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В статье исследуется исторический опыт деятельности педагогических династий регионов Енисейской Сибири — Тувы, Хакасии и Красноярского края. Авторы анализируют вклад представителей трех династий (Конгар, Тодышевы, Юркины) в становление сферы образования регионов и страны. Каждая из династий имеет внушительный педагогический стаж и представлена тремя (и более) поколениями учителей. Педагогическая династия Конгар представлена тремя поколениями (стаж более 800 лет), Тодышевых — четырьмя поколениями (стаж — 700 лет), Юркиных — пятью поколениями (стаж — 350 лет). Подчеркивается, что тема истории педагогических династий является сегодня особенно актуальной, поскольку является частью историко-культурного наследия не только изучаемых регионов, но страны в целом. В исследовании важное значение имеет источниковая база, которая сегодня представлена формирующимися базами данных «Педагогические династии России» и материалами региональных проектов; особое внимание уделяется проекту Дома просвещения Красноярского края «Учительские династии». Восстановление истории педагогических династий, для чего авторы опирались также на архивные документы, публикации, семейные архивы, поможет в свою очередь дополнить данные проекты.

Цель. Выявить взаимосвязи между детско-родительскими отношениями и формированием представления детей о безопасности в цифровом мире. Методы. В исследоваии использовались: короткая версия опросника зависимости от смартфона САС-16 (автор В.П. Шейнов), опросник зависимости от социальных сетей ЗСС-15 (авторы В.П. Шейнов, А.С. Девицын), разработанный авторами опросник изучения детско-родительских отношений, анкета представлений о психологической безопасности Н.Е. Харламенковой. Для получения результатов использовались количественный и качественный методы исследования. Основой эмпирического исследования послужили результаты тестирования 1323 респондентов. Результаты. Показано, что плохие отношения детей с родителями имеют связь с развитием зависимости от смартфонов и социальных сетей. Это негативно сказывается на формировании представлений о безопасности в детском возрасте. Зависимость детей от смартфона имеет связь с плохим отношением с отцами. Для представителей поколения Z выявлена положительная связь между зависимостью от смартфона и тем, как часто их ругали в детстве. Выявлено, что зависимость от социальных сетей напрямую связана с плохим взаимоотношением женщин всех возрастов со своими матерями. Для поколения Х и Z установлена отрицательная взаимосвязь между зависимостью от социальных сетей и хорошими отношениями с их отцами. У молодых людей такие понятия, как «родители» и «отношения с родителями» не ассоциируются с понятием «безопасность». Область применения исследований. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы специалистами, занимающимися формированием культуры безопасности жизнедеятельности, а также педагогами в разъяснительной работе с родителями по профилактике возникновения зависимости от смартфонов и от социальных сетей, а также по гармонизации детско-родительских взаимоотношений. Этому может способствовать проведение семейных праздников и других мероприятий, направленных на формирование позитивных семейных отношений и на обучение детей цифровой грамотности.

The article attempts to outline some significant aspects of the Bulgarian family's views on education and the value of the child and childhood in the mid-twentieth century. Based on 60 authentic autobiographical accounts of people born in the 1940s and 1950s, particular moments in the social and pedagogical communication between child and adult are structured. The empirical material has the specificity of a particular section of the past, and is an element of the generic and community memory of the individuals studied. At the same time, the focus on the role of the child, his being, the possibilities for the development of his personality, is an attempt to parallel contemporary projections on the image of the child. The respondents' vision of their own experiences in the period of childhood brings to the fore moral norms and positions, important also in the present, which today are assumed to be in no small degree de-structured in pedagogical terms, insofar as the patriarchal type of family matrix and its typical functional features and socializing characteristics hardly exist. The importance of work for the child, respect for parents, obedience, was one of the sides of children's life decades ago. Another side in the narratives of the surveyed persons, characterized difficulties in access to education and the impossibility of mass inclusion of children in a full educational process. Which, in turn, has implications for the personal development and opportunities for meaningful projection of the future in children and young then. The study also highlights some existential characteristics of life in the post-war generation - deprivation, material deprivation, but also the conditional carefree nature of childhood existence, thanks to the natural mechanisms of joy. It can be pointed out that the model of childhood in the middle of the last century actually defines the "insufficiency" of modern childhood today. This phenomenon, in content and meaning, represents the disappearance of traditional values in the life of the family matrix (too variable today) - mutual trust, skills of positive interpersonal dialogue, cohesion, intergenerational respect, companionship, support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Philosophy, Culture & Political Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Российское общество находится в состоянии значительных по интенсивности и содержанию изменений, которые с необходимостью влияют на психологические состояния россиян. Предметом анализа исследования, представленного в статье, является трудовой менталитет подростков, - совокупность установок и отношений к труду и профессиональной деятельности, которую авторы считают одним из важнейших факторов формирования социальных процессов ближайшего будущего. Методы. Для исследования использовался опросник «Лист жизненных событий». Опрос проводился в 2021-2023 годах, респонденты исследования – подростки, проживающие в городских и сельских территориях Красноярского края. Результаты. В результате исследования сформировано определение, структура и уровни конструкта «трудовой менталитет». Выявлены особенности отношения подростков к труду. Большая часть подростков, в соответствии с особенностями ценностной иерархии поколения, ориентированы на приоритет самореализации путем развития индивидуальности и личностных ресурсов, но не рассматривают в качестве средства самореализации продуктивную деятельность и труд. Меньшая по численности, но значительная часть подростков, напротив, ориентирована на труд и профессиональную работу, которые входят в их жизненный сценарий и включены в Я-концепцию. В иерархии мотивов профессионального труда первые позиции принадлежат самореализации и возможности построить карьеру. Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для проектирования воспитательной работы в общеобразовательной школе.

The Southern Green Stink Bug (Nezara viridula L.) is a serious pest on tomatoes and other vegetable crops in Bulgaria. The lifecycle parameters of the insect were studied in 2020 at field conditions. The results showed that the embryonic development was completed in 7.57±2.17 days; the 1st nymphal instar – in 4.17±1.47; the 2nd – in 6.66±3.42; the 3rd – in 5.94±2.37; the 4th – 6.99±5.20, and the 5th – 12.38±3.77 days. Under field conditions in isolators, the lifespan of first- generation adults of the southern green stink bug in both sexes varies widely, with a maximum of 149 days for females and 151 days for males. The average lifespan for females is 93.74 days and for males 89.51 days. The preoviposition period of the southern green stink bug lasts an average of 25±1.41 days. Under the climatic conditions in the region of the city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, N. viridula develops 2 generations per year. The duration of the lifecycle was 45.69 days for the first generation and 35.43 days for the second generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Pedagogical Sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article deals with the collective myth of the generation of Russian intellectuals in the 1880s. This generation inherits the myth from Enlightenment and Romanticism about the hero Prometheus, the Christian martyr created in the “civil poetry” and journalism of the 1840s–1860s. The hero resists the surrounding “darkness” of social passivity and a repressive regime. The socially passive outsider becomes his antipode. The 1880s generation embodies a similar collision, with an active heroic nucleus standing out (the Narodnaya Volya radicals, “torches”) and the periphery that sympathises with them (passive, reflective, “children of the night” from Merezhkovsky’s allegory). The self-immolator Grachevsky became a symbolic figure for the former, and the poet Nadson for the latter. Nadson’s influence extends far beyond his era, forming a system of clichés for expressing the depressive moods of the Russian intelligentsia. These two dimensions of a generation in the literature of the 1880s are represented, respectively, by metaphors of the “fiery myth” and an unprecedented variety of the “night myth” in the lyrical poetry of the poets of “civil sorrow” and later romantics. Both myths are united by the situation of collective trauma, premature death, and the role of the intellectual as a martyr. In poetry, the allegory of the “extinguished torch” in the lyrical poetry of Nadson, Fofanov, and Merezhkovsky mediates between these worldviews. Russian poetry returns to the symbolism of fire in the early twentieth century, during the revolution of 1905–1907, and in the post-revolutionary era of the 1920s.

This article analyses the functioning of the concepts of “epoch”, “period”, and “generation” in nineteenth-century literature, criticism, and literature studies. The concept of “epoch” presupposes a linear stage understanding and interpretation of history, and “period” can also be used within other concepts of historical development. The “epoch”, sometimes replaced by the “century”, and the “period” were traditionally used as measurement units of literature and culture history (cf. works of A. Bestuzhev, I. Kireevsky, V. Belinsky, etc.). One of the first periodisations of the history of Russian literature which employed these concepts was given by I. M. Born. The concept of “generation” in its meaning contains a biological, natural connotation, and therefore is not necessarily associated with the linear stage understanding of historical time. As S. N. Zenkin puts it, “a generation is time embodied in people, in their dramatic destiny”. The concept of “generation” is often used in periods of historical time which require a person to comprehend themselves and their place in history. A good example is Romanticism in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Another factor that actualises generational problems is the influence of biological and naturalistic ideas when a community motif of people doomed to be born and live with this influence “in their blood” emerges in this quite unfavorable time. This situation is considered by the author of this paper regarding the functioning of the “generation” concept in A. P. Chekhov’s works, who actively marked himself as belonging to the eighties’ “artel” (generation) in the 1880s. This concept as a subject of his characters’ argument subsequently recurs in Chekhov’s works of fiction. All the concepts mentioned are also analysed in the History of the Russian Literature of the 19th Century (1908–1911, ed. D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky), which summed up the achievements of the nineteenth-century cultural and historical school. The author emphasises how this book (History...) develops a method of working with these concepts, and this method later comes in demand with the twentieth-century humanities.

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the importance of youth slang in learning English. Examples of songs, films and their influence on the modern English language are considered. Understanding slang will help our students learn how to communicate more naturally in casual and even professional conversations with friends and colleagues.

This article studies the history of relations of the two Slavophiles who belonged to two differenet generations, namely Yuriy Fyodorovich Samarin (1819‒1876) and Vladimir Ivanovich Lamanskiy (1833‒1914). The article shows the origins of the formation of Lamanskiy’s Slavophile views and specifi c features of his understanding of Slavophilism as well as his opinion about the origin of the Slavophile doctrine. It is demonstrated that initially Lamanskiy was an armchair Slavophile with a purely bookish interest, but his subsequent familiarisation with Slavic peoples, teaching Slavistics at St Petersburg University helped him develop an independent doctrine. Lamanskiy came to be the most prominent representative of Slavophilism in Petersburg and can be regarded as a scholar and an academic Slavophile. Drawing on his publications, letters and diaries, the article traces the history of his relations with Samarin. The latter, unlike I. S. Aksakov, did not come to be a link between Moscow and Petersburg Slavophiles and those who belonged to Slavophilism of diff erent generations. It should be taken into account that Lamanskiy and Samarin had diff erent backgrounds and diff erent occupations, but at the same time they had certain ideological and topic-related similarities, i.e. an interest in non-Slavonic population at the borders of the state, a broad understanding of Unia as a historical type or even a synonym of Westernism, criticism of the German “element”, inclination to practical activity, essayism. It is also shown that Lamanskiy’s views received a more conceptual expression in the framework of his political and geographical doctrine of the three worlds of civilisation.

In this article, the authors consider the work of Ágota Kristóf (1935–2011), a writer who fled from Hungary after the events of 1956 and began to write in French, as a cultural and literary phenomenon of Hungarian emigration, and, more particularly, the part of it that is directly related to the Budapest uprising and the reaction period that followed it. In addition, Kristóf’s famous trilogy about twins (The Notebook, 1986; The Proof, 1988; The Third Lie, 1991), where politics and psychologism, history and auto-documentalism, acute social, existential, and philosophical aspects are organically intertwined, has all the signs of a European émigré novel of the twentieth century and correlates not only with the works of Hungarian émigré writers, but also with the literary heritage of the Russian, German, and Czech emigration of the twentieth century. The authors polemise with numerous statements by critics, literary critics and journalists, saying that Kristóf’s prose is deprived of a socio-political background, and the writer herself “turns her back upon reality”. The analysis of Kristóf’s three novels leads the authors to conclude that all the values that underlie her plot and compositional constructions have relevance to her only when they are placed against a background of a concrete, quite recognisable historical reality. Each novel has two substantial layers: psychological (philosophical) and socio-political. The first is deeper, more elaborate, but also more unstable, because it includes everything that is related to the sphere of feelings, thoughts, and emotions. The second layer is more external, directly related to the movement of historical time, but it is this layer that determines the types of the main characters, endows the mythological space of existential experiences with concrete recognisable features, and gives the books an inner backbone, making the fragile world of their storyline integral and quite stable.

The topic The history of sentimental prose in Albanian literature (Sentimentalism as a literary, cultural and historical phenomenon), comes as a proposal for the topic in question with the aim of putting on focus the values of the prose with stylistic sentimental orientation, taking in consideration the history of this prose, the approximation appearance of authors and representative works as well as stylistic tendencies. It was chosen the sentimental Albanian prose because in the History of Albanian Literature it certainly plays an important role and with few exceptions, it has not had enough attention from scholars. Specifically, to be taken in consideration there will be the Albanian sentimental prose writers,together with their works which will be examined in a general way. The research is profound, but the aim is to stimulate the desire to investigate, interpret, and capture the most eminent characteristic segments of sentimentalist play in literature which manage to settle through the works, moments, different characters of life, and time. And all of this, we will try to accomplish thanks to the help of literature, research and considerable materials referring to this period, using comparative (research), historical, and empirical method as a scientific research methodology.

The logic of this article comes from the research of the intricate “crossing of destinies” in the life and creative journey of Anna Akhmatova and in the life of three generations which she witnessed and shared. The study demonstrates that the deflection of the three epochs in Akhmatova’s biography and creative work, which made her image emblematical, is integral to historicism as a dominant feature of her poetical world perception. The authors distinguish and characterise three personal signatures of the poet demanded by the time: a lunar maiden, sorceress, and prophetess of the Silver Age; a mourner, mother, and wife who took up the mission of praying for those who died in prisons and camps during the war between the 1930s and 1940s; a classic of Russian poetry, who became an authentic incarnation of the link of times for the young generation of poets in the 1960s. It is represented in the multiplicity of Akhmatova’s “imperial” signatures-insignias, which she created in her Notebooks, and her contemporaries reflected in their memoirs (sometimes with the participation of the poet). Additionally, they were realised in the visual code, namely portraits and photographs, dating back to different decades. It is important that having been reflected in the mirrors of various epochs, the poet’s image lets time itself be reflected in “Akhmatova’s mirrors”. The most dramatic moments of “not what the calendars say, but the real Twentieth Century” are mostly the parts of her private and poetic life, as her destiny was the embodiment of the “tragic symphony” of her generation. Special attention is paid in the article to the self-designation of sacral nature, which Akhmatova intends not for time, but for eternity, it is a unique secret code, which can be decoded only by poets and poetry itself.

В современном мире молодость выступает не только и не столько автономным этапом жизни человека, сколько периодом обретения компетенций и навыков, необходимых для взрослой жизни. Взрослость же рассматривается как ценность и цель, достижение которой дает человеку статус полноценного члена общества и «полноценной» личности. Классическая модель перехода во взрослость, сформировавшаяся в середине XX века, все менее релевантна изменившимся условиям современности. Актуальная социологическая дискуссия показывает, что достижение взрослости все так же связано с прохождением социо-демографических этапов, однако их последовательность и временная разметка в рамках биографий меняются. Более того, возрастает значение субъективно переживаемых характеристик взросления, таких как обретение автономности и ответственности. Опираясь на доступные данные всероссийских репрезентативных ежемесячных опросов «Курьер» за 2018—2019 гг. и исследования «Российское “Поколение Z”: Установки и ценности», авторы анализируют переход во взрослость российского поколения миллениалов и демонстрируют, что для современной российской молодежи транзиция во взрослость начинается с получения образования и выхода на рынок труда, сопровождается повышением ответственности, но приводит к снижению удовлетворенности жизнью, ухудшению настроения и потере оптимизма.

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

В конце XX века в оппозиции к постмодернистской литературе появился новый реализм как литературное направление. Представители нового реализма в своих манифестах и критических работах определяли себя как одно поколение с одинаковыми эстетическими и идеологическими принципами. Антология «Новая русская критика» под редакцией Романа Сенчина является яркой демонстрацией этой сообщности. В своей работе я рассматриваю процесс становления группового сознания новых реалистов и состав их культурной идентичности. Мной делается попытка ответить на вопрос, можем ли мы действительно говорить о расцвете и обновлении критического мышления, как утверждает Роман Сенчин в предисловии к сборнику.

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Исследовательская проблема заключается в необходимости системного изучения особенностей социального протеста и различий в стратегиях протестного поведения поколений Y и Z. Обозначенная проблема рассматривается в трех измерениях: через (1) мотивационную составляющую и когнитивные основания протеста; (2) психоэмоциональные репрезентации молодежного протеста, рельефно проявляющиеся в социальных медиа; (3) конкретные формы протестного поведения в сетевом пространстве. Теоретико-методологические основания исследования выстроены посредством синтеза теоретических положений и методологического потенциала коммуникативного и сравнительного подходов, а также политико-психологической методологии. Дизайн исследования предполагал три этапа. На первых двух этапах осуществлялся автоматизированный мониторинг социальных медиа при помощи систем «Медиалогия» и IQBuzz. Также на втором этапе был проведен дистантный опрос, посвященный особенностям протестного поведения молодых россиян. На третьем этапе осуществлено сравнение специфики протеста представителей поколений Y и Z в социальных сетях Рунета. Было выявлено, что ключевыми мотивационными факторами, стимулирующими социальный протест российской молодежи, являются дефицитарная потребность в формировании позитивного образа будущего, психоэмоциональное ощущение несправедливости существующего социального порядка, установка на восприятие обобщенного института государства как коррумпированного и неэффективного. Выделены пять ключевых стратегий социального протеста, находящихся в стадии формирования: неструктурированная, терминально-атрибутивная, фрустрационная, политизированная, локально ориентированная. Терминально-атрибутивная стратегия присуща поколению Z, фрустрационная и локально ориентированная востребованы у поколения Y. Политизированная и неструктурированная стратегии характерны для «виртуального» протеста обоих поколений российской молодежи.

Introduction. Studying the characteristics of hardiness among different generations merits special attention. The comparative analysis of the levels of hardiness and its individual components among representatives of Soviet, post-Soviet, and transitional generations has not been reported before. Methods. The study of hardiness among different generations employed the Hardiness Test by D. A. Leontiev and E. I. Rasskazova and involved 540 individual participants (234 men and 306 women) aged from 16 to 84 years. Results. The variance analysis was applied to reveal differences in hardiness and its structural components among the three generational groups. The levels of hardiness and its components differed significantly in the groups of respondents of the Soviet and transitional generations. Compared to the transitional generation group, the levels of control (p ≤ 0.0001), risk taking (p ≤ 0.0001), and hardiness (p ≤ 0.0001) were higher among representatives of the post-Soviet generation; the lowest levels of these variables were observed in the group of representatives of the Soviet generation. Compared to female respondents of the transitional and Soviet generations, males had higher levels of control (p ≤ 0.0001), risk taking (p ≤ 0.05) and hardiness (p ≤ 0.05). Discussion. The level of hardiness differs among generational and gender groups. The findings of the study suggest that the characteristics of hardiness should be investigated in late adulthood. This study has great potential for practical application for developing psychological programs for improving personal potential of vulnerable generations.

This article examines the meaning of basic value “development” reflected on the common level of linguistic consciousness of representatives of two generations: the one of “perestroika” times and the Post Soviet one. The common level of linguistic consciousness is revealed through analysis of associative dictionaries and the results of the psycho-semantic experiment. The analysis of the articles from associative dictionaries helps to distinguish components of the meaning of the basic value under investigation on the common level of linguistic civil consciousness. The data of the psycho-semantic experiment that is presented as factor matrices and cluster trees allow to capture connotative differences of the perception of the value in question and trace the link with such values as “labour” and “cooperation”. We resort to historical, sociological and statistic data in order to interpret the results of the analysis. The methodology of the research is based on the theory of activity approach elaborated by Leontiev A.N., the conception of linguistic consciousness of Tarasov E.F. and Ufimtseva N.V. and the intergrative and eclectic approach by the mixed method designed by Yanchuk V.A. The results of the given research show that there were not significant shifts in the perception of the value “development” on the common level of linguistic consciousness of the two generations. However we can spotted the changes in the contents of the value in question on the linguistic common level of civil consciousness due to the movement from the industrial type of economy to the postindustrial one that is characterized by the growing significance of intellect. The methods of the analysis can be potentially used for similar research of basic values of national cultures. The materials of this paper can be employed to create tasks for Russian as Foreign language classes.

Introduction. Little attention has been paid to the study of identifying characteristics of generations in social psychology. This paper: (a) presents a novel view of typological and identifying characteristics of generations within classical (primordial) and non-classical (constructionist) approaches; (b) classifies approaches to defining the ‘generation’ concept; (c) considers the existing criteria for differentiating generations; and (d) discusses the issue of subjective and objective criteria. Within the framework of the classical approach the generation is understood as a large group which identifying characteristics include such constant constructs as: age, historical events of life, and a place in the family. The study presents typologies of generations in Russia, America, and China that differ in their criteria for generational boundaries. It is found that respondents’ identification with their generation does not always correspond to their age. The constructionist approach suggests that the reality of life of generations is changeable and fluid and defines the generation as a non-rigid system which identifying characteristics are hard to fixate. Discourse is an indicator of the fluid identification of generations. The paper concludes with the comparative analysis of the existing typologies of generations. Methods. The study used the technique for measuring mentality types by V. I. Pishchik and ‘My Adolescence’ free description technique. The study sample was comprised of 300 individual participants (representatives of the ‘transitional’ and ‘informational’ generations). Results. In brief the research findings indicate that the informational generation is characterized by innovative mentality, while the transitional generation is characterized by both innovative and traditional mentality. The difference between indices of societality and individualism in the analyzed text content is statistically significant. The texts produced by the representatives of the transitional generation mainly contain the problem and the cultural context. The representatives of the informational generation typically enumerate in their texts the facts of life and acquisition of material objects. Discussion. The classical and non-classical approaches to the problem of generations are considered as two alternatives of knowledge representation. The conclusion is made regarding the prospects of applying the constructionist approach to the psychology of generations. Highlights The classical approach defines the generation as a poorly structured social group. The non-classical approach defines the generation as a form of cultural and collective representations. The classical approach suggests that the characteristics identifying generations are stable and passed on from generation to generation. From the constructionist point of view the characteristics identifying generations are flexible and unstable and are not transmitted across generations directly. The typology of generations has its cultural, social, and historical specific qualities.

Introduction. The study (a) addresses value hierarchy among different generations in modern Russia and (b) concentrates on how different generations perceive other groups of people and also people of their own age cohort. Different generations of modern Russia were the object of the study; their values became the subject of the study. The paper provides an analysis of various approaches to understanding the “generation” term. The novelty of the research lies in constructing models of how modern Russian generations perceive themselves and each other on the basis of value dispositions. Methods. These were M. Rokich’s “Value Orientation” technique, the author’s questionnaire for identifying how generations perceive each other, and the author’s questionnaire for revealing values declared by culture. The study involved 100 people (40 men and 60 women born between 1948 and 1997). Results. The statistical analysis revealed a hierarchy of values for each of the three studied generations. Significant differences in the hierarchies and mutual perception of generations depend on value orientations. Respondents with greater age difference differed the most. Generations perceived each other according to values declared by culture in each group of respondents. Discussion. Cultural and socio-psychological fundamentals for the formation of generational groups, describing a generational “gap” in transmission of values, helped to interpret the results.The results confirmed the logic of K. Mannheim, M. Mead, E. Toffler, and also recent studies. The value intergenerational gap predicts reduction in age limits to 10–15 years within a single generational cohort. Differences in basic values, attitude to family, work, material and civic values determine how generations perceive each other and also the value gap. Generational groups perceive each other being guided by these values.

Проводится дифференциация опыта социализации в молодости четырех условных поколений, а также разделение эффектов социализации, связанных с принадлежностью к определенной совокупности возрастных групп и факторов исторического периода. Используются наиболее полные по сравнению с другими исследованиями эмпирические данные о показателях счастья и удовлетворенности жизнью в России из Европейского социального исследования — сравнительного межстранового мониторинга. К ним применяются количественные методы регрессионного анализа пространственно-временных выборок. Полученные результаты сопоставляются с итогами исследования субъективного благополучия и счастья, проведенного Лабораторией сравнительных социальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ на основе данных Всемирного мониторинга ценностей; а также с итогами Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ; данными ВЦИОМ и других исследований, что повышает надежность полученных результатов. Поколения Х (кризисная социализация) и Y (вторичная социализация в 2000—2014 гг.), а также предположительно формирующееся поколение Z (молодежь, вторичная социализация которой приходится на политически знаменательный 2014 г. и последующие) взрослеют в разных социальных, экономических и политических условиях, что влияет на различия между ними в показателях счастья и удовлетворенности жизнью. Раскрыта и проиллюстрирована связь состояния счастья как с социально-статусными признаками респондентов (уровень образования, доход, семья), так и с принадлежностью к условному поколению. На фоне более высоких показателей счастья молодежи, чем у старших возрастных групп, ее неудовлетворенность от не вполне реализованных социальных ожиданий возрастает. Обоснован вывод о том, что чувство недовольства в российском обществе будет нарастать. Благодарность. Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта Российского научного фонда № 19-18-00246 «Вызовы трансформации социального государства в России: институциональные изменения, социальное инвестирование, цифровизация социальных услуг».

The paper studies the personal aspect of literary emigration to Latin American countries as a part of the Russian world. Referring to the life and creative work of poet V. F. Pereleshin, writers P. P. Shostakovsky and Yu. G. Slepukhin that represent the Latin American branch of the Russian emigration of the 20th century, the author analyses human destiny in the context of the generation’s fate, its literary life, behavioural and artistic strategies. The writers in question belonged to different waves of emigration, but demonstrated a link between generations and at the same time an ability to integrate into the culture of the country of residence, as well as to make a transition to another language and to realise themselves in it. Being involved in the process of intercultural dialogue with the Ibero-American world, the representatives of different generations of Russian artistic intelligentsia solved the problem of keeping in touch with their homeland through culture and the printed word. They managed to preserve the national cultural values and at the same time to make them accessible for people of another culture. It is also important that the cultural works of the Russian people in exile were saved for Russia, as the authors themselves lived long enough to see their work return to their homeland.

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the stilyagi in the literature of 1990s—2000s. Referring to works by V. Slavkin, A. Kozlov, and G. Litvinov, the author explores the representations of the stilyagi counterculture. The author provides a thorough analysis of The Monument to the Unknown Stilyaga by V. Slavkin that is one of the first textual memoirs that intends to interpret the phenomenon of the stilyagi as a generational group. The book analysis as a unity reveals two conflicting trends. The first one mythologises the stilyagi as a “special generation”, while the second one deconstructs the myth about the romantic figure of the future representative of the 1960s deceived by history. In A. Kozlov’s memoirs (Kozel Playing the Sax) the stilyagi are treated as “people of his generation”. At the same time the author is interested in the stilyagi as in “jazz fans”, and that is why they are included in the history of musical styles. G. Litvinov’s book (Stilyagi: How It Happened) refers to the Monument to the Unknown Stilyaga and attempts to encyclopedically describe the phenomenon as a subculture. The book contains phrases of former stilyagi, illustrations and photos. The ensemble structure of the book creates a dissonance effect between the author’s efforts to finalise the phenomenon and conflicting and living testimonies of the epoch. Overall, the literary representations of the stilyagi indicate that it is impossible to describe their story as a collective / common destiny.

Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples` (who has been considered fraternal for a long time) representations of the modern world currently due to many factors are subjected to complex processes of transformation. So the importance of the historical period of the Great Patriotic War in the life of all three peoples, the memory of which has an important means of confrontation western propaganda, is certainly true. The article presents the results of the study of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian students’ and their parents’ representations of the Great Patriotic War. The study was being held in Peoples’ friendship University of Russia, immediately after the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory.

As a rule, it goes without saying that the generational analysis is one of the major tasks of sociology, which aims to diagnose the state and trends of the social development by comparing value priorities, attitudes and behavioral patterns of the age subgroups that constitute the society. Despite the lack of a common definition of ‘generation’ in the scientific discourse and the differences in its interdisciplinary interpretations researchers agree that in sociology we define ‘generation’ not so much as a demographic group of the same age, but as a certain symbolic community whose members were raised in the similar social conditions. Unfortunately, the Russian sociology adheres to the fragmented version of generational analysis focusing mainly on the youth (less often on the working population as a whole) and ‘forgets’ about the elderly and children due to several reasons, but the main ones are evident in both cases - the older generations are largely ignored, and for the youngest it is difficult to choose an adequate methodological approach. The article indicates the thematic priorities of generational analysis in its sociological format (focus on the social status and symbolic features of generations rather than on the culture of childhood, which is the subject of historical research), identifies its key concepts (generation and cohort) and problems, summarized the differences of the methodological approaches (primarily quantitative and qualitative) and research orientations especially in the study of older ages.

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The functioning of Tuvan language in the Republic of Tuva and its preservation, as well as the level of the linguistic competence of Tuvans and linguistic continuity – all of these factors are now accompanied by a host of problems. Reviews of sociolinguistic studies in Tuva, from the 1960s to our days, have shown the undying urgency of academic research of the ever increasing acuteness of these issues. The article presents the outcomes of a sociolinguistic study of the linguistic situation in Tuva (2016). The study was focused on measuring the linguistic competence of Tuvans in the command of their mother tongue and analyzing its dependence on various social and demographic indicators. The study was based on the survey of 2500 Tuvan respondents of various age groups within the working age and held by the staff researchers from the Sector of Language, Tuvan Institute for Humanities and Applied Socio-Economic Studies. The outcomes of the survey reveal a marked dependence on the historical and generational factors. The elder generation’s (aged 50-60) linguistic competence was formed in the period when Tuvan schools (through Grade 7) taught all subjects in Tuvan. This played the crucial role in their command of Tuvan literary language and its norms. Respondents aged 14-18 showed a weaker command of the language, with 15% of them deeming the preservation of Tuvan language unnecessary. This substantial gap in attitudes is due to change in the linguistic situation and the increasing importance of the Russian language in contemporary Tuva. The younger generation recognizes the social prestige of the mother tongue. Tuvan language failed to find wide use in public administration and bookkeeping. Of all mass media, Tuvan is mainly used in newspapers. Tuvan speakers show no determination to stop the transfer of the mother tongue to younger generations, but they consider it important that they should master the Russian language, as the education is now offered in Russian only. The author believes that it would be wrong to put up with the status quo. Teaching language should be started in early childhood, with the leading role belonging to communication within the family, pre-school and school education.

В статье показано, как характерные черты социально-культурной атмосферы России 1960-х годов проявляются в жизни Иркутска. Обозначены региональные традиции фортепианного исполнительства, которым следуют музыканты профессиональных учебных заведений. Выделены основные черты исполнительской деятельности пианистов Иркутска, описаны новые формы концертов в прямом эфире на иркутском телевидении, инновационные подходы к фортепианному репертуару. Обзорно определен исполнительский стиль ведущих пианистов, более подробно охарактеризована концертная деятельность Д. И. Баскова.

Отклик на: Сенчин Р. Тува : очерк. М. : ООО «Ад Маргинем Пресс», 2012. — 128 с.

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