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Abstract The caisson-piles composite foundation is considered as a viable alternative to caisson foundations for the Qiongzhou Strait bridge. It can significantly reduce the caisson height by connecting the lower grouped piles to the upper caisson and improve its mechanical behaviour under lateral loading. A series of model tests are conducted at 1 g to investigate the cyclic responses as well as the coupled cyclic and scouring responses of the caisson-piles composite foundation under 10,000 cycles. The cyclic responses of the caisson-4 piles composite foundation are compared with those of a conventional caisson, including various cyclic load characteristics, i.e., one-way, asymmetric two-way and symmetric two-way cyclic loading. Two scour depths and two cyclic load amplitudes for the one-way cyclic loading are applied in the coupled tests. A framework to predict the accumulated deformation of the caisson-piles composite foundation due to cyclic loading and scouring is developed. It is found that the accumulated residual displacements or rotations are dependent on the applied cyclic load characteristic and scour depth, and the most onerous loading condition is between one-way and symmetric two-way loading. The effect of scouring can be rationally assessed using a modified cyclic load level, replacing the static capacity by the post-scour static capacity. Highlights • An improved cyclic load apparatus based on level rule is put forward, which can supply long-term stable cyclic loads. • The results of model tests proved the superiority of the ciasson-piles foundation in resisting long-term cyclic loads. • An exponential expression is given to predict the cyclic accumulative displacement of caisson-piles composite foundation. • Under scouring, the cyclic load level should be redefined by replacing the static capacity with the post-scour static capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of bioscouring in cotton knitted fabrics should be improved owing to being a time-consuming process. In order to accelerate the bioscouring rate and shorten the bioscouring process, a repeated padding method is used on cotton knitted fabrics. The effect of the repeated padding with pectinase was studied by using FE-SEM and FTIR, and the catalytic rate was measured at different reaction temperatures, pick-up, and soaking times. The results observed in this study showed that during the bioscouring process for cotton knitted fabrics, the average catalytic rate of the repeatedly padding method was sixfold faster than the impregnation method, and the process time (15 min) decreased by 65 minutes compared with the impregnation method (80 min); the processing time was shortened to one-sixth of the impregnation method. Furthermore, the wettability of cotton knitted fabrics was better than those treated via impregnation. In the repeated padding process, with the soaking time increasing from 5 s to 25 s, the produced reducing sugar concentration increased from 1.71 mg/ml to 3.60 mg/ml in the same process time; with the pick-up increased from 50% to 90%, the produced reducing sugar concentration first increased from 1.99 mg/ml to 3.60 mg/ml, then decreased to 1.86 mg/ml. When the pick-up was about 70%, the catalytic rate of pectinase reached the best value (0.24 mg/ml/min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical processes for improving cotton fabric absorption, such as scouring, are costly and not environmentally friendly. This study introduced a novel and eco-friendly method based on thermal shock for this purpose. Greige cotton fabric samples underwent different thermal shock sequences with dry ice and boiling and cooling water. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, methylene blue number and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller absorption isotherm were used for specific surface area measurement. A constant-rate-ofextension type tensile testing machine was also used to determine the tensile mechanical properties of the fabrics, and the effect of thermal shock on moisture regain, water absorption time, and amount of wax removal were investigated. Finally, nanoparticles of copper (Cu) were synthesized in situ on both the thermally shocked and greige fabric samples, and the absorption and particle size were compared. The thermally shocked samples showed longitudinal micro cracks, their water absorbency time decreased and their moisture regain increased (up to 14%). After treatment, no significant shrinkage or strength loss was detected. Synthesized Cu nanoparticles without the presence of cotton substrate showed a mean size larger than 825 nm, but particle sizes decreased to 297 and 69 nm in the presence of the greige and the DiH8 cotton fabric samples, respectively. The morphology of Cu nano particles altered from octahedral to spherical and was more homogeneously distributed for thermally shocked sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring surface properties is important for military applications such as uniforms, shelters, and personal protective equipment. Unique superomniphobic structures for self-cleaning textiles can be created with bi-component fibers. In this work bicomponent fibers were melt extruded using an extractable polymer as one of the two components. Using water to extract the soluble component, fibers with unique core designs were created. The extraction behavior was found to be dependent on temperature, component fraction, and residence time. A continuous extraction process was designed and evaluated for the creation of superomniphobic fibers in a continuous process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic dyeing has been investigated as a means to increase the diffusion of the dye molecules into the fiber for the dyeing of various fibers. However, for scouring, bleaching, and dyeing of jute fabrics, the beneficial effect of sonication was never realized. In this work, we report the effect of sonicated scouring and bleaching of jute fabrics on their physicomechanical properties and the dyeability in the conventional dyeing with reactive and basic dyes. The sonicated scoured and bleached fabric showed higher whiteness index and weight loss but the tensile strength and yellowness index decreased compared to the conventionally scoured and bleached jute fabric. The sonicated scoured fabric showed partial removal of lignin but the conventionally scoured fabric did not show any change in lignin content. It was found that in the case of conventional dyeing, the sonicated scoured and bleached fabric produced higher color strength than the jute fabric scoured and bleached at the same conditions but without sonication. Moreover, we also investigated the effect of ultrasound on the dyeing and color fastness properties of jute fabric dyed with two reactive and two basic dyes. It was found that the sonicated dyeing produced higher color strength compared to the fabrics dyed without sonication. Both conventional and sonicated dyed fabric showed very similar color fastness properties to light, washing, and rubbing indicating no degradation of dyes occurred during sonicated dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to facilely achieve pretreatment and salt-free dyeing of greige knitted cotton fabrics, a combinative scouring, bleaching, and cationization pretreatment of the fabrics is designed in this study. The fabrics are first treated in a bath containing commercial scouring and bleaching agents, and then glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA) is directly added into the bath to achieve cationization of the fabrics. Utilization of the alkaline and high-temperature conditions in scouring and bleaching process, cationization can facilely proceed in a short time. Optimal pretreatment conditions are as follows: greige knitted cotton fabrics are treated in a bath containing 4 g/L scouring agent and 6 g/L 30% hydrogen peroxide at 90 °C for 60 min, and then 30 g/L GTA and 3 g/L sodium hydroxide are added in the bath for another 15 min treatment. Fiber performances, including whiteness, water absorptivity, diffusion time, and capillary effect, are tested and evaluated. X-ray diffraction analysis, surface morphology, and thermal analysis of the pretreated cotton are also investigated and compared with that treated only with scouring and bleaching agents. Much higher dye fixation and color yield could be realized on the pretreated cotton in salt-free reactive dyeing. Colorimetric properties of the dyes are studied and good colorfastness of the dyes on the cationic fabrics are obtained. All of the above results show promising prospects of this combinative pretreatment in real application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel eco-friendly scouring and bleaching technique for flax rove was developed using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. Effects of system temperature, pressure, time, and carbon dioxide flow on the scouring and bleaching properties of flax rove were investigated. The results showed that low residual gum content and significant improvements in whiteness of the flax rove were obtained. The residual gum content and the whiteness were affected by the system temperature, pressure, time and fluid flow. An optimized scouring and bleaching procedure for flax rove was found at a temperature of 120°C, a pressure of 28 MPa, a time of 120 min, and a fluid flow of 30 g/min in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. In addition, surface morphology and breaking strength of processed flax rove were also evaluated and compared to those properties of the original flax rove samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Textiles made of natural fibers, both contemporary and historical, are at constant risk of degradation caused by, among others, microbial enzymatic activity. Fungi, bacteria, or actinomycetes are capable of producing proteolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, enabling microbial growth on textiles and leading to their decay. Ensuring proper storage conditions, including the usage of protective materials, allows long-term preservation of historical textiles in a good condition. These studies involved a broad microbiological analysis in order to verify whether high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials can protect historical textiles during their storage. The results demonstrate interesting differences in microbial counts between washed textiles stored without HDPE covers and those stored in such covers; the latter presented considerably higher counts of microorganisms. However, when textiles had previously been sterilized, HDPE covers helped maintain appropriate microbiological purity. A considerable portion of historical textile collections, particularly exceptional silk liturgical vestments or burial garments, are kept by church institutions and stored in sacristies, treasuries, or other church rooms. The specificity of these places, both cultural and related to the age of the buildings themselves, makes them exceptional environments for storing textiles. To date, these places have rarely been researched, particularly in microbiological aspects. The analysis recounted below encompasses qualitative and quantitative assessment of fungi and bacteria present in the air of the treasury of the Wawel Royal Cathedral in Krakow, Poland, as well as the analysis of their destructive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Rubiaceae Chinese Fevervine stem as raw material was used, with pool dipping, sodium hydroxide scouring and acid dipping as degumming methods, to produce Chinese Fevervine fibre (CF fibre). The components and structure of the fibre were tested and indicated with the relative component test method, infrared spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope. The CF fibre produced possesses good spinnability: cellulose content 82.82%, specific gravity 1.323 g/cm3, length 41 mm, diameter 40.29 μm, linear density 2.93 tex, single fibre strength 55.4 cN, tenacity 18.9 cN/dtex, and break elongation 2.87%. The results show that CF fibre is natural cellulose fibre, whose components is similar to those of flax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Removal of non-cellulosic impurities from cotton fabric, known as scouring, by conventional alkaline treatment causes environmental problems and reduces physical strength of fabrics. In this study, an endo-polygalacturonase (EndoPG) from Aspergillus aculeatus produced in Pichia pastoris was evaluated for its efficiency as a bioscouring agent while most current bioscouring process has been performed using crude pectinase preparation. Results: The recombinant EndoPG exhibited a specific activity of 1892.08 U/mg on citrus pectin under the optimal condition at 50 °C, pH 5.0 with a Vmax and Km of 65,451.35 μmol/min/mL and 15.14 mg/mL, respectively. A maximal activity of 2408.70 ± 26.50 U/mL in the culture supernatant was obtained by high cell density batch fermentation, equivalent to a 4.8 times greater yield than that from shake-flask culture. The recombinant enzyme was shown to be suitable for application as a bioscouring agent, in which the wettability of cotton fabric was increased by treatment with enzyme at 300 U/mL scouring solution at 40 °C, pH 5.0 for 1 h. The bio-scoured fabric has comparable wettability to that obtained by conventional chemical scouring, but has higher tensile strength. Conclusion: The work has demonstrated for the first time functions of A. aculeatus EndoPG on bioscouring in eco-textile processing. EndoPG alone was shown to possess effective scouring activity. High expression level and homogeneity could be achieved in bench-scale bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different detergent formulations, (1) ethyl-hydro-oxides (EHOs, using ethanol + H2O2 + KOH + water, without pH adjustment, at 60°C for 1 h), (2)modified EHOs (using ethanol +H2O2 + KOH + water, with pH adjustment, at 40°C for 1h), and (3) water based detergent (WBD, using commercial detergent T + water, at 40°C for 1 h), were analyzed for cleaning of dried biodiesel soaked cotton cloth (DBSCC) samples. The effects of detergent formulations were analyzed based on cloth sample weights (residual and intact) and visual (through photographic images) examinations. With EHOs formulations, the increasing concentration of KOH and H2O2 had a significant effect on increasing both brightness and residual content of DBSCC samples. On the contrary, the controlled pH environments (as with modified EHOs formulations) had a significant effect in decreasing residual content and increasing brightness of DBSCC samples. The implications of EHOs formulations (with and without modification) are discussed with respect to current water based textile and detergent industries practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on the influence of ultrasound in Bioscouring treatment of 50 % of flax + 50 % of cotton fabric was made. The role of the Bioscouring treatment was the removing of natural cellulose attendants such as: pectin, hemicelluloses, waxes, extractable substances, etc. The cleaning treatment was carried out with a commercial enzymatic product called Beisol PRO (which consists of a mixture of enzymes pectinases), in water at a 20:1 liquid to fabric ratio and a temperature of 55 0C, in the precence of a complexing agent (2 g/L EDTA) and a washing agent (0.5 % Denimcol Wash RGN). The effect of the enzyme mixture was intensified by ultrasound at a frequency of 45 kHz in an ultrasonic bath Elmasonic X-tra basic 2500 from Elma Company, Germany, leading to the improvement of the process and better properties for treated material. The experiments were conducted after a central, rotatable second order compound program with two independent variables: enzyme concentration (concentrations between 1-3% o.w.f) and treatment time (15-55 minutes). Treated samples were analyzed for weight loss, hydrophilicity, whiteness index, yellowness index, crystallinity, tensile strength, elongation at break, scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), CIELAB color system analysis of the samples dyed with alizarin and ruthenium red dyes. The results showed that the bioscouring process performed in the presence of ultrasound has been effective at a lower enzyme concentration and a lower duration of the treatment, thereby reducing the costs and the possibility of degradation of the treated material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A comparative study of whitening treatment using various methods for 60% cotton + 40% flax materials was made. The samples materials were scoured by bioscouring treatment in ultrasound as was described in our previous work (part I). The removal of noncellulosic impurities using the bioscouring treatment was evaluated by weight loss and hydrophilicity of the treated samples. Some of these bio-scoured samples were further bleached using the folowing procedures: Classical procedure with hydrogen peroxide (30%), bleaching with catalyst and with laccase enzyme. Hydrogen peroxide is usually used as oxidative bleaching agent for cotton and cotton blends. A high and stable degree of whiteness is obtained by this treatment. The advantages of the treatment are: low costs, flexibility of application and the possibility of a one-bath (scour/bleach) procedure. But, high temperature of bleaching under alkaline conditions necessitates high energy utilization that can cause considerable fiber damage. Different solutions like the use of enzymes and catalysts have been investigated to overcome such problems. In order to characterize the quality of the enzymatic pretreatment compared to the classical one, the values of the whiteness degree after different type of bleaching (hydrogen peroxide, catalyst and laccase) for the samples treated with the same concentration of enzyme were studied. The tensile strength and elongation at break of treated materials were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past years the commercial products for the bioscouring treatment were usually dedicated only for 100% cotton or only for 100% lignocelluloses fabrics. The development of hemp/cotton or flax/cotton mixtures fabrics leds to the necessity of finding of the most apropiate products that could be used for different enzymatic treatments on these types of fabrics. The usage of the commercial product SERA ZYME C-PE for bioscouring treatment in ultrasound conditions on 60% cotton + 40% cottonised flax was studied in this work. The optimization of the Bioscouring treatment in ultrasound on 60% cotton + 40% hemp materials using the same commercial product was previous published. In order to assess more accurately the influence of some process parameters of the bioscouring treatment in a mathematical modeling of the process was made and a central compound rotatable program with two independent variable: x1 - the concentration of enzyme (%) and x2 - treatment time (minutes) was used. The independent variable considered was y1 - the weight loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of cottonised flax/cotton mixtures for the same conditions of bioscouring treatment used as for hemp/cotton mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two sets of processed jute fabric, viz. alkaline scoured-bleached and bioscoured -bleached jute fabrics, have been dyed separately with two neucleophilic substitution type (bis- triazinyl type) of reactive dyes, namely Procion Blue HERD and Procion Green HE4BD dyes. It is observed that bioscoured - bleached- reactive dyed jute fabric shows higher dye uptake than that produced by alkaline scoured-bleached-reactive dyed jute fabric in case of both the reactive dyes. Bio-treatment results in improvement of handle and wash fastness properties of jute fabric. Brightness of the shade is also improved in case of biotreated-bleached-reactive dyed jute fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scouring is a significant problem on river bank and coastal protection systems. Severe scouring can cause damaging consequences to geotextile tube embankment structures. In this study, five case scenarios of an embankment system supported by stacked geotextile tubes were analyzed using a commercially available finite-element analysis software. These case scenarios include (1) conventional geotextile tube stacking on ground base foundation; (2) geotextile tube stacking on gravel bedding foundation; (3) geotextile tube stacking on excavated foundation; (4) geotextile tube stacking on excavated foundation with gravel bedding; and (5) fortification of stacked geotextile tubes by riprap protection. Each case scenario is simulated under normal loading and critical loading conditions with and without scouring at the base toe of the embankment system. Results suggest that the potential problems that occur during scouring and critical states of the embankment system instigate failures that could destabilize the geotextile tube retaining structure. Among all the case scenarios considered, additional fortification by riprap increases the performance and global stability of the geotextile tube embankment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the process of microbial dyeing for textiles. It highlights the research in bacterial pigment production to show its potential for various industrial applications in textile plants such as dyeing variable optimisation, colourfastness of dyed fabric assessment and antimicrobial activity test. It also emphasizes the methods and experimental procedures as well results and discussions in the process.

Using biotechnology during textile processing has been known for years due to its environmental benefits and special performance of enzymes in comparison with the conventional processing of textiles. This paper deals with the bioscouring of cotton fabric with acid and neutral pectinases in comparison with alkali scouring. Variations in technological procedures, as expressed through pad-roll and exhaustion, were also identified for the bioscouring of cotton fabrics. The varied impacts of alkali, acid, and neutral pectinases on the properties of cotton fabrics throughout the processing technology were evaluated for electrokinetic phenomena, hydrophilicity, mechanical and chemical degradation, inorganic residues, and whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research had shown that processing greige cotton on a commercial-grade hydroentanglement (HE) system at a water pressure greater than 120 bar resulted in a low-weight hydrophilic nonwoven fabric. With that ability to make hydrophobic greige cotton easily wettable and hence absorbent without the conventional scouring phase, an investigation was conducted to determine whether a fabric made by hydroentangling greige cotton fibers at a high water pressure could be successfully bleached without the traditional scouring. The investigation involved production of greige cotton nonwoven fabrics at a low hydroentangling water pressure of 60 bar and at a high hydroentangling water pressure of 135 bar and their subsequent evaluations before and after scour only, one-stage bleach only, and two-stage scour and bleach. In the results, both the 60 bar and 135 bar fabrics bleached successfully in the two-stage bleaching process and yielded acceptable absorbency and whiteness values. However, when bleached in the single-stage bleaching process with no separate scour, the 135 bar fabric still produced the whiteness index almost equal to that obtained in the two-stage bleaching process and even equal to that of a fabric made with commercially scoured and bleached cotton fibers, but the 60 bar fabric yielded about 15% lower whiteness index value while its wettability-induced improved water absorbency still was comparable to that obtained via the two-stage bleaching. This shows that a hydroentangled greige cotton fabric produced at a high enough water pressure (hydro energy) could be bleached satisfactorily without the traditional scouring chemicals and that a fabric produced even at a lower water pressure and bleached without scouring could still be satisfactory for subsequent aqueous treatments for certain end-use applications where the whiteness may not be as critical as the absorbency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Polylactic acid and its blended yarns with various fibres have been converted in to woven fabrics. These fabric samples have been scoured and then tested for mechanical and flame retardant properties. The results indicate that the high alkaline scouring severely damages polylactic acid fibre. Therefore, mild alkaline scouring is done for further studies. The scoured fabric samples are tested for various flame retardant properties and compared with polyester blended fabrics. Results indicate that polylactic acid fibre is not suitable for upholstery, apparel and work wear in terms of flame retardant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants by self-cleaning textiles is an efficient method to create green environment and minimise energy consumption. In this work, the concept of dye-sensitised self-cleaning textiles has been introduced by incorporating monolayers of meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) on the surface of titania-coated cotton against methylene blue. Different complexes of TCPP (M = 2H, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu) have been trialled and evaluated for photocatalytic activity and stability. Cotton fabrics coated with TCPP show superior photochemical activity as compared to TiO2-coated fabrics under visible-light irradiation. The free base derivative availed the highest photocatalytic efficiency when compared to the metal complexes with Cu∼Fe > Co > Zn. In terms of stability, meso-tetra(4-car-boxyphenyl)porphyrinato copper(II) showed significant stabilisation under photocatalytic conditions when compared to the metal-free porphyrin and other metal complexes (Cu ≫ Co > 2H > Zn∼Fe). Porphyrins offer great potential in visible-light self-cleaning applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceedinglyhigh temperatures (normally ∼98 °C) areused to perform hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleachingof cotton fabrics in textile industrial practice. Such harsh conditionslead to high energy consumptions and high fabric mass loss. In recentyears, the industry and academic communities have conducted extensiveresearch to reduce the temperature for industrial cotton bleaching.In this research, we developed a new H2O2activatorbased on amino nitriles. All of the data demonstrated that in thepresence of the new H2O2activator, the combinedscouring/bleaching of the knitted cotton fabric could be performedat 60 °C. The cotton knit fabric treated using the low temperatureprocedure also has lower fabric weight loss; some of the hydrophobicsubstances were retained on the fiber surface after the process. Wefound that the residual hydrophobic substances had little effect onthe whiteness of the treated fabrics after application of opticalbrighteners, and had little effect on the shade-depth and colorfastnessto washing and rubbing of the treated fabrics after dyeing. The higherwas the weight retention, the more value of the treated cotton knittedfabrics was increased. The removal of less substance from cotton alsoresulted in lower chemical oxygen demand in the wastewater, thus providingadditional environmental benefits. Moreover, the low temperature scouring/bleachingprocedure had significantly lower energy consumption than the traditionalprocedure. The possibility and effectiveness of this new technologyhas been confirmed in our industrial scale trials. The disadvantageof this method was that it required higher quantity of chemicals forthe treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows a comparative characterization of whitening treatment using various processes for 60 % cotton +40 % hemp materials scoured by Bioscouring treatment in ultrasound described in our previous work. The results of the extraction of noncellulosic impurities using the Bioscouring treatment was expressed as weight loss, hydrophilicity. Some of these bio-scoured samples were whitened using various procedures: Classical procedure with hydrogen peroxide (30%), with catalyst and with laccase enzyme. By whitening procedure, the double bonds from chromophore groups of natural pigments from cotton and hemp are destroyed by oxidation reactions, the ? electrons being those responsible for the yellow color of the fabrics. In order to characterize the quality of the enzymatic pretreatment compared to the classical one, the values of the degree of white were studied after different type of bleaching (hydrogen peroxide, catalyst and laccase) for the samples treated with the same concentration of enzyme SERA ZYME C-PE (ROGLYR ECO 183) - Pectate Lyase. For comparing the degradation occurred during the enzymatic preatreatment of cellulosic fabrics, before and after bleaching with enzymes, catalyst and classical method, measurements of the tensile strength and elongation at break for the treated 60 % cotton +40 % hemp material, were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the optimization of the Bioscouring treatment in ultrasound on 60 % cotton + 40 % hemp materials, using the commercial product SERA ZYME C-PE (Roglyr Eco 183), based on 5-15 % Pectate Lyase (E.C.4.2.2.2). In order to assess more accurately the influence of some process parameters of the BIOSCORING treatment in ultrasound of 40 % hemp + 60 % cotton blended fabric - the concentration of enzyme (%) and treatment time (minutes) - on the weight loss, a mathematical modeling of the process was made, using a central compound rotatable program with two independent variables. The Bioscouring treatment was performed in ultrasound under the following conditions: (1-3 %) SERA ZYME C-PE (ROGLYR ECO 183) - Pectate Lyase; 2 mL/L HEPTOL NWS - sequestrant agent which have a binding role for the metal ions in water with high hardness, regardless of temperature; 2 mL/L SULFOLEN 148 - wetting and scouring agent; 10 % of the fleet of treatment was buffer (0.1 Molar sodium phosphate/disodium phosphate, pH = 7.5); liquid to fabric ratio - H 10:1, at temperature T = 55 °C and time - t = (20-60) minutes. Using the data obtained by measuring the weight loss, the optimum working parameters for the Bioscouring treatment in ultrasound with commercial enzyme SERA ZYME C-PE (ROGLYR ECO 183) were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In parallel to the social trend of green consumerism and well-being, the demand for naturally colored organic cotton (NaCOC) continually increases in the textile and clothing industry. The present study examined the effects of NaCOC color, scouring method, and age on the visual sensibility of NaCOC. Two age groups (20s and 30s; 40s and 50s) of women rated three color sets of NaCOC specimens (ivory, green, and coyote brown) treated by two chemical scouring methods (Na2CO3 and NaOH) and two bioscouring methods (enzyme and boiling water) using 7-point scales of nine visual sensibilities ( bright-dark; clear-murky; heavy-light; vivid-subdued; warm-cool; fresh-stale; strong-weak; showy-plain; and luxurious-cheap). Preferred scouring methods by NaCOC color and/or age group were recommended for each visual sensibility (e.g., preferred scouring methods for fresh sensibility are Na2CO3 for ivory NaCOC, Na2CO3 and NaOH for green NaCOC, and boiling water for coyote brown NaCOC). In addition, the representative visual sensibilities of each NaCOC color (e.g., those of coyote brown NaCOC are dark, murky, heavy, vivid, warm, stale, strong, plain, and luxurious sensibilities) were identified for the women participants. Last, it was demonstrated that a bioscouring method can replace the traditional chemical methods for selected visual sensibilities (e.g., boiling water for luxurious sensibility). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study which aims to describe the use of atmospheric pressure and modified chitosan in the antimicrobial finishing of polyester fabics. The study utilized mild scouring, surface hydrolysis, and N-hydroxypropyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan (HTCC) as the primary methods. Result shows that atmospheric pressure plasma technology is appropriate in surface finishing of fabrics.

This paper presents a study on optimizing bacteria scouring of flax roving.Bacillus cereusDA3 from marine was used in bacteria scouring. Polyglacturonase and bundles fiber quality of flax roving were both considered. High temperature (35–40°C) and middle time (12 h) made good production of polygalcturonase which is the key in scouring and keeping good fiber quality. But bacteria scouring still needs more alkaline for further scouring considering traditional way of alkaline scouring. The goal programming results of computing indicates that optimizing factor is initial pH of 9, temperature of 40°C and a scouring time of 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, the effects of ultrasound on the bioscouring of cotton by alkaline pectinase were examined. Conventional alkaline scouring was considered as the control treatment, and two different sources of ultrasound, an ultrasonic bath and an ultrasonic homogeniser, were tested, along with the enzymatic scouring process. Results indicated a clear increase in the efficiency of the enzymatic scouring process when the ultrasonic homogeniser was used: wettability time and wicking distance after ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring were much better than for enzymatic scouring without the use of ultrasound energy and almost the same as when conventional alkaline scouring was employed. Ultrasonic bath-assisted enzymatic bioscouring gave slightly better results than enzymatic scouring without sonication. Reasons for the difference in efficacy of the ultrasound sources were postulated. Weight loss was increased by the use of ultrasonic equipment during enzymatic scouring. Fabric thickness and fabric strength was not significantly affected by the scouring processes. The environmental impact of the processes was also monitored by chemical oxygen demand measurement of the treatment liquors. Conventional alkaline scouring resulted in the highest environmental impact. Ultrasonic homogeniser-assisted bioscouring also led to slightly higher chemical oxygen demand loads than other enzymatic processes owing to the more efficient removal of impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made to scour linen with a multifunctional cultured enzyme containing pectinase and xylanase. The activity level of the individual component in the enzyme is measured and then the optimum level of treatment is obtained. The removal of impurities is measured in terms of methylene blue absorption, residual lignin and absorbency. Bleaching with peroxide using sodium persulphate as activator has also been attempted along with scouring as well as a separate process. Combined scouring -- bleaching although does not yield very good whiteness, the two-step pretreatment gives satisfactory results. Bleaching with KMnO4 is also effectively done but with relatively higher strength loss. For ease in interpretation, the results are analysed with polar diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose rice straw pulp has been prepared via alkali scouring and scouring+ bleaching and then used along with the raw material as dye adsorbents for some selected reactive dyes. Factors affecting dyestuff adsorption such as technique applied (mechanical shaking and ultrasonic), time, temperature, amount of substrate and concentration of the dyestuff have been thoroughly investigated. It is found that % colour removal depends on (i) nature of reactive dye used, (ii) degree of purity of adsorbent i.e. either native, alkali-treated or bleached cellulose, and (iii) technique applied during dye adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, floss silk was treated by scouring and finishing, respectively. The micro structure was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanical property tested by an Instron 5566 tensile tester, and the crystal structure was analysed with Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The results show that the properties of floss silk treated with the refining method are better than with the alkali method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pectin content of cotton fibers disrupts the uniform dyeing of cotton materials, decreasing their quality. The process of pectin elimination, known as scouring, may be realised by classic alkaline treatment or ecological enzymatic procedures. Pectins are galacturonic based polymers having as monomers: galacturonic acid (mainly as calcium salt) and methyl-galacturonate. The efficiency of pectin elimination is usually evidenced by analyses of the hydrophilicity and weight loss of the scoured material. A solution for accurate evaluation of the scouring degree is measurement of the calcium content due to diminishing of calcium content proportional with pectin removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough investigation into conditions appropriate for effecting combined eco-friendly scouring and bleaching of cotton based fabrics was undertaken. Loomstate cotton and blend fabrics were desized by α-amylase enzyme. Fabrics were the target for bioscouring using alkaline pectinase enzyme, bleaching by in-situ formed peracetic acid using TAED and H2O2 as well as concurrent bioscouring and bleaching which is considered by all means a new development. Also, practiced were the conventional scouring using NaOH followed by bleaching using H2O2 and other bleaching processes vis-à-vis the new current development. The comparison reveals unequivocally that the environmentally sound technology brought about by current development is by far the best. The new development involves a single-stage process for proper purification / preparation of cotton and blend fabrics - through removal of noncellulosic impurities and colouring matters - by padding the fabrics in a bath containing alkaline pectinase enzyme, TAED, H2O2, nonionic wetting agent and sodium silicate. In addition to the advantages related to major technical fabric properties, the new development is eco-friendly and reproducible, which advocates the new development for mill trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of either EDTA or β-cyclodextrin in the bioscouring treatments and its onset on the bioscoured fabrics performance was intensively studied. Biotreatments involved single use of alkaline pectinase enzyme or in combination with cellulase enzyme in a subsequent treatment. EDTA and β-cyclodextrin were entailed independently in the bioscouring by using two strategies: 1) they were applied to the fabrics as a pretreatment and; 2) they were added to the bioscouring treating solution. Fabrics used were enzymatically desized. Desized fabrics under investigation comprised cotton fabric, mercerized cotton fabric, cotton/polyester (50/50) blend fabric and cotton/polyester (35/65) blend fabric. Results showed that pretreatment of fabrics with EDTA followed by subsequent bioscouring by alkaline pectinase enzyme in single use or in combination with cellulase enzyme in a separate step decreases the performance of bioscoured fabrics. On the other hand, incoƒÓoration of EDTA in the bioscouring solution containing alkaline pectinase enzyme alone or together with an extra treatment in the bioscouring solution containing cellulase improves the performance of the bioscoured fabrics. It was also found that addition of β-cyclodextrin to the bioscouring solutions containing alkaline pectinase enzyme alone or supported by cellulase enzyme in a separate step acts in favour of the technical properties and performance of the bioscoured fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we presented a novel approach for increasing Thermobifida fusca cutinase adsorption on cotton fibers by fusing cutinase with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). A preliminary study showed that two fusion proteins, namely cutinase-CBM and cutinase-CBM, with similar stabilities and catalytic properties, had potential applications in bioscouring. In the present study, an indepth analysis of both cutinase-CBMs in bioscouring was explored. Effects of cutinase-CBMs on cotton bioscouring were investigated by characterizing the chemical and physical surface changes in enzyme-treated cotton fabrics. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the degradation of the cotton fabric cuticle; Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy was used to study changes in the chemical composition of the cotton fabric epidermal layer; and scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor minor changes in the morphology of the fiber surface. Our results indicated that cutinase-CBMs in combination with pectinase had a greater effect on cotton fabric than did cutinase. Following scouring with cutinase-CBMs and pectinase, the performance of cotton fabric in terms of its wettability and dyeability was similar to that following alkali scouring. Our study provides a foundation for the further application of cutinase-CBM to bioscouring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new energy-saving auxiliaries for the dyeing of cotton fibers were overviewed. The application method, the advantages and disadvantages of low-temperature scouring and dyeing agent, low- temperature oxidation bleaching activator, alternative alkali and energy-saving soaping agent were briefly introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]