remain antigen-driven, other retain dependence on activation of their antigen receptors seemingly in an antigenindependent manner with activating mutations of the receptors playing a role. A large group of lymphomas, however, displays complete antigen receptor independence, which can develop gradually, in a stepwise manner or abruptly, through involvement of powerful oncogenes. Whereas some of the lymphomas undergo activating mutations of genes encoding proteins involved in signaling cascades downstream of the antigen-receptors, others employ activation mechanisms capable of substituting for these BCR- or TCR-dependent signaling pathways, including reliance on signaling pathways physiologically activated by cytokines. Finally, lymphomas can develop cell-lineage infidelity and in the extreme cases drastically rewire their cell activation mechanisms and engage receptors and signaling pathways physiologically active in hematopoietic stem cells or non-lymphoid cells. Such profound reprograming may involve partial cell dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation towards histocytes, dendritic, or mesodermal cells with various degree of cell maturation along these lineages. In this review, we elaborate on these diverse pathogenic mechanisms underlying cell plasticity and signaling reprogramming as well as discuss the related diagnostic and therapeutic implications and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]