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In the German regional climate modeling project ReKliEs-De the existing EURO-CORDEX simulations have been systematically complemented by new simulations to derive more robust ranges of possible future climate change. The focus of the project lay on user tailored results, which are required for the planning of measures to adapt to the changing climate. Changes in temperature and precipitation indices are calculated from a multi model ensemble for the end of the 21st century. The results for the mitigation scenario RCP2.6 are compared to the results of the “business as usual” scenario RCP8.5. Averaged over Germany the increase of mean annual temperature and of the number of summer days will be around 3 times higher for RCP8.5 than for RCP2.6. In summer, the increase of dry days could be twice as high in RCP8.5 compared to RCP2.6.

A method is presented which applies bias adjustments to climate indicators that are based on fixed thresholds, e.g., the number of hot days with the maximum temperature exceeding 30 °C or the number of days with heavy precipitation in exceedance of 20 mm rainfall. The bias adjustment first identifies the percentile of the required threshold value in reference climate data. Then it computes the value of this percentile for the individual historical climate model simulations – here an ensembles of EURO-CORDEX model runs, including dynamical and statistical models. Finally, the climate indicator is re-calculated for each model. The method is applied to climate projections as well, giving further insight into the projected development of the ensemble for extreme conditions. It is assessed that communication to the public and decision makers is improved by expressing these changes in extremes based on absolute values.

Communication between providers and users of climate model simulation results still needs to be improved. In the German regional climate modeling project ReKliEs-De a midterm user workshop was conducted to allow the intended users of the project results to assess the preliminary results and to streamline the final project results to their needs. The user feedback highlighted, in particular, the still considerable gap between climate research output and user-tailored input for climate impact research. Two major requests from the user community addressed the selection of sub-ensembles and some condensed, easy to understand information on the strengths and weaknesses of the climate models involved in the project.

A system to derive tracks of barometric minima is presented. It is deliberately using coarse input data in space (order of 2°×2°) and time (6-hourly to daily) as well as information from just one geopotential level. It is argued that the results are, for one robust in the sense of an assumption of the IMILAST Project that the use of as simple as possible metrics should be strived for and for two tailored to the input from reanalyses and GCMs. The methodology presented is a necessary first step towards an automated storm track recognition scheme which will be employed in a second paper to study the future development of atmospheric dynamics in a changing climate. The process towards obtaining storm tracks is two-fold. In its first step cyclone centers are being identified. The performance of this step requires the existence of closed isolines, i.e., a topology in which a grid-point is surrounded by neighbours which all exhibit higher geopotential. The usage of this topology requirement as well as the constraint of coarse data may lead, though, to limitations in identifying centers in geopotential fields with shallow gradients that may occur in the summer months; moreover, some centers may potentially be missed in case of a configuration in which a small scale storm is located at the perimeter of a deep and very large low (a kind of "dent in a crater wall"). The second step of the process strings the identified cyclone centers together in a meaningful way to form tracks. By way of several examples the capability to identify known storm tracks is shown.

When studying concentrations of particulate matter with a size of 10 µm or below (PM10), measured locally, it becomes evident that two main portions need to be quantified: The concentration produced by sources in the vicinity of the station and the long range transports. The traditional approaches include analyses of the components of PM10, comparisons upwind and downwind of a station, investigation of trajectories and complex chemical transport modelling. The development of an independent strategy which makes use of statistical methods, including regression and correlation analysis is a reasonable alternative. This method, presented here, does not apply the concept of PM10 sources, but, rather, analyzes the relations between times series of PM10 measurements and atmospheric properties. It is applied to identify the shares of the local portion and the large-scale background plus a stochastic portion that cannot be attributed to either of the two. Using regression analysis, a set of objectively chosen meteorological parameters is used to reconstruct the local PM10 measurement series, defining the local portion. This weather-dependent part of the series is then removed and the residuum, which contains the large-scale PM10 background and a stochastic portion is analyzed further with correlations. Results are shown for a three-year set of data which includes well over 250 PM10 stations across Germany. The data is analyzed according to different stratifications, such as the PM10 load and the wind direction as well as for the data set as a whole. In a further development of the method, a study of PM10 transports across several border sections is shown.

Computer-generated visualizations of geoscientific data, such as those from climate models are in high demand for a wide variety of usages; these include, among others, scientific publications, reports and graphical aides for the general public's improved understanding of complex developments. The paper will focus on the effects of colours in two-dimensional displays. Practical examples are given from which it becomes clear that considerable confusion or even damage can arise from an uninformed use of colour mapping and if results become, e.g., published in an unchecked manner by the media.

Test Reference Years (TRY) are data sets tailored for use in the context of simulations with respect to the thermal behaviour of buildings. They are based on measurements and observations from weather stations of the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) and represent the climate conditions of a larger area with an order of magnitude of 100 km x 100 km. The data sets cannot, however, be readily applied to urban areas. The air temperature as one of the most important meteorological elements for the building-related simulations frequently is subject to an increase with respect to the conditions outside the city area due to what is called the urban heat island effect. Numerous field measurements have led to the development of empirical relations to assess the urban temperature modification. These relations were implemented in a straightforward method. It applies a set of easily accessible parameters in a combination of different empirical formulae to derive an estimate of the urban air temperature modification. An intercomparison of calculated versus measured air temperature data showed that this method might yield a realistic representation of the urban heat island intensity.

The sensitivity of the statistical downscaling method WETTREG, which analyzes the time evolution of circulation pattern frequencies taken from results of climate model 20th century runs and scenarios and its consequences for local climate parameters, is studied. Several results from global models runs (BCCR, CGCM, and ECHAM) and one regional model run (CCLM) are used in their pattern-generating capacity to derive the WETTREG input. Moreover, several generations and runs of the same model are analyzed. In an additional experiment, an extrapolation of the recent trends in pattern frequency into the near future and the resulting short-term temperature and precipitation trends are investigated. The results show input data dependent distinctive features concerning the reconstruction of the current climate, albeit of small magnitude. With respect to short-term climate trends for the target time frame 2011-2030, the model-specific bandwidth is strongest in winter and weakest in summer when 2 m air temperature is concerned and rarely leaves a ± 10 % envelope when percentual change of precipitation is concerned.

In the German regional climate modeling project ReKliEs-De the existing EURO-CORDEX simulations have been systematically complemented by new simulations to derive more robust ranges of possible future climate change. The focus of the project lay on user tailored results, which are required for the planning of measures to adapt to the changing climate. Changes in temperature and precipitation indices are calculated from a multi model ensemble for the end of the 21st century. The results for the mitigation scenario RCP2.6 are compared to the results of the "business as usual" scenario RCP8.5. Averaged over Germany the increase of mean annual temperature and of the number of summer days will be around 3 times higher for RCP8.5 than for RCP2.6. In summer, the increase of dry days could be twice as high in RCP8.5 compared to RCP2.6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is presented which applies bias adjustments to climate indicators that are based on fixed thresholds, e.g., the number of hot days with the maximum temperature exceeding 30 ∘ C or the number of days with heavy precipitation in exceedance of 20 mm rainfall. The bias adjustment first identifies the percentile of the required threshold value in reference climate data. Then it computes the value of this percentile for the individual historical climate model simulations – here an ensembles of EURO-CORDEX model runs, including dynamical and statistical models. Finally, the climate indicator is re-calculated for each model. The method is applied to climate projections as well, giving further insight into the projected development of the ensemble for extreme conditions. It is assessed that communication to the public and decision makers is improved by expressing these changes in extremes based on absolute values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the weather generator (WG) used by the empirical statistical downscaling method WETTREG (weather situation-based regionalization method (in German: WETTerlagen-basierte REGionalisierungsmethode)), is described. It belongs to the class of multi-site parametric models that aim at the representation of the spatial dependence among weather variables with conditioning on exogenous atmospheric predictors. The development of the WETTREGWG was motivated by (i) the requirement of climate impact modelers to obtain input data sets that are consistent and can be produced in a relatively economic way and (ii) the well-sustained hypothesis that large scale atmospheric features are well reproduced by climate models and can be used as a link to regional climate. The WG operates at daily temporal resolution. The conditioning factor is the temporal development of the frequency distribution of circulation patterns. Following a brief description of the strategy of classifying circulation patterns that have a strong link to regional climate, the bulk of this paper is devoted to a description of the WG itself. This includes aspects, such as the utilized building blocks, seasonality or the methodology with which a signature of climate change is imprinted onto the generated time series. Further attention is given to particularities of the WG's conditioning processes, as well as to extremes, areal representativity and the interface of WGs and user requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When assessing the magnitude of climate signals in a regional scale, a host of optional approaches is feasible. This encompasses the use of regional climate models (RCM), nested into global climate models (GCM) for an area of interest as well as employing empirical statistical downscaling methods (ESD). In this context the question is addressed: Is an empirical statistical downscaling method capable of yielding results that are comparable to those by dynamical RCMs? Based on the presented ESD method, the comparison of RCM and ESD results show a high amount of agreement. In addition the empirical statistical downscaling can be applied directly to a GCM or a GCM-RCM cascade. The paper aims at comparing the consequences of employing various CGM-RCM-ESD combinations on the derived future changes of temperature and precipitation. This adds to the insight on the scale dependency of downscaling strategies. Results for one GCM with several scenario runs driving several RCMs with and without subsequent empirical statistical downscaling are presented. It is shown that there are only small differences between using the GCM results directly or as a GCM-RCM-ESD cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which aim to develop an algorithm that can identify cyclone tracks in an objective manner. It highlights the analysis and identification of moving low pressure systems through the application of methodologies such as an automated storm track recognition scheme. It concludes that the methodologies used in the study was able to reveal and identify known storm tracks.