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Turkey has a very old history of viticulture and also homeland of the grapevine (Vitis spp.). Vitis cultivars belonging to different species are grown in almost every region in the country. However, particularly downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases affect the cultivars belonging to Vitis vinifera. In northern of Turkey Vitis labrusca and hybrids between V.vinifera and V.labrusca are rather common. V.labrusca cultivars or genotypes exhibit generally higher degree of resistance than V. vinifera cultivars. However, resistance level can vary from cultivar to cultivar and even from clone to clone within one cultivar. In this study, different Vitis hybrids and genotypes which exhibit different downy and powdery mildew susceptibility are compared for two years. Especially some V.labrusca hybrids and genotypes appeared resistance for both diseases. On the other hand, interspecific crosses and V.vinifera cultivars were found to be more susceptible. Using resistant lines as parent in later breeding activities, it could be possible grow high quality table cultivars with much fewer pesticide applications or possibly without them.

City logistics approaches and modeling struggles have a significant role in urban areas in increasing the efficiency of logistics operations and reducing traffic jams and their environmental effects. By developing an effective distribution network for cities, it is possible to compete with the changing world and satisfy flexible customer requirements. In this study, as a real-world case, a city logistics model for Istanbul metropolitan area is designed using multi-objective linear programming that considers the different objectives of the stakeholders in cities by integrating the fuzzy Choquet integral technique in a multi-level distribution network for the automotive spare part industry. This paper makes decisions regarding the amount of product flowing among the echelons, the amount of stock to be kept in the warehouses, and the product delays allowed. While minimizing the transportation cost, holding cost and emission levels during these decisions, the study also aims to maximize the service quality in the warehouses. The model is applied to a logistics network of fifty demand points and thirty time periods which can be considered a middle or large-scale problem. In the model, it is also decided to transport the products with electric or fuel vehicles. In the transport sector, electric vehicles are the key to meet future needs for social, health and other human services. The results are discussed under different scenarios. This research allows the use of such a model in making strategic decisions for the distribution network design in big cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The study aims to evaluate water sorption and solubility of conventional and digitally produced temporary fixed materials. Material and Methods: A total of 40 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from two conventionally produced temporary fixed materials: bis-acrylic composite resin (Protemp 4-PT) and acrylic resin (Dentalon plus-DP) and two digitally produced [3D printing (MACK4D Temp-MT) and CAD/CAM milling (On Dent-OD)]. The prepared disks were dried in a desiccator until they reached a constant mass. They were then kept in distilled water at 37°C for 1 week and weighed. The weights of the specimens, which were again subjected to conditions similar the initial drying procedure, were measured. Water absorption and solubility values were calculated by formula. The data obtained were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tamhane or Tukey post hoc test (a=.05). Results: Water absorption values of the PT group (24.16±8.1 µg/mm 3) were statistically higher than all other groups (p= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the pairwise comparisons of OD, MT, and DP groups (p>0.05). When the water solubility values were analyzed, DP group (0.49±2.01 µg/mm 3) showed no significant difference with the PT group (1.69±2.2 µg/mm 3) (p=0.402), while they were higher than OD (-3.96±0.84 µg/mm 3) and MT (-10.29±1.37 µg/ mm 3) groups. In addition, a significant difference was observed in the water solubility values of CAD/CAM-3D groups (p

This study investigated the antagonistic effects of Trichoderma harzianum isolate (TRIC8) on mycelial growth, hyphal alteration, conidial germination, germ tube length and seed colonization by the seedborne fungal pathogens Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris cynodontis, Fusarium culmorum and F. oxysporum, the causes of seedling rot in over 30% of sunflowers. The antagonistic effect of TRIC8 on mycelial growth of pathogens was evaluated on dual culture that included two inoculation assays: inoculation of antagonist at 48 h before pathogen (deferred inoculation) and inoculation at the same time with pathogen (simultaneous inoculation). TRIC8 inhibited mycelial growth of the fungal pathogens between 70·67 and 76·87% with the strongest inhibition seen with deferred inoculation. Alterations in hyphae were observed in all pathogens. Conidial germination of F. culmorum was inhibited by most of the fungal pathogens (38·28%) by TRIC8. Inhibition of germ tube length by the antagonist varied from 31·83 to 37·67%. In seed colonization experiments, TRIC8 was applied in combination with each pathogen to seeds of a sunflower genotype that is highly tolerant to downy mildew. Seed death was inhibited by TRIC8 and the antagonist did not allow growth of A. alternata, B. cynodontis and F. culmorum on seeds and inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum at the rate of 58·32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortality can be significantly reduced if noninvasive molecular markers that are effective in the diagnosis of both early colorectal cancers and precancerous lesions are used in screening tests.In this study, our aim is to review the studies conducted with molecular markers obtained noninvasively for diagnosis in early-stage colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions and to reveal the most efficient and cost-effective ones.In our study, it has been shown by analyzing noninvasive molecular markers used in the diagnosis of early-stage colorectal cancers and precancerous lesions, that high rates of effective diagnosis can be obtained after given screening processes, even if these are relatively less effective. In particular, miR-21 in faeces and plasma has been found to be the most efficient and cost-effective biomarker.In order to reduce mortality in colorectal cancers, screening tests should be performed with molecular markers that are effective in early-stage colorectal cancers. However, novel biomarkers are also needed to detect both early colorectal cancers and precancerous lesions. When miR-21 analysis in stool and plasma is widely used as a screening test for early-stage colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, early diagnosis rates can be significantly increased and mortality rates reduced.

The most effective method currently used in breast cancer diagnosis is fine-needle aspiration biopsy. However, if the superiority of serum molecular markers to invasive diagnostic methods can be proven, it will have a great impact on the diagnostic approach and screening programs for breast cancer. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy of the serum molecular markers in the diagnosis of breast cancer with respect to invasive methods.

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Objective The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of music therapy on preoperative anxiety levels in Turkish men undergoing urogenital surgery. Design The study employed a quasi-experimental design. Patients were selected using randomized controlled sampling. Setting The study was conducted in a urology clinic in Aziziye Research Hospital, Süleyman Demirel Medical Centre, Atatürk University, Erzurum, a city in the east of Turkey. Subjects The study was conducted with a total of 64 patients; 32 in the experimental group; 32 in the control group; aged between 18 and 65; and able to speak, read and write Turkish. Intervention The control group received routine preoperative care while the experimental group listened to their choice of music for 30 minutes in their room while they awaited surgery. Main outcome measures Pre and post test anxiety was measured using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess anxiety before and after listening to the music preferred by the patient. Results Anxiety score averages between the groups following the music therapy were statistically significant (p<0.001); 33.68 (SD=8.03) for the experimental group and 44.43(SD=10.42) for the control group. Conclusions These findings support the use of music as an independent nursing intervention to manage preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing urogenital surgery. Listening to self-selected music during the preoperative period can effectively reduce anxiety levels and should be a useful tool for preoperative nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in the field of echocardiography have allowed us objectively quantify global and regional myocardial function. The first developed technology; tissue Doppler imaging provides a more objective assessment of myocardial function but it is subject to cardiac translational motion and passive tethering effects. These limitations are overcome by the measurement of local myocardial deformation parameters with strain and strain rate echocardiography. These methods are valid not only during baseline regional ischemia assessment but also during stress echocardiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Trichoderma harzianum KUEN 1585 (commercial product, Sim®Derma) was tested to determine its effect on the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC) in dual culture and its control of basal rot disease in pot- and field-grown onion sets. The abilities of T. harzianum to induce the production of antifungal compounds in sets and to increase onion set diameter were also studied. In pot experiments, where the soil was inoculated with a pathogenic isolate of FOC, seeds were coated with T. harzianum at the dosage of 10gkg−1 seed. In field experiments, seeds coated with T. harzianum were sown in soil naturally infested with the pathogen. T. harzianum inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen in vitro. Seed treatment with T. harzianum decreased disease incidence comparable to the imidazole fungicide, prochloraz in both pot and field experiments. It also enhanced bulb diameter of sets, especially in the pot experiment. Extracts from onion sets grown from treated seeds under both conditions were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography for their antifungal compounds. Most of the fractions obtained from the sets of T. harzianum-treated seeds showed high antifungal activity against the pathogen. This study suggests the possible role of T. harzianum in the induction of antifungal compounds against F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae in onion sets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The most earthquake-prone areas in the eastern central Aegean Sea are the Izmir Bay, the Karaburun peninsula and the island of Chios. The level of seismic activity and tsunami potential are influenced by the presence of normal faults around the region. There have been about 20 moderate-size earthquakes from 496 BC to 1949 AD. Among these earthquakes, the ones on the dates 20 March 1389, 13 November 1856, 19/22 January 1866, 3 April 1881 and 23 July 1949 produced tsunamis. The Chios-Cesme earthquake (1881, Mw 6.5) took place in the South of the Cesme strait while the Chios-Karaburun earthquake (1949, Mw 6.7) occurred in the North. The tsunamis caused by the earthquakes affected the coasts of Chios Island and Cesme. These waves are thought to be associated with the earthquakes and co-seismic underwater failures possibly occurred along the coasts of the Chios Island and Karaburun Peninsula or on the complex subaqueous morphology between these lands. Some sea waves or oscillations observed following the aftershocks are believed to be related to other natural phenomena; e.g. the seiches occurred mainly in open-narrow bays as triggered by the earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the ability of two Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates, FOC6 and FOC8, to colonize onion seedlings, following seed inoculation of different cultivars, and the associated quantitative and qualitative polygalacturonase and pectin lyase production. Lower pectolytic enzyme production from FOC6 than that of the FOC8 isolate; Factors influencing disease severity during onion colonization by F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae.

In the present paper, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanocapsules were prepared by a double emulsion-solvent evaporation procedure (w/o/w) for the encapsulation of model enzymes (L-asparaginase, catalase, glucose oxidase) and bovine serum albumin. To increase the encapsulation efficiency and activity of the encapsulated enzyme, numerous modifications were made in the compositions of the phases of double emulsion. For the preparation of low molecular weight PHBV, the polymer was treated with sodium borohydride. A 14-fold decrease in molecular weight (from 297 000 to 21 000) was observed upon 4 h of incubation. Although the amount of encapsulated protein was not increased, the enzyme activity increased upon use of low molecular weight PHBV, indicating that these nanocapsules have a higher permeability to solutes (reactants and products). The adjustment of the second water phase to the isoelectric point of the proteins significantly increased the encapsulation yields of catalase, L-asparaginase and BSA. Likewise, polyethylene glycol coupling significantly increased the entrapment efficiency as well as the activity of catalase and L-asparaginase. A combination of the various optimum preparation conditions further increased the encapsulated catalase activity (about sixfold) in comparison to the initial basic conditions (with no modification and no isoelectric point adjustment). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) is a widely used corticosteroid in the treatment of brain oedema associated with brain tumours. DSP has many side effects that limit its usage at an effective concentration. The objective of this study was to minimize these side effects by encapsulating DSP using biodegradable synthetic polymers, to extend the release time from microspheres and to evaluate the effectiveness in the treatment of brain oedema. Microspheres containing 5% DSP were formulated by the solvent evaporation method by using a 1:1 mixture of two synthetic polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and L-polylactic acid (PLGA and L-PLA). The surface morphologies and particle size distribution of the microspheres were investigated. The in-vitro release studies were performed in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. For determining the effectiveness of microspheres in the treatment of brain oedema, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were used as an animal model. Brain oedema was generated by the cold lesion method, and the effectiveness of the microspheres in treatment of oedema was investigated by the wet-dry weight method, lipid peroxidation ratios and histological evaluations. The average particle size of the microspheres was 13.04 ± 2.05 μm, and the in-vitro release time of the microspheres was 8 h for 100/release. The degree of oedema was significantly different from the control group for the wet-dry weight method and lipid peroxidation ratio (p < 0.05). Similarly, histological evaluation of the tissues showed that degree of oedema was significantly decreased with respect to the control group. All these results showed that implantation of microspheres was significantly more effective with respect to the systemic administration of DSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims P wave dispersion is a recent ECG marker that reflects discontinuous and inhomogeneous conduction of sinus impulses, which has been studied in a limited number of cardiac conditions. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of angioplasty induced-ischaemia on atrial conduction abnormalities as estimated by P maximum and P dispersion. Methods and Results The study consisted of 67 consecutive patients (41 men, mean age 58±11 years) with 1-vessel coronary artery disease who underwent elective single vessel coronary angioplasty (left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in 28 patients, the right coronary artery (RCA) in 22 patients and the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) in 17 patients. All patients underwent 12-lead surface ECG before the first inflation (baseline) and then 60 s after intra-coronary balloon inflation. The maximum P wave duration, the minimumP wave duration, and P wave dispersion (Pd=Pmax−Pmin) were calculated from 12-lead surface ECGs. Conclusion The prolongation of P wave dispersion may be a useful and simple additional marker for myocardial ischaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study we report on the effect of glycerol used in storage buffers, on the inhibitory kinetic behavior of NADP+ on rat kidney glutathione reductase (rkGR) stored at -80°C in ± 10% (v/v) glycerol. At fixed [GSSG] and varied [NADPH], rkGR stored ± glycerol were inhibited competitively by NADP+. Although the addition of glycerol decreased Km (9.7 ± 0.9 μM) and Ki(NADP+) (26.6 ± 2.2 μM) for NADPH, the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 2.75 x 107 M-1.s-1) was increased 1.64 fold. At fixed [NADPH] and varied [GSSG], rkGR exhibited noncompetitive (Ki = 397 ± 69 μM) and linear mixed-type (Ki = 59.6 ± 8.4 μM; Ks = 49.9 ± 3.2 μM; α = 7.74) inhibitions with and without glycerol during storage. The kcat/ Km of rkGR stored in glycerol was 5.16 x 106 M-1.s-1. Although the increase in kcat was 1.25 fold, the kcat/Km was minimally affected (1.06).

The effects of different stages of periodontal therapy on salivary pseudocholinesterase (PCE) activity in patients with periodontitis were determined by use of a spectrophotometric method. The mean PCE activity in whole saliva was 17.95 U/L in the pre-treatment phase, 4.67 U/L after scaling and oral hygiene instructions, and 1.93 U/L following surgical procedures. It was observed that the mean salivary PCE activity in patients with periodontitis showed a tendency to decrease in both phases of treatment, and PCE levels at the end of periodontal therapy were similar to those of healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By use of a spectrophotometric method, pseudocholinesterase (PCE) activities were determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum from patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP) and rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and from controls. The PCE activity in the GCF samples was 181± 48 U/L in the JP group, 588 ± 135 UIL in the RPP group, and 88.5 ± 29.1 U/L in the control group. Saliva PCE activity levels were 9.1 ± 1. 7 UIL in the JP group, 21.8 ± 4.5 UIL in the RPP group, and 12.7 ± 0.8 UIL in the control group. GCF contained a higher PCE activity than saliva but a lower one than that of serum. The RPP group had a significantly higher PCE activity in both the GCF and saliva samples. No significant differences could be found regarding serum enzyme levels. Also, no significant correlations were present between biochemical values and the severity of periodontal disease. GCF may be an important source for the PCE content of saliva. It is suggested that the increased PCE activity seen in RPP patients might be caused by either the direct production of esterases by bacteria or the induction of esterases during periodontal destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a growing concern that global climate change will affect the potential for pathogen transmission by insect species that are vectors of human diseases. One of these species is the former European malaria vector, Anopheles atroparvus. Levels of population differentiation of An. atroparvus from southern Europe were characterized as a first attempt to elucidate patterns of population structure of this former malaria vector. Results are discussed in light of a hypothetical situation of re-establishment of malaria transmission. Methods Genetic and phenotypic variation was analysed in nine mosquito samples collected from five European countries, using eight microsatellite loci and geometric morphometrics on 21 wing landmarks. Results Levels of genetic diversity were comparable to those reported for tropical malaria vectors. Low levels of genetic (0.004