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Traditionally, curved façade geometries can be achieved by the means of hot bending glass or tessellation of the underlying geometry into plane parts, or even combinations of aforementioned. While the first method is not cost, nor energy efficient, for it relies on a heating process and requires bending moulds for every geometry, the second requires a vast amount of opaque substructure, opposing the aim of translucent façade structures. Contrary to these methods, the cold bending of glass omits those detrimental side effects of modern façade design. So, a promising technique was developed by elastically applying the curvature at ambient temperature. Nevertheless, the widespread use is still opposed by surmounted imponderables, like advanced calculation models utilizing FEAs and missing experience in the application of this method. This paper gives an extensive overview of the state of the art, like realized structures, deformation criteria and cold bending associated stress development, while also prompting a new analytical approach for the calculation of stresses in cold bent glasses. Moreover, a time-dependent buckling phenomenon on laminated glasses is discussed. In conclusion, aspects of the upcoming informative annex of the prEN 19100 (Eurocode 10 to be) on cold bending are discussed.

Uddannelsesudvikling er en essentiel del af det akademiske arbejde på videregående uddannelser. I disse processer kan vi diskutere relevansen af en uddannelse samt sammenhængen og progressionen på tværs af semestre, kurser og undervisning for uddannelsens helhed, og det at skabe gode læringsprocesser for studerende. Der er således brug for at have et større fokus på de systematiske tilgange og de iterative processer, der kan være i at udvikle eller revidere en uddannelse. Denne guide er baseret på teoretisk litteratur og forskning samt forfatternes egne erfaringer som uddannelsesrådgivere, og den præsenterer praksisnære anvisninger til uddannelsesansvarlige, undervisere, studerende, aftagere og uddannelsesudviklere om uddannelsesudvikling.

Abstract Pathogenic somatic MTOR variants in the cerebral cortex are a frequent cause of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). We describe a child with drug and surgery‐resistant focal epilepsy due to FCD type II who developed progressive enlargement and T2 signal hyperintensity in the ipsilateral caudate and lentiform nuclei. Histopathology of caudate nucleus biopsies showed dysmorphic neurons, similar to those in resected cortex. Genetic analysis of frontal and temporal cortex and caudate nucleus identified a pathogenic somatic MTOR variant [NM_004958.4:c.4375G > C (p.Ala1459Pro)] that was not present in blood‐derived gDNA. The mean variant allele frequency ranged from 0.4% to 3.2% in cerebral cortex and up to 5.4% in the caudate nucleus. The basal ganglia abnormalities suggest more widespread, potentially hemispheric dysplasia in this patient, consistent with the pathogenic variant occurring in early cerebral development. This finding provides a potential explanation for persistent seizures in some patients with seemingly complete resection of FCD or disconnection of a dysplastic hemisphere.

The PASS (Peer Assisted Study Support) program has been operating at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, since 2000, and currently provides weekly study sessions in more than 50 courses each year. As well as enhancing the first-year learning experience, PASS contributes to an institution-wide award that acknowledges the impact of extra-curricular activities on students' graduate attributes and employability skills. Selected from high-calibre candidates, PASS leaders already possess strong communication and thinking skills. Nevertheless, an online survey of current and former leaders between 2009-2014 [n = 185] revealed a significant majority perceived that the experience of leading a study group, in particular the associated writing of weekly reflections, enhanced their confidence, cognitive and communication skills, as well as contributing to their CVs and job application success. Such results highlight the potential for student leaders to translate their day-to-day experiences into added value for life after university.

Arguably no two neighbours are as deeply intermeshed as Australia and New Zealand. Both have a mutually reinforcing and non-discretionary stake in the Pacific's prosperity and security—the region of greatest strategic intersection and overlapping national interests. Although strategically aligned, New Zealand is not a 'mini-Australia'. Australia is an Indo-Pacific middle power with equities to balance with its US ally and regional partners like Japan, Indonesia, and India. New Zealand is a small state with a Pacific identity. Despite asymmetries, New Zealand offers strategic value to Australia through Pasifika demographics, niche capabilities, and by adding another voice to shared objectives. Due to scale and culture differences, New Zealand can credibly and authentically engage with Pacific partners in a different way from Australia. The ANZUS military alliance remains the backbone of the strategic relationship. However, as the inaugural Australia-New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministerial meeting (ANZMIN) in February 2024 affirmed, increasingly all 'tools of statecraft' need to be applied to the compounding challenges ahead. Further, both countries should leverage their comparative advantages as part of collective efforts. A modernised understanding of the alliance might start by re-examining each country's geopolitical mindset and the respective strategic value each provides the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first time of many significant encounters is the most intense, raising awkwardness, anxiety and hope. This article presents data from doctoral students (n = 80) who described the first time that they submitted writing to their supervisor and received feedback. The first writing/feedback exchange is an initiation into the cultures of academia. Student accounts captured the intensity of the initiation for students, excitement or dread on submitting writing, with increased emotional reaction when going through the feedback process, that liminal first time. Close focus on the first-time writing feedback exchange makes a contribution to the literature on the social interactions of doctoral writing. Data backs our argument that students and supervisors need to carefully manage the first-time exchange of writing. Our findings are analysed thematically and through an autoethnographic lens of the lead author, who was both a research assistant for the research survey and an international doctoral student experiencing the same processes in his cross-disciplinary joint doctorate. We draw on conceptual threshold-crossing theories established in regard to doctoral learning.

Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a common developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with poor long-term outcomes. A substantial proportion of patients with IESS have a potentially surgically remediable etiology. Despite this, epilepsy surgery is underutilized in this patient group. Some surgically remediable etiologies, such as focal cortical dysplasia and malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in epilepsy (MOGHE), are under-diagnosed in infants and young children. Even when a surgically remediable etiology is recognised, for example, tuberous sclerosis or focal encephalomalacia, epilepsy surgery may be delayed or not considered due to diffuse EEG changes, unclear surgical boundaries, or concerns about operating in this age group. In this review, the authors discuss the common surgically remediable etiologies of IESS, their clinical and EEG features, and the imaging techniques that can aid in their diagnosis. They then describe the surgical approaches used in this patient group, and the beneficial impact that early epilepsy surgery can have on developing brain networks. Epilepsy surgery remains underutilized even when a potentially surgically remediable cause is recognized. Overcoming the barriers that result in under-recognition of surgical candidates and underutilization of epilepsy surgery in IESS will improve long-term seizure and developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients with focal, lesional epilepsy present with seizures at variable ages. Larger lesion size and overlap with sensorimotor or default mode network (DMN) have been associated with younger age at seizure onset in cohorts with mixed types of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Here, we studied determinants of age at seizure onset in patients with bottom‐of‐sulcus dysplasia (BOSD), a discrete type of FCD with highly localized epileptogenicity. Methods: Eighty‐four patients (77% operated) with BOSD were studied. Demographic, histopathologic, and genetic findings were recorded. BOSD volume and anatomical, primary versus association, rostral versus caudal, and functional network locations were determined. Normative functional connectivity analyses were performed using each BOSD as a region of interest in resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of healthy children. Variables were correlated with age at seizure onset. Results: Median age at seizure onset was 5.4 (interquartile range = 2–7.9) years. Of 50 tested patients, 22 had somatic and nine had germline pathogenic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway variants. Younger age at seizure onset was associated with greater BOSD volume (p =.002), presence of a germline pathogenic variant (p =.04), DMN overlap (p =.04), and increased functional connectivity with the DMN (p <.05, false discovery rate corrected). Location within sensorimotor cortex and networks was not associated with younger age at seizure onset in our relatively small but homogenous cohort. Significance: Greater lesion size, pathogenic mTOR pathway germline variants, and DMN connectivity are associated with younger age at seizure onset in small FCD. Our findings strengthen the suggested role of DMN connectivity in the onset of FCD‐related focal epilepsy and reveal novel contributions of genetic etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting on a New Zealand-focused research project, this article shows that cultural knowledges can empower supervision practice. Within the New Zealand context, Maori and Pasifika cultures are priority groups: the national educational agenda aims to foster equal access to success. Western and Pasifika methodologies meet here. Underpinning our indigenous focus lies a larger survey of supervisors [n226] and doctoral students [n80] gathered via two anonymous digital questionnaires and analysed using Nvivo. Data using a "talanoa" method positions this paper within an authentic cultural framework. All data was re-analysed through the lens of cultural pedagogies. We found that cultural concepts, according immediately with our priority groups, also mapped onto western knowledges and general practice. We suggest that supervisors and their candidates should draw on their heritages, looking for culturally-appropriate pedagogies and protocols, because these are apt to inspire the heart of human relationship-building.

In today’s architecture the bending of glass plays an important role in achieving free forms in modern façades. In addition to the usual procedure of hot bending glass sheets into the desired shape, the option of cold bending is being used more and more frequently. In this process a glass pane is bent into the desired shape and fastened to a substructure without prior heating and at low cost. This inherent bending state comes along with different beneficial but also with some unfavourable perks that have to be considered in the engineering process. The resulting influences on the strength of the glass and stiffness of the overall system are investigated in a German research project. In large-scale tests, special attention is paid to the established shape of the pane during the bending process and the resulting load on the steel substructure.

Increasing automotive powertrain electrification is impacting drivetrain complexity and the profiles of the fluids needed. Since the millennium, drivetrain fluid viscosities have been reduced for better efficiency, but this new challenge is driving them to unprecedented low levels. This paper assesses some of the potential implications of ultra-low viscosity fluids on drivetrain functionality and durability. Model formulations have been prepared from a variety of base fluids combined with additive packages. These have been evaluated in typical automotive drivetrain rig tests, as well as with some selected functional tests. In addition, the thermo-oxidative stability and electrical and thermal properties of the fluids were compared. Based on the results, the impact of low viscosity fluids on drivetrain functionality and durability varies depending on the performance parameter evaluated. For example, gear scuffing and bearing wear is highly dependent on additives, whilst gear and bearing fatigue is mainly affected by fluid viscosity. However, by carefully balancing base fluids and additives, acceptable component and fluid durability can be achieved. With respect to new electric drivetrain performance needs, the thermal properties of the finished fluid are essentially dependent on the base fluid composition, whilst its electrical properties are more influenced by additive chemistry, with some secondary impact from base fluid composition.

Bottom-of-sulcus dysplasia (BOSD) is increasingly recognized as a cause of drug-resistant, surgically-remediable, focal epilepsy, often in seemingly MRI-negative patients. We describe the clinical manifestations, morphological features, localization patterns and genetics of BOSD, with the aims of improving management and understanding pathogenesis. We studied 85 patients with BOSD diagnosed between 2005–2022. Presenting seizure and EEG characteristics, clinical course, genetic findings and treatment response were obtained from medical records. MRI (3 T) and 18F-FDG-PET scans were reviewed systematically for BOSD morphology and metabolism. Histopathological analysis and tissue genetic testing were performed in 64 operated patients. BOSD locations were transposed to common imaging space to study anatomical location, functional network localization and relationship to normal MTOR gene expression. All patients presented with stereotyped focal seizures with rapidly escalating frequency, prompting hospitalization in 48%. Despite 42% patients having seizure remissions, usually with sodium channel blocking medications, most eventually became drug-resistant and underwent surgery (86% seizure-free). Prior developmental delay was uncommon but intellectual, language and executive dysfunction were present in 24%, 48% and 29% when assessed preoperatively, low intellect being associated with greater epilepsy duration. BOSDs were missed on initial MRI in 68%, being ultimately recognized following repeat MRI, 18F-FDG-PET or image postprocessing. MRI features were grey-white junction blurring (100%), cortical thickening (91%), transmantle band (62%), increased cortical T1 signal (46%) and increased subcortical FLAIR signal (26%). BOSD hypometabolism was present on 18F-FDG-PET in 99%. Additional areas of cortical malformation or grey matter heterotopia were present in eight patients. BOSDs predominated in frontal and pericentral cortex and related functional networks, mostly sparing temporal and occipital cortex, and limbic and visual networks. Genetic testing yielded pathogenic mTOR pathway variants in 63% patients, including somatic MTOR variants in 47% operated patients and germline DEPDC5 or NPRL3 variants in 73% patients with familial focal epilepsy. BOSDs tended to occur in regions where the healthy brain normally shows lower MTOR expression, suggesting these regions may be more vulnerable to upregulation of MTOR activity. Consistent with the existing literature, these results highlight (i) clinical features raising suspicion of BOSD; (ii) the role of somatic and germline mTOR pathway variants in patients with sporadic and familial focal epilepsy associated with BOSD; and (iii) the role of 18F-FDG-PET alongside high-field MRI in detecting subtle BOSD. The anatomical and functional distribution of BOSDs likely explain their seizure, EEG and cognitive manifestations and may relate to relative MTOR expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This letter to the editor is a response to the editorial by Dan. To view this paper visit https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15922. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic somatic MTOR variants in the cerebral cortex are a frequent cause of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). We describe a child with drug and surgery‐resistant focal epilepsy due to FCD type II who developed progressive enlargement and T2 signal hyperintensity in the ipsilateral caudate and lentiform nuclei. Histopathology of caudate nucleus biopsies showed dysmorphic neurons, similar to those in resected cortex. Genetic analysis of frontal and temporal cortex and caudate nucleus identified a pathogenic somatic MTOR variant [NM_004958.4:c.4375G > C (p.Ala1459Pro)] that was not present in blood‐derived gDNA. The mean variant allele frequency ranged from 0.4% to 3.2% in cerebral cortex and up to 5.4% in the caudate nucleus. The basal ganglia abnormalities suggest more widespread, potentially hemispheric dysplasia in this patient, consistent with the pathogenic variant occurring in early cerebral development. This finding provides a potential explanation for persistent seizures in some patients with seemingly complete resection of FCD or disconnection of a dysplastic hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Favorable seizure outcome is reported following resection of bottom‐of‐sulcus dysplasia (BOSD). We assessed the distribution of epileptogenicity and dysplasia in and around BOSD to better understand this clinical outcome and the optimal surgical approach. Methods: We studied 27 children and adolescents with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐positive BOSD who underwent epilepsy surgery; 85% became seizure‐free postresection (median = 5.0 years follow‐up). All patients had resection of the dysplastic sulcus, and 11 had additional resection of the gyral crown (GC) or adjacent gyri (AG). Markers of epileptogenicity were relative cortical hypometabolism on preoperative 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), and spiking, ripples, fast ripples, spike–high‐frequency oscillation cross‐rate, and phase amplitude coupling (PAC) on preresection and postresection electrocorticography (ECoG), all analyzed at the bottom‐of‐sulcus (BOS), top‐of‐sulcus (TOS), GC, and AG. Markers of dysplasia were increased cortical thickness on preoperative MRI, and dysmorphic neuron density and variant allele frequency of somatic MTOR mutations in resected tissue, analyzed at similar locations. Results: Relative cortical metabolism was significantly reduced and ECoG markers were significantly increased at the BOS compared to other regions. Apart from spiking and PAC, which were greater at the TOS compared to the GC, there were no significant differences in PET and other ECoG markers between the TOS, GC, and AG, suggesting a cutoff of epileptogenicity at the TOS rather than a tapering gradient on the cortical surface. MRI and tissue markers of dysplasia were all maximal in the BOS, reduced in the TOS, and mostly absent in the GC. Spiking and PAC reduced significantly over the GC after resection of the dysplastic sulcus. Significance: These findings support the concept that dysplasia and intrinsic epileptogenicity are mostly limited to the dysplastic sulcus in BOSD and support resection or ablation confined to the MRI‐visible lesion as a first‐line surgical approach. 18F‐FDG PET and ECoG abnormalities in surrounding cortex seem to be secondary phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]