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Introduction. The creation of hydraulic retarders for use in transport equipment (hydrodynamic retarders) is associated with the implementation of the specified mechanical characteristics with the minimum overall dimensions of the product, limited by the cramped layout of the machine. This circumstance requires a wide range of studies on the influence of hydraulic brake parameters, for example, the number and angle of inclination of the blades, the shape of the flow path and the physical and mechanical properties of the working fluid on the implemented mechanical characteristic of the assembly in order to optimize the latter in terms of weight and size parameters.Objective. Verification of the mathematical model of the dynamics of the working fluid in the fluid part of the hydraulic brake, to confirm the calculated data obtained with its help.Methodology and methods. Verification of the developed model was carried out by performing a series of experimental studies using a serial hydrodynamic retarder. To ensure the possibility of a correct comparison, the solid model of the impellers of the hydraulic brake, with the help of which the finite volume model of the flow part of the retarder was created, was obtained using a coordinate measuring machine. During the experiment, a number of stationary operating modes were implemented with different rotor speeds and pressure difference between the inlet and outlet lines of the hydraulic brake. Then the obtained modes were reproduced using the developed mathematical model. The comparison was carried out according to the realized braking torque.Results and scientific novelty. In the course of the studies performed, it was proved that the results obtained using the developed mathematical model of fluid dynamics in the flow part of the hydraulic retarder and in the framework of a full-scale experiment are close. The presented result allows us to consider the developed mathematical model verified and reasonably use it in the study of the influence of various hydraulic brake parameters on its mechanical characteristics.Practical significance. A mathematical model of fluid dynamics in the flow part of a hydrodynamic retarder has been created and verified. The data obtained make it possible to use it in the design of the blade part of the hydraulic retarder to implement the specified mechanical characteristics of the assembly.

Introduction. In the modern world, in order to increase the mobility and traffic safety of vehicles, as well as to increase the service life of brake mechanisms, a wear-resistant brake system is widely used on heavy wheeled vehicles, which makes it possible to provide service deceleration of the vehicle without the use of friction brakes. One of the main units that make up such a deceleration system is a hydrodynamic retarder, the study of the characteristics of which is devoted to this work.Objective. Providing a given mechanical characteristic of a hydrodynamic retarder by optimizing the blade part.Methodology and methods. To study the influence of the parameters of the bladed part on the characteristics of the hydrodynamic retarder, CFD methods are used to determine the values of the dynamic/energy characteristics of the flow in the interblade space of the hydraulic brake, considering the influence of the geometric features of the flow path, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the working fluid. Within the framework of the article, a finitevolume model of the fluid part of the hydraulic brake was created in the Ansys Fluent software package, and the dependence of the characteristics of the hydraulic brake on the internal elements of the blade part was analyzed: the number of blades, the angle of inclination of the blades, the shape of the fluid part.Results and scientific novelty. The presented approach allows iteratively to carry out the synthesis of hydraulic brake impellers. At the same time, the obtained results of the study on the influence of the angle of inclination, the number and shape of the blades on the torque coefficient of the hydraulic brake make it possible to rationally choose the initial approximation and reduce the number of iterations.Practical significance. Data on the influence of the parameters of the flow path on the characteristics of the hydraulic brake make it possible at the design stage to evaluate the possibility of creating acceptable designs of hydrodynamic retarders for use on wheeled vehicles.

The article examines the current trends and features of US and EU protectionism towards Russia, its possible consequences and ways of response. Protectionism has been increasing since 2020, which is manifested in the intensification of the use of existing instruments and the development of the new ones.The article analyzes possible consequences of the spike in countervailing investigations by the US against Russia. The author highlights possible application of similar restrictive measures by other partners as an additional risk. An unprecedented event is the US Department of Commerce review of Russia’s status as a market economy country for purposes of antidumping duty investigations. Non-market economy status expands the capabilities of the US to “overcount” dumping and impose duties, thus impeding the activity of Russian companies on foreign markets. The US acknowledged for now that there does not exist a sufficient degree of evidence to justify a change in Russia’s market economy designation, nevertheless, one cannot rule out such attempts in the future.In the EU context, the practice of energy adjustments, which results in overstated production costs, normal value and anti-dumping duties for Russian goods, is continued. A new protectionist step is the publication of the report “On significant distortions in the economy of the Russian Federation for the purposes of trade defence investigations”, which lays an additional basis for the continuation and strengthening of restrictive measures. The article analyzes a new instrument of environmental protectionism, the EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanism, a levy on imported products based on the embedded CO2 emissions. The measure will affect important positions of the Russian exports – cement, electricity, fertilizers, iron & steel and aluminum. The mechanism can be considered an attempt to make up for the EU’s lack of natural competitive advantages in mineral raw materials and to impose its vision of economic policy goals on the rest of the world.In conclusion, the author highlights features of American and European protectionism towards Russia – active employment of the role of the state in the economy factor as well as environmental factor as pretexts for introducing or tightening restrictive measures.The main ways of Russia’s response to new challenges can be the use of the WTO platform in cooperation with other countries, the search for new economic levers in relations with the partners (including application of trade defence measures), the detection of possible market distortions in the EU and the US for possible use in EAEU investigations.

Objective. Integrating the numerical solution module of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function in a CFD package. Application of the module to volumetric condensation at the supersonic flow of a vapor-gas mixture through a nozzle in a two-dimensional formulation, comparison of the results with experimental data of third-party authors.Methods. In this paper, the problem of volume condensation in the supersonic flow of a vapor-gas mixture through a nozzle is solved by finite element methods in a two-dimensional formulation using user-defined functions.Results. A module for the numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function is presented as a user-defined function integrated into the calculated CFD package.Conclusion. The module application to volumetric condensation for a vapor-gas mixture flow through the nozzle gave a qualitative agreement in all areas and a quantitative agreement in the area of intense condensation with measurement data. The distributions of temperatures, pressures, and the degree of supersaturation are presented both along the central axis and on the plane bounded by the contour of the computational domain. It is shown that the module does not depend on the solver type (stationary or non-stationary).

In 2019 the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) celebrates its 30th anniversary. APEC emerged at a turning point in international relations history as the break-up of the socialist camp ruled out the alternative to capitalism model of social and political development and created new opportunities for internationalization of production. However, those new opportunities were yet to be realized. The 30th anniversary of APEC provides a good opportunity to revisit the history of the forum and to highlight complex negotiations between the countries of the Asia-Pacific region at the end of the Cold War. The paper examines both the structural factors that shaped global and regional contexts of the negotiation process and the role of those politicians and diplomats who had decisively contributed to the success of the negotiations. Special focus is made on the role of the United States, Australia, and Japan. The author examines their views on a wide range of issues related to the development of economic and political cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, including its aims and scope, institutional arrangements, potential participants, and prospects for cooperation with regional organizations (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) — in particular) and mechanisms of global trade management (primarily — the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)). As for the ASEAN member states, the author emphasizes that they were particularly concerned that a new forum would place itself centrally in the regional economic cooperation and would overshadow the Association. In addition, they sought to ensure that APEC won’t be dominated by larger, stronger states, notably by the United States and Japan. Under these conditions, Australia decided to take the initiative. It managed to dispel major fears of the ASEAN member states and convinced them to join the new regional alliance, and ultimately it was Australia who played the central role in founding of APEC. At the same time the author notes that the forum has gone far beyond the initial expectations of its creators: it is not merely an effective tool for further trade liberalization in the Asia-Pacific region, but a unique platform for consultation, negotiation, and decision-making process suited for needs and capacities of each individual member state. As a result, economic cooperation among countries of the Pacific has reached a fundamentally new level.

Signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945 had formally ended the most destructive and bloody war in the history of mankind. Even before that a new balance of power on the international arena began to form, that would persist for almost half a century. At the same time, it was obvious from the outright that the Allies had very different views on how the post-war world order should look like. Traditionally, both Russian and foreign academic literature focused on their disputes regarding the German question. This paper provides a brief overview of the US Department of State planning and recommendation process for the post-war reconstruction of Japan in 1939–1945, which had eventually led to the formation of the socalled San Francisco subsystem of international relations. The first section of the paper outlines the challenges faced by the State Department when it came to planning the post-war architecture of the Far East. In that regard, the author pays particular attention to the staff shortage, which forced the Department of State to strengthen partnership with private research organizations and involve them in long-term planning.The author emphasizes that if before the United States entered the war the US planners adopted a rather tough stance on Japan, after the attack on Pearl Harbor their approaches paradoxically changed. The second section examines the contradictions and tensions between those politicians and experts who believed that in the establishment of the post-war order in the Far East the US should cooperate with China, and those who promoted rapprochement with Japan. These groups were unofficially referred to as the ‘Chinese team’ and the ‘Japanese crowd’ accordingly. The paper shows that as the end of the war approached, these contradictions gradually faded into the background. The needs to promote the interdepartmental cooperation and to reconcile the positions of the State Department, the Military and Naval Ministries on the future of Japan came to the fore. This work resulted in a series of memoranda, which laid the foundation for the US post-war policy towards Japan. In conclusion the author provides a general assessment of the strategic decision-making process in the United States during wartime and emphasizes its consistency, thoroughness and flexibility. As a result, it enabled the US to achieve what seemed impossible: to turn Japan from an ardent adversary of the United States in the Pacific into one of its most reliable allies, and it remains such today.

The article presents the results of a study of individual psychological factors that are potentially significant for the development of Internet addiction (IA), carried out as part of the Russian interdisciplinary research project to identify a system of high-risk markers for developing IA. As a result of the analysis, a model of psychological predictors of IA was obtained, which includes personality characteristics — high nonplanning impulsiveness (as a lack of forethought and ability to follow future plans), and low self-direction (concerning to Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality). Additionally, childhood experiences of living in a community with a high level of violence were included in the model as one of the psychological predictors. The male gender also entered one of the final models as a risk factor for the development of IA. The results can be used as the basis for the development of targeted psychological assistance programs and preventive measures aimed at improving the specific characteristics of inhibitory control and the development of self-awareness.

The article provides the review of the 155-year history of the finds of conularians near villages Kamyshla and Baitugan of the Samara region from the Early Kazanian deposits as well as their descriptions. These findings were previously attributed to one species Conularia hollebeni Geinitz, 1853, now they are served as a basis for the distinguish of two new species - Paraconularia kazanensis Weldon and Shi, 2003 and P. larae Sendino, data on the latter species has not yet published. For verification of a species diversity of conularians of the considered region, it is offered to make the detailed description of the best remained fossils of the modern collecting and then to reconsider all existing materials on this basis.

The Carlin type gold deposits (CTGD) presents large metasomatic bodies of jasperoids in carbonate host rocks, that contain finely dispersed submicroscopic gold in disseminated pyrite or marcasite. The deposits occur in ore clusters that are concentrated along the rather long trends (faults) in the bottom plate of the regional Ro- berts Mountain thrust fault. In recent years, production of gold of this type deposits in the USA alone amounts to 9-10% of the world. The amount of gold produced and in reserves inventory exceeds 10000 tons. Exploration work over the past 10 years have shown that small-area of clusters may have considerable resources at depth. As part of the geological model discussed of the article highlights CTGD classification features, and in the genetic part - to the indicator factors of mineralization. The CTGD formed in a narrow time interval from 42 to 34 Ma, which corresponds to a change in the compression mode to expansion and rejuvenation of magmatism in northern Nevada. No known coeval porphyry copper, skarn or distal Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization in the clusters of CTGD. Similar hydrothermal alteration and ore paragenesis are typical for CTGD: dissolution and silicification of carbonate, sulphidation of Fe in the rock, formation of Au-bearing arsenian pyrite in closed system, and late in open-space deposition of orpiment, realgar and stibnite. Ore signature is Au-Tl-As-Hg-Sb-(Te)-Ва, with low Ag and base metals. There is a high correlation between Au and As, Au, and Tl. The Au/Ag ratio is about 10. Non-boiling ore fluids ranged from ~180 to 240oC and were of low salinity (mostly

Factors and possible consequences of transatlantic integration are elaborated in the article. An overview of the history of transatlantic cooperation is provided. The author highlights the paramount goal of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) - strengthening the positions of its parties in the world economy against the backdrop of global competition. Stalemate in Doha round of WTO trade negotiations as well as depressed state of the European economy also contributed to transatlantic integration. Validity of the EU Commission conclusion on TTIP benefits is examined. Results of TTIP econometric modelling are critically assessed. Problems of the EU-US non-tariff liberalization are analyzed. Efficiency of the EU and US labor markets is compared. Low competitiveness of the EU in comparison to the USA and underlying risks for TTIP economic growth and employment are outlined. High unemployment, difficulties of manufacturing (including high-tech industries thereof) recovery, adverse general business situation in the EU are among such risks. Various modes of regulatory cooperation and possibility of their adoption in TTIP are considered. Harmonization, erga omnes mutual recognition of regulations, bilateral mutual recognition of regulations, mutual recognition of conformity testing are distinguished. Possible implications of the modes of regulatory cooperation on TTIP members competitiveness, competition with emerging economies and global standard setting are examined. Conflict of TTIP goals and motivations is revealed. The existence of economic factors of transatlantic integration as well as overestimation of TTIP benefits (primarily for the EU economy) is concluded.

Metallogenic model of the margin sea lithosphere is a complex combination of rejuvenated mineralization of the Precambrian basement terrains, of different types of sulfidized zones Verkhoyansk (Pz-J) sedimentary formations and the post-magmatic generations in accretion (J-K1) and post-accretion (K1-Cz) structures. The intensity of mineralization and unique ore regions are closely related to the features of these combinations. Favorable combinations may be identified as a result of geochemical isotopic ore elements. The influence (heredity) of Precambrian mineralogical and geochemical lines is evident in pre- and sin-accretion (collision) structures; in post-accretion (covered) structures this effect is markedly reduced.

A review of literature on the general concept of “communication” between people was held. History of the communication development and modern achievements of communication people. The methods of interpersonal communication between people, and especially physician-patient relationship are taken up. Usage of the verbal and nonverbal means of communication by the hearing impaired. Analyzed the essence of the communicative process. Examined the methods of communication between the dentist and the hearing-impaired patient, and the main problems that are appearing during the communication between the dentist and the hearing-impaired patient. The role of a sign language interpreter in the doctor-patient relationship. Conducted a review of the auxiliary means of communication, their advantages and disadvantages. The use of computer technology and software to translate oral speech into sign language. Identified the main problems of hearing-impaired and deaf patients, associated with their medical care.

Influence of degree of structure deficiency on parameters of a ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic anisotropy of monocrystal films of ferrospinel has been considered. The elastic stress and the uniaxial anisotropy characteristics were approximated. The satisfactory consent of calculation of a constant uniaxial anisotropy is received by a method of the magnetic torque curve and a method of a ferromagnetic resonance.