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This study examined the ovipositional and olfactory preferences of gravid pod moths in both choice and non-choice settings. In terms of olfactory preferences, pod moth neonates strongly preferred Abutilon indicum under choice conditions, showing nil interest in other hosts. Under non-choice conditions, both neonates and final-instar larvae thrived on A. indicum but refrained from feeding on other hosts or diets, leading to neonate mortality. Remarkably, neonates exhibited an absolute preference for A. indicum seeds, being unable to feed on Abutilon seed diets or green cotton bolls, resulting in starvation-induced mortality. A majority of the final-instar larvae successfully fed, entered pupation and completed their life cycle on A. indicum seeds but the majority entered diapause when exposed to other hosts or diets as compared to A. indicum at a temperature of 21°C, a relative humidity of 60% and a photoperiod of 14:10 hours (light:dark). Cage studies confirmed pod moth's strong preference for A. indicum , allowing for successful larval feeding and adult emergence. However, pod moth failed to establish on cotton green bolls, underscoring their exclusive reliance on A. indicum as a host. These findings illuminate the intricate host preferences and behaviour of pod moth, underscoring the pivotal role of A. indicum in their life cycle, and is helpful for further research to exploit pod moth as an agent for biological control of the weed A. indicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The post-harvest techniques are the most critical point to ensure the quality of edible flowers (EFs) and to keep the bioactive metabolites available for human nutrition. The different species of EFs also represent a problem in improving their consumption with safety. The present study focused on the description of the effects of the commonly used drying treatments in the phytonutritional composition of four species of EFs, Callianthe megapotamica, Callianthe striata, Nemesia strumosa and Salvia elegans. The bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity were determined after freeze-drying (FD) and hot-air-drying (HA) treatments in comparison to fresh flowers. All EFs showed different mineral/trace compositions with potassium as the main element and 70–86% water loss. Both post-harvest treatments increased all the metabolites and antioxidant activity in each species. C. striata with FD treatment had the highest content of primary and secondary metabolites. N. strumosa has the highest ascorbic acid content with the HA treatment. All species had significant antioxidant activity, increasing with FD for C. striata while HA is more recommended for the other species. The post-harvest techniques are able to preserve and increase the bioactive metabolites and must be chosen according to each EF species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research paper, a newly identified plant species of the genus Abutilon Mill., namely Abutilon jafrii F. Naseer, A. Noor & A. Rahman, is described and illustrated for the first time in the province of Sindh, Detailed morphological descriptions of the species along with the micro-morphological examinations of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the mericarps, seeds and pollens are presented. Additionally, Macro morphological characteristics including photographs of the plant habit with flowers, fruits, seeds and mericarps are provided. Through gross macro-morphological and micromorphological investigations such as plant height, leaves texture and colour, pedicel of fruits and flowers, flowers diameter, sepal's size in flowers and fruits, number of seeds per mericarp, pollen tectum exhibit significant differences in characters, which indicate that, it is a distinct species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon albidum, a cryptic Saharo-Canarian species, was thought to have been last collected in 1945 in Tenerife by E.R. Sventenius. In 2019, it was rediscovered in the same area. The characteristic features of the Canarian plants are discussed, especially in relation to the morphologically similar-looking and probably closely-related species Abutilon indicum and A. bidentatum. It is concluded that the plants from Tenerife and north-western Africa indeed represent a distinct species. The species is illustrated and a key for the identification of this and related species is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-harvest techniques are the most critical point to ensure the quality of edible flowers (EFs) and to keep the bioactive metabolites available for human nutrition. The different species of EFs also represent a problem in improving their consumption with safety. The present study focused on the description of the effects of the commonly used drying treatments in the phytonutritional composition of four species of EFs, Callianthe megapotamica, Callianthe striata, Nemesia strumosa and Salvia elegans. The bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity were determined after freeze-drying (FD) and hot-air-drying (HA) treatments in comparison to fresh flowers. All EFs showed different mineral/trace compositions with potassium as the main element and 70–86% water loss. Both post-harvest treatments increased all the metabolites and antioxidant activity in each species. C. striata with FD treatment had the highest content of primary and secondary metabolites. N. strumosa has the highest ascorbic acid content with the HA treatment. All species had significant antioxidant activity, increasing with FD for C. striata while HA is more recommended for the other species. The post-harvest techniques are able to preserve and increase the bioactive metabolites and must be chosen according to each EF species.

We studied the main phenolic components of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) aqueous extracts and evaluated their phytotoxicity to germinating seeds and seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. A total of 13 phenolic compounds were identified in aqueous extracts. The highest total phenolic content was found in velvetleaf leaves, followed by common ragweed leaves and common cocklebur stems. Caffeoyl quinic acids were the most abundant phenolics in these three weeds, while common ragweed and velvetleaf leaves were also rich in p-coumaric acid and rutin, respectively. Other phenolic compounds were present in moderate quantities in the stems and leaves of the tested weeds. The weed extracts at 50 % concentration or higher significantly inhibited the seed germination and early seedling growth of lettuce and tomato. The leaf aqueous extracts were more phytotoxic to lettuce and tomato than stem aqueous extracts. The leaf aqueous extract of common ragweed had the strongest inhibitory effects on lettuce, while the leaf aqueous extract of velvetleaf was most inhibitory to tomato. The aqueous extracts of common cocklebur were less inhibitory to lettuce and tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various author citations for the African species Abutilon bidentatum are usually used. According to the International Code of Nomenclature, its basionym was effectively and validly published on the printed labels of the Schimper exsiccata Iter Abyssinicum II n. 1003 and the type must be chosen accordingly.

Aphis cordubensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is described from apterous and alate viviparous females, oviparous females and males collected in Villa Carlos Paz (Córdoba, Argentina) on Abutilon megapotamicum. A summarized identification key for apterous viviparae of Aphis species recorded worldwide on Malvaceae is presented. The diagnostic features allowing to differentiate the new species from the Aphis species known in South America are presented. The new species should be able to live in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay on wild and cultivated plants of Abutilon and perhaps on other genera of Malvaceae. The species is potentially invasive and trade and cultivation in gardens and plant nurseries of Abutilon and close genera must be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of a combined ethanolic extract of Funtumia africana and Abutilon mauritianum leaves (CFAAM) on the sex steroid hormone levels and prostate indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced rats to validate their anti-BPH activities as claimed by traditional medicine healers. 30 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1 served as the normal control that received normal saline and olive oil only, while groups 2 - 5 were BPH induced. Group 2 was the BPH control, group 3 was treated with 5 mg/kg/d Finasteride, while groups 4 and 5 were treated with 200 and 600 mg/kg/d CFAAM respectively for 28 days. BPH induction caused significant (p<0.05) increases in the concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, increased prostate weight and prostate index in the BPH control when compared with the normal control. Treatment with CFAAM significantly (p<0.05) reversed the increased testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol levels, prostate weight, and prostate indices in comparison with the BPH control. This study revealed that the CFAAM ameliorate adverse effects of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats and may be useful in the management of individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of combined ethanol extract of Funtumia africana and Abutilon mauritianum leaves (FAAM) on the liver function indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced rats. The study used 30 rats divided into 5 groups, comprising normal control, BPH control, standard control, and BPH induced rats treated with 200 and 600 mg/kg/day of FAAM respectively. The BPH induction caused significant (p<0.05) increases in aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the BPH control when compared with the normal control. The BPH control also had significantly (p<0.05) reductions in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations and significant (p<0.05) elevated total bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations relative to the normal control. The FAAM treated BPH-induced rats had non-significantly (p>0.05) reduced AST, and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities relative to the BPH control. The BPH-induced rats treated with 600 mg/kg/day of FAAM had significantly (p<0.05) reduced ALP activities relative to the BPH control. Treatment with FAAM caused significant (p<0.05) increases in the total protein, albumin, globulin concentrations and significant (p<0.05) reductions in the total bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations relative to the BPH control. BPH had no observable adverse effects on the liver histomorphology of the rats. The findings of this study indicated that BPH impairs liver functions and treatment of BPH with combined ethanol extract of F. africana and A. mauritianum leaves restore normal liver functions in rats with BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was aimed at comparing the in vivo wound healing and in vitro antibacterial activity of Abutilon indicum roots. Wound healing is a complex phenomenon which consists of three stages inflammatory, proliferative, and remodelling. Traditionally, A. indicum is used for wound healing. There is no specific scientific data available for the wound healing activity of Abutilon indicum root. The present study was designed to investigate the same. The wound healing activity of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of A. indicum was evaluated in incision and burn wound models. The parameters studied include tensile strength, epithelialisation period and rate of wound contraction. A. indicum also possesses antimicrobial activity. Ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of A. indicum was tested against both Gram positive, Gram negative and fungal organisms using agar well diffusion method. From the results, it was concluded that ethyl acetate extract of A. indicum root had greater wound activity and antimicrobial activity than the ethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon fruticosum is one of the endemic plants with high medicinal and economic value in Saudi Arabia and belongs to the family Malvaceae. However, the plastome sequence and phylogenetic position have not been reported until this study. In this research, the complete chloroplast genome of A. fruticosum was sequenced and assembled, and comparative and phylogenetic analyses within the Malvaceae family were conducted. The chloroplast genome (cp genome) has a circular and quadripartite structure with a total length of 160,357 bp and contains 114 unique genes (80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes). The repeat analyses indicate that all the types of repeats (palindromic, complement, forward and reverse) were present in the genome, with palindromic occurring more frequently. A total number of 212 microsatellites were identified in the plastome, of which the majority are mononucleotides. Comparative analyses with other species of Malvaceae indicate a high level of resemblance in gene content and structural organization and a significant level of variation in the position of genes in single copy and inverted repeat borders. The analyses also reveal variable hotspots in the genomes that can serve as barcodes and tools for inferring phylogenetic relationships in the family: the regions include trnH-psbA, trnK-rps16, psbI-trnS, atpH-atpI, trnT-trnL, matK, ycf1 and ndhH. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that A. fruticosum is closely related to Althaea officinalis, which disagrees with the previous systematic position of the species. This study provides insights into the systematic position of A. fruticosum and valuable resources for further phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the species and the Malvaceae family to resolve ambiguous issues within the taxa.

In this present work, we report a novel green synthesis of MoO3 nanorods (NRs) utilizing Abutilon Indicum (A. Indicum) plant extract, containing palmitric, linoleic, linolinic acids and their derivatives which might be acting as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized catalyst has been employed to reduce toxic Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the aqueous solution which was continuously monitored by UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The structural, optical and morphological characterizations are performed using PXRD, UV-DRS, PL, FESEM, TEM, FT-IR and EDAX. The optical properties were precisely investigated by calculating the Tauc's relation. The band gap of as synthesized MoO3 was found to be 2.57 eV (483 nm) which falls under visible region, thus catalyst can be activated under solar light which could be cost effective. Biologically synthesized MoO3 NRs showed highest activity, i.e., almost 99% toward reduction of Cr(VI) under solar light. In addition to this, the photo firmness and reusability test showed that the catalyst can be reused upto five cycles without waning its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on in vitro regeneration of Abutilon indicum plantlets through callus mediated organogenesis. The leaf explants implanted on Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52 µM 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.88 µM 6 Benzyladenine (BA) showed highest response (70.3%) for callus proliferation, but these callus did not showed any morphogenetic differentiation on the same medium even after 12 weeks. Whereas, subsequent sub-culture of this green proliferated callus on MS medium added with 2.68µM α-Napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 8.88µM BA and 543 µM Adenine sulphate showed the highest frequency (62.2%) of multiple shoot-buds production and also elongation of shoots. Well developed shoots were efficiently rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium supplemented with 7.38 µM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Seventy per cent of in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully established in garden and were morphologically alike to the donor plants. The genetic homogeneity of these in vitro regenerated plantlets was also affirmed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis using eight ISSR primers. This standardised in vitro organogenesis protocol supplements a good platform for the conservation of A. indicum germplasms and also caters for the needs of the herbal industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibres are environmentally friendly and therefore often used in the automotive industry as an alternative to glass or mineral fibres. In order to meet the demands of natural fibres for the European automotive market, mainly flax and hemp are cultivated in Europe, but the import of other fibres, like kenaf, is also necessary. To increase the possibilities of fibre use and to reduce the dependency of fibre import, additional fibre plants from European countries could be a solution. An alternative fibre crop with fibre properties described as suitable for high value fibrous applications, could be Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf). However, there are no European studies about the cultivation of velvetleaf published. Besides cultivation, economically and ecologically acceptable fibre extraction methods are essential for successful implementation of velvetleaf in Europe. Field trials at three different sites are carried out and, in addition, the effect of water shortage on biomass and fibre yield is investigated. Furthermore, four different fibre extraction methods, known for other fibre plants (chemical and mechanical extraction, water and dew retting) are investigated concerning linear density, breaking tenacity and tensile elongation at break. Over the two experimental years and three different sites, velvetleaf biomass yield varied between 5.2 and 12.8 t ha −1 dry matter (DM), and the fibre yield ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 t ha −1 DM. Additional irrigation significantly increased the fibre yield in 2016 by 29%. Among the different methods for fibre extraction, water retting and chemical extraction by 4% sodium hydroxide solution showed the lowest values of linear density (57 and 58 dtex, respectively). Over all extraction methods, the linear density ranged from 53 to 115 dtex. The highest breaking tenacity was determined for chemical extraction by 0.4% sodium hydroxide solution (52.4 cN tex −1 ) and water retting (50 cN tex −1 ). Generally, cultivation and fibre extraction of velvetleaf are possible under the conditions in southwest Germany. Due to the different fibre characteristics of velvetleaf compared to flax, hemp, and kenaf, this plant should be assessed in future research for its applicability as a renewable resource for industrial fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : The present study aimed to analyse the COX2 inhibitory activity of Abutilon indicum. Background : Prostaglandins are among the major mediators of the body's response to pain and inflammation, and are constituted of essential fatty acids existing in cell membranes. This reaction was catalysed by cyclooxygenase, a membrane associated enzyme in two isoforms- COX-1 and COX-2. Abutilon indicum, commonly known as the Indian mallow, is famous for its therapeutic values, and further study of its COX-2 inhibitory activity is beneficial. Conclusion : Medicinal plants and shrubs which have little or no side effects have to be further investigated. Further study on its COX-2 inhibition will also increase its therapeutic value as an anti-inflammatory with added benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an upsurge in the use of naturally available fuels for solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of nanoparticles. Although many reports suggest that these biofuels pose less harm to the environment, their strategic advantages and reliability for making NPs has not been discussed. In the present work, we try to address this issue using plant extracts as biofuels for the SCS of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a model system. In the present work, combustion synthesis of ZnO NPs using lactose and aqueous leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum, Melia azedarach, Indigofera tinctoria as biofuels has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the obtained powders has been conducted to understand the strategic advantages of using plant extracts over a chemical as combustion fuel for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffractograms of the samples revealed the presence of Wurtzite hexagonal structure with varying crystallite sizes. Morphological studies indicated that samples prepared using biofuels had smaller diameter than those prepared using lactose as fuel. Surface characteristics of the samples were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Qualitative phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extracts revealed the presence of many phytochemicals in them, which might be responsible for combustion. Gas chromatography mass spectrum was carried out to detect the phytochemicals present in the aqueous extracts of the leaves. Further, anticancer evaluation carried out against DU-145 and Calu-6 cancer cells indicated higher anticancer activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using biofuels. The results of blood haemolysis revealed the biocompatibility of zinc oxide nanoparticles at lower concentrations. In conclusion, we propose that multiple other studies would be required in order to vindicate the potential advantages of using naturally available fuels in SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet ssp. Indicum Family (Malvaceae) popularly known as Atibala is used as one of the most important drug in traditional system of medicine to treat various ailments. The present study deals with pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical and detail microscopical evaluation of leaves of Abutilon indicum. Abutilon indicum may be attributed to the successful conversion of botanical folklore medicines to modern wonder drugs and to amend the health condition for people and also to used in pharmaceutics and neutraceutics merchandise of commercial significance. Ethnic people use the ethnobotanical important plant species of Abutilon indicum. So there is necessary to study some phytochemical analysis and biological activities of this plant. Phytochemical screening should be carried out by using pure extract of various plant species of Abutilon indicum. Purification and toxicological studies should be carried out with a view of sourcing Antimicrobial agents for drug development. The propose work of present research is to focus on poisonous effect of Abutilon indicum in the form of powder of leaves and prepare the crude extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, green synthesis and determination of the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and photocatalytic properties of the resultant Cu-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NAPs) were carried out. A superficial method (solution combustion method) was employed for the synthesis of un-doped ZnO NAPs from aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum , and synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO NAPs from aqueous extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum (M1 NAPs) and Clerodendrum inerme (M2 NAPs). The synthesized un-doped ZnO, M1 and M2 NAPs were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques like Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of M1 and M2 NAPs were determined by agar diffusion method, while their antioxidant properties were assessed through DPPH radical scavenging and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and assays. Under sunlight irradiation, photocatalytic disintegration potential of M1 and M2 NAPs were determined by the degradation of Acid Black 234 dye. Results from FT-IR, XRD, EDX and SEM confirmed successful synthesis, crystalline nature, and spheroid-to-rod-like shapes of un-doped ZnO, M1 and M2 NAPs, with grain sizes of 16.72 nm, 17.49 nm and 20.73 nm; and band gap energies of 3.37 eV, 3.36 eV and 3.31 eV, respectively. The NAPs were good catalysts for effective degradation of Acid Black 234. They also exhibited remarkable antioxidant and anticancer activities. Significant antibacterial activity was shown by M2 NAPs against E. coli , S. aureus , Klebsiella and B. subtilis , with zones of inhibition (ZOIs) of 13 ± 0.09, 14 ± 0.01, 18 ± 0.07 and 20 ± 0.10, respectively . Significant antifungal potential was also produced by M2 NAPs at 5 mg with ZOIs of 17 ± 0.07 and 24 ± 0.08 against A. niger and T. harzianum , respectively . These results indicate that aqueous extracts of A. indicum , C. infortunatum and C. inerme are effective reducing agents for green synthesis of un-doped ZnO, and Cu-doped ZnO NAPs with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal potential. Thus they are good candidates for future therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon x hybridum Hort. ex Voss is particularly appreciated for the flowers and the attractive maple-like leaves, as a decorative potted indoor plant, but it can also be placed on terraces, balconies and even in the garden during the summer. The paper presents the results regarding the influence of the pot size (10, 12, 14 cm) and foliar treatments with Cycocel (1000 ppm) on vegetative growth and flowering of plants. The aim of the experiment was to control height and improve the decorative aspect of plants. The results obtained show that the main morphological characteristics were influenced by the reduction of substrate volume and the growth regulator application. The minimum values of the analyzed parameters were recorded by the plants grown in 14 cm diameter pots, to which foliar treatments with Cycocel 1000 ppm were applied, followed by the untreated plants cultivated in pots with a diameter of 10 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study describes an efficient plant regeneration protocol forAbutilon indicumvia somatic embryogenesis from 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-induced leaf-derived callus on MS medium, fortified with 13.32 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2.68 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 200 mgl−1-activated charcoal, and 11.54 μM ascorbic acid. This combination produced the highest (15.5 ± 0.7) number of somatic embryos after four weeks of culture. Further, the embryogenic calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 13.32 μM BA, 1.44 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), and 3% (w/v) sucrose and showed highest rate of germination (76.3 ± 7.0%). The germinated somatic embryos showed maximum plantlet conversion (62.6 ± 1.90%) on ½ MS medium supplemented with 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid and 6.0% sucrose (w/v). The highest frequency of secondary somatic embryogenesis (34.4 ± 0.82) was observed on ½ MS medium, supplemented with 133 μM FeSO4·7H2O, 74 μM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium dihydrate (disodium EDTA), and 15% polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) after three weeks of subculture. Scanning electron microscopy observations also substantiated the development of primary and secondary somatic embryos from embryogenic calli. Start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) marker analysis of 214 somatic embryo-derived plantlets amplified 167 numbers of bands ranging from 230 to 2125 bp. The homogeneous banding pattern confirmed the genetic uniformity of this sample of somatic embryo-derived plantlets as compared with the donor plant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: To synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using a ecofriendly technique and evaluate their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photo-catalytic dye degradation potentials. Methods: A superficial method (solution combustion method) was employed for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from an aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques. The antimicrobial activity of the CuO nanoparticles was determined by agar well diffusion method, while their antioxidant properties were assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and total phenolic content (TPC) assays. The photo-catalytic degradation activity of synthesized CuO nanoparticles was assessed by the degradation of Acid Black 210 (AB) dye under sunlight irradiation. Results: XRD, EDX and SEM results confirmed successful synthesis of CuO nanoparticles, with hexagonal, wurtzite and sponge crystal structure. Photo-catalytic data revealed that the nanoparticles are a good catalyst for effective degradation of Acid Black 210. The nanoparticles also exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, with IC50 and FRAP values ranging from 40 ± 0.23 to 84 ± 0.32 μg/ml, and 0.65 ± 0.01 to 9.10 ± 0.21 Trolox equivalent/mL, respectively. Significant bactericidal activity was manifested by the CuO nanoparticles against Klebsiella and Bacillus subtilis with zone of inhibition of 14 ± 0.05 and 15 ± 0.11 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The synthesized CuO nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant potential, indicating that they are good candidates for future therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon indicum belonging to the family of malvaceae, It is a perennial shrub. It habitually grows as wild plant abundantly in wastelands and seashore to 1200 m high in India. Aristolochia bracteolate is a perennial, mostly prostrate but occasionally climbing or suberect, unpleasantly smelling herb. The plant is usually gathered from the wild and is used locally in traditional medicine. Andrographis paniculata is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae. The above mentioning the three plants have been traditionally used to treat infections and some diseases. In our study focused the preparation of ethanolic extract from above mentioning the three plant leaves. The various concentrations like 1%, 2.5%, and 5% poly herbal cream, ointment and gel was prepared and physically evaluated. The flow cytometric method analysed the two fungal strains Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Propionibacterium acnes. Finally we reported on our plant extracts and polyherbal formulations having potential activity against these micro organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is an invasive alien species in many countries and one of the major weeds in summer row crops worldwide. Weed-management techniques that reduce weed production need to be investigated to provide new approaches. The first step in this process is the determination of weed productivity in different competitive conditions. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2008 in an experimental field in Padinska Skela to quantify growth and seed production of velvetleaf in maize, as well as in a velvetleaf monoculture. A density of velvetleaf ranging from 1 to 8 plants m-1 was artificially created. In a mixture with maize, velvetleaf was sown in crop rows. The growth of velvetleaf was estimated based on plant height, fresh aboveground biomass and leaf area index (LAI). Velvetleaf fecundity was determined as seed mass plant-1 and seed mass m-2. Differences between years in plant production were very prominent. In general, velvetleaf productivity in maize depended on its density. Intraspecific competition had a major influence on growth and seed production when velvetleaf density was from 4 to 8 plants m-1 in maize rows. This information indicates that environmental conditions and weed density can promote/reduce inter- and intraspecific competition and help in the construction of population dynamics models to predict population density, seed bank and competitiveness of weeds and reduce inputs for weed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to identify to what extent rooting substrates used for vegetative propagation on commercial plant Abutilon hybridum, influence the defining parameters for the future decorative potential of the plants. It has been tested a number of substrates defined as classical for two different rooting cuttings shoot (the segment and peak), aiming the evolution of the roots. For statistical interpretation of data it was developed an indicator that reflects the two types of measurements: percentage of rooting (%) and the average length of root cuttings (avg) for each type of substrate, called ITPS (I = Rooting T = Segment, P = Peak, S= Shoot). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During September 2010, Abutilon megapotamicum plants with dark-brown concentric spots on leaves were observed in a commercial glasshouse located in Beijing, China. This study was carried out to identify the causal agent of this disease based on Koch's postulates and morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity tests in the glasshouse showed that Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fr. caused the leaf spot on A. megapotamicum plants, which were the same as those observed in naturally infected plants in the field. Moreover, to confirm the pathogen to species, the rDNA internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of isolate was PCR-amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primer pairs and sequenced. DNA analysis revealed a 100% species identity index for M. roridum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. roridum on A. megapotamicum in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To extract polysaccharides in Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet using cellulase, determine the optimal extraction process through orthogonal design, and treat the extracted polysaccharides and study the anti-oxidant activity. [Methods] Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were carried out to study effects of pH value of buffer solution, enzyme volume, enzymolysis temperature, and extraction time on extraction of polysaccharides in Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet. Polysaccharides in Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet was prepared and purified, DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals scavenging effect and Fe3+ reducing ability were measured, and anti-oxidant ability was evaluated according to experimental results. [Results] The conditions for optimal extraction process: pH 6.5, enzyme volume 5 mL, enzymolysis temperature 50°C, extraction time 1.5 h, average extraction rate 5.223%, and RSD 1.68%. Anti-oxidant experiment indicates that polysaccharides in Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet has significant effect on scavenging of free radicals. [Conclusion] In certain range of concentration, there is dose-response relationship between polysaccharides in Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet and scavenging rate of free radicals and the scavenging activity is significant. This study is expected to provide a certain scientific basis for comprehensive use and development of Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesized gold nanoparticles have received substantial attention owing to their biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy. Although anticancer activities of green synthesized gold nanoparticles have been reported earlier, the underlying mechanism behind their anticancer activity is still to be understood. The present study, describes the green synthesis of Abutilon indicum gold nanoparticles (AIGNPs) from Abutilon indicum leaf extract (AILE) and their cytotoxic mechanism in colon cancer cells. Dimensions of spherical shaped AIGNPs were found to be in the range of 1–20 nm as determined by TEM. GC–MS and FTIR analysis indicated the presence of polyphenolic groups in AILE, which might have been involved in the stabilization of AIGNPs. In vitro free radical scavenging analysis revealed the radical quenching activity of AIGNPs. Further, the AIGNPs exhibited cytotoxicity in HT-29 colon cancer cells with IC 50 values of 210 and 180 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h. This was mediated through nuclear morphological changes and cell membrane damage as evidenced by acridine orange/ethidium bromide, propidium iodide and AnnexinV-Cy3 staining methods. Mechanism of the observed cytotoxicity of AIGNPs was explained on the basis of increased levels of reactive oxygen species and simultaneous reduction in cellular antioxidants, which might have caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss, DNA damage and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. Expression of cleaved Caspase-9, Caspase-8, Caspase-3, Lamin A/C and PARP, provided the clues for the induction of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in AIGNPs treated HT-29 cells. The study provides a preliminary guidance towards the development of colon cancer therapy using green synthesized gold nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Zn nanoparticles synthesized from the plant sources are ecofriendly and are potent anticancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present work was to evaluate In vitro cytotoxic activity of Zn nanoparticles green synthezised from Abutilon indicum extract against HeLa cell lines (cervical cancer). Methods: The aqueous extract is prepared by cold extraction (maceration) using water as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedures. Aqueous extract of A. indicum was used for synthesis of Zn nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrometry and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Zn nanoparticles were done by MTT assay using HeLa cell lines. Results: The preliminary phytochemical results revealed that the aqueous extract of A. indicum contains broad spectrum of secondary metabolites like Tannins, Saponins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Anthroquinones, Terpenoids and Steroids. The U.V spectrophotometeric analysis of Zn nanoparticles displayed maximum absorption at 270 nm and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the nanoparticles size ranges from 50-500 nm. The MTT assay results revealed that the of Zn nanoparticles exhibits potent cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines with IC50 value of 45.82 µg/ml. Conclusion: Thus the present study concludes that Zn nanoparticles can be used as a potent drug in alternative therapy for treating the cervical cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidences from ethnopharmacological practices have shown that combination of Abutilon indicum and Piper longum are traditionally used to treat symptoms of the liver disorder. The hypothesis is phytosomes of a combination of both crude drug extract will be more effective and safe as hepatoprotective agent. Aim: Present work is aimed at development and characterization of phytosomes containing ethanolic extract of both drugs to meet the need for better effectiveness and safety. Materials and Methods: Phytosomes were formulated by using Indena's patented process. Characterization involved following parameters: Particle size determination, percentage yield, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high performance thin liquid chromatography. Liver damage was induced in adult Charles foster rats (150 ± 10 g) with CCl4 in olive oil (1:1 v/v, i.p) 1 ml/kg once daily for 7 days. LIV 52 (1 ml/kg per oral [p.o]), ethanolic extract of A. indicum and P. longum combination (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o) and phytosomes (100 mg/kg p.o.) was given 3 days prior to CCl4 administration. Estimation of liver marker enzymes and histopathological studies were done. Result was analyzed by using (analysis of variance) followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Result: Combined extract has shown hepatoprotective activity but phytosomal formulation has more potent hepatoprotective effect on CCl4 induced liver toxicity at very low dose comparative to a higher dose of combined extract. Conclusion: Novel approach for herbal drug delivery is more prominent than conventional which improves bioavailability of polar extract and also patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different methods on breaking seed dormancy of weed species velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). The influence of seed sowing depth on emergence and growth of weeds was also evaluated. The results showed that the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy of velvetleaf was immersion of seeds in hot water (60°C) for 1 hour, while immersion in distilled water and 0.2% KNO3 solution had no significant effect. Seed germination of redroot pigweed was significantly increased in all treatments, however 2% KNO3 solution and cold stratification at 5°C for 12 days had the greatest effect. Treatments had different influence on mean germination time, seed germination dynamics and seedling length of weeds. The highest percentage of emerged velvetleaf seedlings was recorded when seeds were sown at 1 to 4 cm depths and ranged from 55.6 to 67.9%. With the increase of sowing depth the emergence percentage decreased, however one quarter and one fifth of the seedlings emerged from 7 and 9 cm depths. Both seedling length and fresh weight were greater at lower sowing depths. Emergence of redroot pigweed was not significantly influenced by sowing depth, however seedlings length and fresh weight were greater at 5 cm depth than at 1 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial activity of Abitulon indicum roots was studied against seven pathogenic bacteria and three fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was recorded for hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts. Alcohol (ethanol and methanol) extracts exhibited the highest degree of antimicrobial activity compared to aqueous, chloroform and hexane extracts. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was turned out to be the most susceptible bacterium to the crude root chemical constituents, using the standard Tetracycline and Clotrimazole. Minimum inhibition concentration values of hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts were determined by the agar dilution method and ranged between 62.5 and 1,000 μg. The study suggested that the root extracts possess bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and fungi, revealing a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antimicrobial drug formulation from Abitulon indicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biological entities is gaining interest because of their potential applications in nano-medicine. Herein, we report the biological synthesis of Abutilon indicum silver nanoparticles (AIAgNPs) using aqueous Abutilon indicum leaf extract (AILE) and evaluation of their biological applications. TEM analysis revealed that the spherical biogenic AIAgNPs were found to be between 5 and 25 nm in size. The bioactive phyto-constituents such are condensed tannins of AILE were found to play a key role in the reduction and capping of AIAgNPs. The biological properties of AIAgNPs were premeditated as free radical scavenging activity, antibacterial effect and anti-proliferative activity. AIAgNPs were found to exhibit good free radical scavenging activities and the intense zone of inhibition displayed by them in six different pathogenic species indicate the potential antibacterial effect. Further, AIAgNPs showed a dose dependant anti-proliferative effect against COLO 205 (human colon cancer) and MDCK (normal) cells with an IC 50 of 3 and 4 μg/mL and 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively after 24 and 48 h. The morphological changes, chromatin condensation and membrane potential loss induced by AIAgNPs were evidenced by AO/EB and AnnexinV-Cy3 staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and G1/S transition cell cycle arrest in COLO 205 cells was evidenced in rhodamine123 staining and FACS analysis. The high levels of ROS as shown in DCF-DA staining could have played a major role in DNA fragmentation and eventually lead to apoptosis. The mode of action through the induction apoptosis by AIAgNPs in COLO 205 cells is exciting with promising application of nano-materials in biomedical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract. It is observed that Abutilon indicum leaf extract can reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles within 15 min of reaction time. The formation and stability of the reduced silver nanoparticles in the colloidal solution were monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The mean particle diameter of silver nanoparticles was calculated from the XRD pattern. FT-IR spectra of the leaf extract after the development of nanoparticles are determined to allow identification of possible functional groups responsible for the conversion of metal ions to metal nanoparticles. The AgNPs thus obtained showed highly potent antibacterial activity toward Gram-positive ( Staphyloccocus aureus and Bacillus subtilis ) and Gram-negative ( Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli ) microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of simulated prospective increased temperatures and reduced soil moisture during the vegetation period on the early growth of three weed species that co-occur in spring crops and are currently spreading in Europe. Potted four-species crop-weed-communities of Abutilon theophrasti, Datura stramonium, Iva xanthiifolia, and maize were exposed to warming (ambient temperature + 2.5°C, treatment "warm") and drought (soil water potential of -0.1 to -1.5 MPa, "dry") versus ambient temperature (treatment "ambient") and a soil water potential of -0.0036 MPa ("moist"), in four soil types (clay, loess, peat, sand based mixtures) in greenhouse settings. We determined the performance of the weeds in terms of total biomass accumulation as well as their morphological acclimation regarding root length, leaf size and root-to-shoot ratio at various combinations of the experimental factors. Warm-dry conditions had a significant negative effect on total weed biomass and also resulted in a higher proportion of maize in total aboveground biomass. In D. stramonium, aboveground vs. belowground allocation and leaf size responded more strongly to the experimental factors than in the other two species. Total biomass values of individual plants in warm-dry conditions on average were > 50%, 40 to 55%, and < 40% of those in ambient-moist conditions for A. theophrasti, I. xanthiifolia, and D. stramonium, respectively. Soil and its interaction with moisture and temperature additionally had a significant effect on various traits of the weed species which highlights the importance of considering this factor when investigating plant responses to altered climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector control is one of the most important components in combating vector-borne diseases throughout the world. Application of insecticides is a widely known and popular vector control strategy. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Abutilón indicum, Hyptis suaveolens and Leucas aspera against third-stage larvae of Anopheles culicifiacies. The results clearly suggest that all three selected plant extracts exhibited moderate larvicidal activity after 24, 48 and 72 h at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm; the lethal concentrations (LC) at 50% and 90% of A. indicum, H. suaveolens against third instar larvae at 24, 48 and 72 h (hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and acetone) were as follows: A. indicum, LC50=1031.65, 949.18, 833.58 and 673.68 ppm; LCM=2215.87, 2234.39, 2152.97 and 2455.10 ppm; H. suaveolens, LC50=423.00, 347.50, 236.58 and 217.24 ppm; LC90=1431.91, 1292.15, 1138.49 and 1049.27 ppm and L. aspera, LC50=559.77, 401.56, 299.71 and 263.01 ppm; LCM=1400.80, 1549.31, 1157.96 and 1108.72 ppm at 24 h, respectively. Overall, the highest larvicidal activity was observed with H. suaveolens extract followed by L. aspera and A. indicum at various concentrations at 48 and 72 h, respectively. The objective of this investigation was an attempt to search for a user- and eco-friendly vector control agent. The study proved that the selected plant leaf extracts could serve as potent larvicidal agents against A. culicifacies in vector control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Abutilon indicum Sweet (Malvaceae) is used in Filipino folk medicine as demulcent, diuretic, sedative, aphrodisiac and antidiabetic remedy. It is also effective in the treatment of leprosy. It is also used as a laxative for patients having hemorrhoids and in the treatment of coughs, puerperal disease, urinary disorders, chronic dysentery and fever. Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of A. indicum were initially extracted with DCM-methanol (1:1) to afford a crude extract which was fractionated on a silica gel column to afford four fractions. The first fraction which showed antimycobacterial activity was further chromatographed in a silica gel column to afford bioactive fractions from which four compounds were obtained. The crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC) using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method. Results: The fractions obtained after silica gel chromatography of the crude DCM-methanol (1:1) revealed the first fraction (MIC=64 μg/mL) to exert the highest inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.Further separation of this fraction afforded sub-fractions with moderately strong inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC up to 64 μg/mL). Chromatographic purification of sub-fraction 1 afforded four compounds which were spectroscopically identified as β-amyrin 3-palmitate (1), squalene (2) and a 1:1 mixture of the sterols β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4). Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of 1-4 showed insignificant inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC = >128 μg/mL). Conclusion: The present results demonstrate the potential of Abutilon indicum as a plant source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity. While the known compounds isolated for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity, the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from A. indicum responsible for the antitubercular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread pattern of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf ) in Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia was analysed based on an exhaustive distribution data set (389 records). Cumulative number of all records showed a continuous increase since its introduction in the 19th century and > 1970 its spread gained momentum with an exponential increase > 2000. In fields, the species remained rare until 2000. Since then, A. theophrasti has invaded fields much more frequently (78% of all records in fields > 2000) and it was mainly found in sugar beet and maize. Approximately a total of 188 000 ha of the agricultural area are currently at risk of being invaded. Given the on-going spread into fields, the results provide evidence that A. theophrasti may cause serious impacts. Control measures should focus on the prevention of spreading seeds and the establishment of new foci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs created by damming rivers and inundating terrestrial areas can have serious effects on ecosystem structure and functions of riverine wetlands. Here, we tested the hypothesis that reservoir shorelines had similar vegetation characteristics to adjacent riverine wetlands due to propagule dispersal and examined whether vegetation distribution in reservoir shorelines was related to topographic factors. We investigated 146, 44, and 67 plots in shorelines of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, upstream and downstream wetlands, and tributary wetlands, respectively. Results revealed that reservoir shorelines had a similarity of 45% to riverine wetlands in species composition. Two-way indicator species analysis demonstrated that communities in reservoir shorelines were dominated by mesophyte species such as Cynodon dactylon and Abutilon theophrasti, while communities in riverine wetlands were largely dominated by hygrophyte species including Paspalum paspaloides, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Polygonum hydropiper. Moreover, species diversity and percentage of perennial species in reservoir shorelines were lower than those in riverine wetlands. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that topographic factors including landform, slope, and distance to water were important factors regulating species and community distribution in reservoir shorelines. Landform and slope also strongly influenced the species diversity of shoreline vegetation. Results from this study may contribute to a better understanding of shoreline vegetation in large subtropical reservoirs and provide information for future re-vegetation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir after dam heightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abutilon indicum is a well-known traditional medicinal shrub and used as an agent of anthelminthic, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic. However limited studies are available on its potential against Genitourinary tract infections. The present investigation deals with the analysis of possible phytochemicals exist in the stem of Abutilon indicum followed by evaluating its antimicrobial potential against various pathogenic microbes involved in Genitourinary tract infections. The phytochemicals analysis showed the existence of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols etc upon subjecting to sequential extraction process employing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous solvent systems. Evaluation of extracts against a panel of GUTI-pathogens revealed that against all the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate extract showed considerable inhibitory effect against all the pathogens. The extract was separated by TLC and silica gel column chromatography to fractionate the bioactive constituents. Evaluation of chemical nature of ethyl acetate fractions revealed that the presence of alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, tripenoids and saponins. The isolated compounds were further screened for antimicrobial activity against GUTI. Bioactive alkaloid fraction showed 95.10% purity by HPTLC was subjected to FTIR analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionic liquids based simultaneous ultrasonic and microwave assisted extraction (ILs-UMAE) method has been proposed for the extraction of rutin (RU), quercetin (QU), from velvetleaf leaves. The influential parameters of the ILs-UMAE were optimized by the single factor and the central composite design (CCD) experiments. A 2.00 M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C4mim]Br) was used as the experimental ionic liquid, extraction temperature 60°C, extraction time 12min, liquid-solid ratio 32mL/g, microwave power of 534 W, and a fixed ultrasonic power of 50 W. Compared to conventional heating reflux extraction (HRE), the RU and QU extraction yields obtained by ILs-UMAE were, respectively, 5.49 mg/g and 0.27 mg/g, which increased, respectively, 2.01-fold and 2.34-fold with the recoveries that were in the range of 97.62-102.36% for RU and 97.33-102.21% for QU with RSDs lower than 3.2% under the optimized UMAE conditions. In addition, the shorter extraction time was used in ILs-UMAE, compared with HRE. Therefore, ILs-UMAE was a rapid and an efficient method for the extraction of RU and QU from the leaves of velvetleaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The volatile oil presented fokienol as the most abundant compound. [•] The volatile oil presented selective antifungal activity against dermatophytes. [•] The nanoemulsion developed with volatile oil improved the activity of the oil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]