Search

Graphene grown epitaxially on SiC(0001) substrates always exhibits n -type doping due to the coupling interaction between the substrate and graphene. The electronic properties of epitaxial graphene are thus impaired relative to those of free-standing graphene, limiting its potential in device applications. In this work, by using first-principles calculations, we show that charge neutrality can be achieved by growing an FeSi intercalation layer between the SiC substrate and the buffer carbon layer. The formation of an atomic Si layer between FeSi and the buffer carbon layer prevents electron transfer to the subsequent graphene layer. The subsequently grown graphene therefore displays the electronic characteristics of quasi-free-standing graphene with charge neutrality. The calculated surface energy of the FeSi-intercalated structure shows considerable stability compared to elemental Fe- and H-intercalated structures over a wide range of temperature and pressure. This will promote the practical application of FeSi-intercalated epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) at high temperature as a core element of microelectronic devices. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an engineering solution of a screen with elevated efficiency of separation of clay rock masses. The most rational design of undriven bar screens (namely, cantilever and spring-loaded screens) is determined. We present a mathematical model and a procedure for the evaluation of the parameters of screens. It is shown that, in the case of selection of the proper parameters for the grates of the screening surface, the screens can be used for the purposes of screening of clay rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigation of ships. The ECDIS is basically a software package running on a general operating system that could be comprised of the third-party components. This paper presents an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of a shipboard ECDIS raising from the ECDIS software's third-party components. The analysis is based on the cyber security testing of the shipboard ECDIS using an industry vulnerability scanner. Detected vulnerabilities are analysed regarding the protection measures implemented on the ship. The results suggest that even the type approved ECDIS system with maintained ECDIS software and the underlying operating system could be vulnerable due to weaknesses in the ECDIS software's third-party components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an impact detection system using strain signals based on fibre optic sensors(FBG) for the real-time monitoring of the catenary system. The proposed detection system consists of three subsystems: a measuring system, a data processing and analysis system, and a status display and data access system. Because the strain signals obey the normal distribution, to monitor the catenary system in real time, a novel method that combines mobile standard deviation with the mobile Pauta criterion is proposed to distinguish real impact from the strain signal background. The use of this adaptive judging method reduces the misjudgment rate of impacts and improves the impact recognition accuracy. These impacts can be identified by the data analysis system, which provides impact location and their causes using the features of the catenary system. This method can simplify the detection system compared with the traditional location method. An application to a commercial metro line system indicated that the impacts on the catenary system were main caused by overlaps, expansion joints or steady arms, and were verified by correspondence with the floor plan of the catenary and manual inspection results. These results verified the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed impact detection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular on "Guidelines for the Standardization of User Interface Design for Navigation Equipment", commonly known as "S-Mode Guidelines", has lately been approved by International Maritime Organisation. Its potential impact on default and common user settings of radar equipment, electronic chart display & information system, and integrated navigation system has been discussed in the article. Several issues that should be considered during technical implementation of the circular provisions and follow-up familiarization of navigators with the affected equipment have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a display technique that enables us to invisibly embed a metaimage into a color component of a displayed cover image by using a temporally, spatially, color-intensity-modulated metaimage and to extract it. We first examined invisibility in terms of color components for a temporally and spatially intensity-modulated metaimage in a displayed cover image. The results obtained from these experiments revealed that the invisibility with which the metaimage was embedded in the blue color component was much higher than that of the red and green components. Our experiments also revealed that the red and green components could not be used for a color component in which the metaimage was embedded. We also proposed and evaluated a new technique of improving the readability of an invisibly embedded metaimage in a displayed cover image captured with a video camera. The proposed technique uses two methods. A proposed method of calculating an estimated grayscale metaimage enabled us to obtain a value for the binarizing threshold from its histogram by using the correlation between color components in which the metaimage was either embedded or not embedded. A proposed method of calculating an estimated binary metaimage could drastically reduce noise caused by the cover image by using the obtained value of the binary threshold and size feature parameters of the embedded metaimage. The readability of the metaimage was drastically improved by using these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical transport behavior and structural characteristics directly determine the use of functional ceramic materials in electronic information storage, catalytic conversion, and energy field applications. However, these properties are poorly understood because most of the relevant experiments were performed in a rather narrow temperature range. Herein, we used hollandite‐type KxTi8O16 as an example to systematically study the temperature‐dependent structure and electrical transport properties in a wide temperature range from 25 to 900°C. The electrical transport involves both potassium ionic conduction and electronic conduction. With increasing temperature, the ionic conductivity increases below 800°C and decreases above 800°C. The electronic conductivity displays two maxima at 0.15 S/cm at 400°C and 5.2 × 10−4 S/cm at 800°C. These interesting variations in the conductivities are related to the presence of Ti3+ and the structural transformation from hollandite to a mixture of rutile and jeppeite. The findings reported herein support the potential application of titanium‐based hollandites and provide an understanding of the electrical transport properties of functional ceramic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of near-infrared (NIR) photodetection technologies is driven by emerging applications such as medical imaging or optical sensors for electronic displays and machine vision. An all-organic upconverter (OUD) is a device that converts incident NIR light directly into visible light and consists of a monolithic stack of a NIR organic photodetector (OPD) and a visible organic light-emitting diode (OLED). We present OUDs that consist of NIR heptamethine cyanine dyes/C 60 fullerene OPDs and a fluorescent tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq 3) OLED. The device metrics of performance are a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 43% of the OPD part and an OUD luminance turn-on at low bias voltages of 2 V. The dynamic response of the photocurrent and luminance is linear over a NIR light range corresponding to 26 dB. These OUDs upconvert NIR light at 830 nm to green light with a photon-to-photon conversion efficiency of 0.61%, close to the expected maximum. Image 1 • Two cyanines were used as NIR sensitive layers in organic upconversion devices. • Devices successfully upconverted NIR light at 830 nm to visible light. • Upconverters had a low turn on voltage (2 V) and linear response to NIR light (26 dB). • The luminance on/off ratio was 4200 at 5 V • A photon to photon conversion efficiency of 0,61% was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual representations of data introduce several possible challenges for the human visual perception system in perceiving brightness levels. Overcoming these challenges might be simplified by adding sound to the representation. This is called sonification. As sonification provides additional information to the visual information, sonification could be useful in supporting the visual perception. In the present study, usefulness (in terms of accuracy and response time) of sonification was investigated with an interactive sonification test. In the test, participants were asked to identify the highest brightness level in a monochrome visual representation. The task was performed in four conditions, one with no sonification and three with different sonification settings. The results show that sonification is useful, as measured by higher task accuracy, and that the participant's musicality facilitates the use of sonification with better performance when sonification was used. The results were also supported by subjective measurements, where participants reported an experienced benefit of sonification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Display clutter is a widely studied phenomenon in ergonomics, where information density and other properties of task-relevant visualizations are related to effective user performance and visual attention. This paper examines the impact of clutter in the context of financial stock visualizations. Depending on their expertise, traders can use a variety of different cues to judge the current and future value of a stock and to assess its riskiness. In our study, two groups of participants (novices and experts) judge the riskiness of 28 pairs of stocks under two clutter conditions (low and high). Consistency of judgments and group concordance serve as measures for judgment performance, while mean fixation duration, fixation frequency, and transition matrix density are employed to capture visual attention. Our results reveal significant effects of display clutter and expertise on both the performance measures as well as the visual attention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-light-emitting diodes ($\mu $ LEDs) are semiconductor devices that have been shown to have higher luminous efficacy, higher contrast ratio, and higher energy efficiency than existing mainstream technologies based on liquid crystals or organic LEDs (OLEDs). Portable display applications such as wearable devices and head-up display are some of the interesting applications of $\mu $ LED displays. However, this technology has not yet been mass-produced for commercial devices due to process yields, costs, and manufacturability issues. This article presents a novel technology for the heterogeneous integration of a $\mu $ LED matrix display with bipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) DMOS (BCD) circuits that could improve manufacturability by eliminating the need for a dedicated bond stack in the bump-bonding process. To validate the concept, custom high-performance, 2-D arrays of parallel-addressed GaN blue $\mu $ LEDs matrices were fabricated. The individual $\mu $ LED pixel diameters are 20 and 50 $\mu \text{m}$ , respectively, and the overall dimension of the array is $650~\mu \text{m}^{2}$. In addition, a $\mu $ LED display driver-integrated circuit (IC) with a compact size of $3\times 4.4$ mm2 has been designed, implemented, and verified experimentally for the $\mu $ LED matrices. Measured output optical power-forward bias current-forward bias voltage (${P}$ – ${I}$ – ${V}$) curves of the individual $\mu $ LED pixel are shown. The $4\times 4\,\,\mu $ LED matrix has also been successfully driven using active-matrix driving and display pictures to demonstrate the function of active-matrix driving are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a critical band of surrounding luminance gradients for self-luminosity. • The critical band is not determined by local contrast or luminance energy. • The critical band is aligned with human experience to real and virtual light sources. It is a great challenge to present realistic light sources in a virtual environment given the limited luminance range of an electronic display. Previous studies show that a glare illusion can enhance the perceived luminance of an area, which is an effective way to improve the realism of light sources in virtual environments. However, it is unclear what kinds of luminance gradients are appropriate for generating virtual light sources. In this study, we investigated the quantitative rule governing the perception of self-luminosity and applied the rule to improve the fidelity of light sources in virtual environments. In particular, light spots with different luminance gradients were presented on a liquid-crystal display (LCD). The participants were asked to report whether or not a luminance spot looked like a self-luminous light source. The probability of the spot being identified as a light source was calculated at each luminance gradient. We observed a critical band of luminance gradients which are a range of power-law exponent. Once the luminance gradient of an image fell into that range, the image was mainly perceived as self-luminosity. The critical band could not be explained by either the local luminance contrast or the total luminance energy. Interestingly, natural image statistics showed that the band matched with the luminance gradients of light sources in natural images. The perception of self-luminosity depends on the specific luminance gradients which are accumulated by human perceptual experience to light sources on natural images. Moreover, we generated virtual light sources with different surrounding luminance gradients and the gradients around the peak of the critical band won the highest rating of perceptual fidelity. These results provide a quantitative description of the perception of self-luminosity, which offers a guideline of how to improve the fidelity when rendering light sources in a virtual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime transport industry is increasingly reliant on computing and communication technologies, and the need for cyber risk management of critical systems and assets on vessels is becoming critically important. In this paper, a comprehensive cyber risk assessment of a ship is presented. An experimental process consisting of assessment preparation activities, assessment conduct and results communication has been developed. The assessment conduct relies on a survey developed and performed by interviewing a ship's crew. Computational vulnerability scanning of the ship's Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is introduced as a specific part of this cyber security assessment. The assessment process presented has been experimentally tested by evaluating the cyber security level of Kobe University's training ship Fukae-maru. For computational vulnerability scanning, an industry-leading software tool has been used, and a quantitative cyber risk analysis has been conducted to evaluate cyber risks on the ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in global challenges related to energy depletion, there is significant emphasis on studies involving next-generation optoelectronic applications such as smart windows and electronic displays. In particular, electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been identified as strategic innovations for energy-saving "smart windows" to address these challenges. Despite this increased level of attentions, ECDs have not yet attained broad commercial acceptance because of their limited electrochromic (EC) properties including coloration efficiency (CE,< 30.0 cm2/C) and switching speeds (> 10.0 s). To address these limitations, critical effort is required to enhance the EC properties by tuning the film structure and electronic structure of ECDs. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of nanocomposite structure of conductive metal oxides and WO 3 EC films. Antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (ATO NPs) were utilized because of their superior electrical conductivity and large band gap. To achieve the optimum addition amount of ATO NPs in EC films, we adjusted the amount as 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 wt%. WO 3 EC films with the optimum addition amount (1.2 wt%) of ATO NPs exhibited improved EC performance including both the switching speeds (5.4 s for the coloration speed and 2.4 s for the bleaching speed) and CE value (48.2 cm2/C). The enhancement of EC performance was attributed to the well-dispersed ATO NPs in the WO 3 films that can effectively improve electrical conductivity via the formation of by forming preferred electron pathway. In addition, the large band gap of ATO NPs broadens the transmittance modulation of the EC layer which contributed to the increment of the CE value. Therefore, our results suggest a strategy to obtain the enhanced WO 3 films with superior EC performances using conductive metal oxides nanocomposite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review focuses on the EPDs, its process and its formation image mechanism. • Techniques and production methods to fabricate E-ink microcapsules for EPD applications in recent years were investigated. • A review of Literatures in recent years on E-ink microcapsules. Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have gained great attention recently due to its low cost, low weight, low power consumption and reliability, and they are on their way to replace conventional paper. EPDs, known as non-emitting displays based on light particle suspensions, are based on the movements of charged particles in a dielectric fluid via electrode with the opposite charge. Electrical and optical properties of EPDs suspension composition depend on the electronic ink, also called as E Ink. Therefore, major factors in electrophoretic particle properties like very small particle size, narrow size distribution and high surface charge of particles, enhance the image quality for accurate image control and faster response to the applied voltage. Thus, there are numerous researches on the modification of particles, surface morphology, surface charge and their stability in media. This review summarizes the best techniques and production methods to fabricate E Ink microcapsules for EPD applications in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation is often seen as an innovative sector eager to seek technological solutions. It is often assumed that aircraft cockpits have panels with electronic displays and many buttons, some labeled "auto." While this might be the case for commercial aviation (Figure 1), the vast majority of noncommercial civil aircraft cockpits look nothing like these modern cockpits. Non-commercial civil aircraft, known as general aviation (GA), typically have cockpits that mainly consist of analog instruments that show the heading of the aircraft, the altitude, and the air speed (Figure 2). While flying, the pilots make calculations using a compass and an aviation calculator. Due to the slow entry rate of new, glass-cockpit aircraft [1], the composition of the GA aircraft fleet is not going to change any time soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have impairments with biological motion perception has been debated. The present study examined the ability to identify point‐light‐displayed (PLD) human actions in neurotypical (NT) adults and adults with ASD. Method: Twenty‐seven adults with ASD (mean age = 28.36) and 30 NT adults (mean age = 22.45) were tested. Both groups viewed 10 different biological motion actions contacting an object/tool and 10 without making contact. Each action was presented twice, and participant's naming responses and reaction times were recorded. Results: The ASD group had a significantly lower total number of correct items (M = 29.30 ± 5.08 out of 40) and longer response time (M = 4550 ± 1442 ms) than NT group (M = 32.77 ± 2.78; M = 3556 ± 1148 ms). Both groups were better at naming the actions without objects (ASD group: 17.33 ± 2.30, NT group: 18.67 ± 1.30) than those with objects (ASD group: 11.96 ± 3.57, NT group: 14.10 ± 1.97). Correlation analyses showed that individuals with higher Autism‐spectrum Quotient scale scores tended to make more errors and responded more slowly. Conclusion: Adults with ASD were able to identify human point‐light display biological motion actions much better than chance; however, they were less proficient compared with NT adults in terms of accuracy and speed, regardless of action type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's idea is revolves about commercial electronic Journal Management Systems, it's the systems that are concerned with organize dealing Electronic Journals, it's provides electronic management to the process of peer review for electronic journals and display, These systems are designed to facilitatemonitoring and centralized control or supervision By the staff of the journal, Referral, Track, and publish articles online. The study dealt with a total of 13 system and it" Allen track, Bench press, Editorial Express, Editorial manager, EJ press, E press, E-stack, Journal web site, Scholarstica, Serials Solutions, Serials cybririan, TD NET and VTEX". The study has many results and the most important that the best commercial system to manage electronic journals is VTEX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the multiple attribute decision making problems for evaluating the display systems quality of excavator instrumentation with 2-tuple linguistic information. Then, we propose the 2-tuple power Hamacher weighted average (2TPHWA) operator for aggregating 2-tuple linguistic information inspired by the idea of power aggregation and Hamacher operations. Then the 2TPHWA operator is used to construct the model for MADM with 2-tuple linguistic information. Finally, an example for evaluating the display systems quality of excavator instrumentation is proposed to show its practicality and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated drivers' behavior and subjective experience when repeatedly taking over their vehicles' control depending on the design of the takeover request (TOR) and the modality of the nondriving-related task (NDRT).Background: Previous research has shown that taking over vehicle control after highly automated driving provides several problems for drivers. There is evidence that the TOR design and the NDRT modality may influence takeover behavior and that driver behavior changes with more experience.Method: Forty participants were requested to resume control of their simulated vehicle six times. The TOR design (auditory or visual-auditory) and the NDRT modality (auditory or visual) were varied. Drivers' takeover behavior, gaze patterns, and subjective workload were recorded and analyzed.Results: Results suggest that drivers change their behavior to the repeated experience of takeover situations. An auditory TOR leads to safer takeover behavior than a visual-auditory TOR. And with an auditory TOR, the takeover behavior improves with experience. Engaging in the visually demanding NDRT leads to fewer gazes on the road than the auditory NDRT. Participants' fixation duration on the road decreased over the three takeovers with the visually demanding NDRT.Conclusions: The results imply that (a) drivers change their behavior to repeated takeovers, (b) auditory TOR designs might be preferable over visual-auditory TOR designs, and (c) auditory demanding NDRTs allow drivers to focus more on the driving scene.Application: The results of the present study can be used to design TORs and determine allowed NDRTs in highly automated driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explores the variety of information formats used and audiences targeted by public health faculty in the process of disseminating research. Methods: The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve faculty members in the School of Public Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, asking them about their research practices, habits, and preferences. Results: Faculty scholars disseminate their research findings in a variety of formats intended for multiple audiences, including not only their peers in academia, but also public health practitioners, policymakers, government and other agencies, and community partners. Conclusion: Librarians who serve public health faculty should bear in mind the diversity of faculty's information needs when designing and improving library services and resources, particularly those related to research dissemination and knowledge translation. Promising areas for growth in health sciences libraries include supporting data visualization, measuring the impact of non-scholarly publications, and promoting institutional repositories for dissemination of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate intraoperative antibiotic redosing contributes to prevention of surgical site infections in pediatric patients. Ensuring compliance with evolving national guidelines of weight‐based, intraoperative redosing of antibiotics is challenging to pediatric anesthesiologists. Aims: Our primary aim was to increase compliance of antibiotic redoses at the appropriate time and appropriate weight‐based dose to 70%. Secondary aims included a subset analysis of time compliance and dose compliance individually, and compliance based on order entry method of the first dose (verbal or electronic). Methods: At a freestanding, academic pediatric hospital, we reviewed surgical cases between May 1, 2014, and October 31, 2017 requiring antibiotic redoses. After an institutional change in cefazolin dosing in May 2015, phased interventions to improve compliance included electronic countermeasures to display previous and next dose timing, an alert 5 minutes prior to next dose, and weight‐based dose recommendation (September 2015). Physical countermeasures include badge cards, posting of guidelines, and updates to housestaff manual (September 2015). Statistical process control charts were used to assess overall antibiotic redose compliance, time compliance, and dose compliance. The chi‐square test was used to analyze group differences. Results: A total of 3015 antibiotic redoses were administered during 2341 operative cases between May 1, 2014, and October 31, 2017. Mean monthly compliance with redosing was 4.3% (May 2014‐April 2015) and 73% (November 2015‐October 2017) (P < 0.001). Dose‐only compliance increased from 76% to 89% (P < 0.001), and time‐only compliance increased from 4.9% to 82% (P < 0.001). After implementation of countermeasures, electronic order entry compared with verbal order was associated with higher dose compliance, 90% vs 86% (P = 0.015). Conclusion: This quality improvement project, utilizing electronic and physical interventions, was effective in improving overall prophylactic antibiotic redosing compliance in accordance with institutional redosing guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inverse four-domain twisted nematic (IFDTN) liquid crystal (LC) display was fabricated by enhancing the azimuthal anchoring energy of the alignment layers. By stacking a vertical alignment layer onto a planar alignment layer, we increased the azimuthal anchoring energy by approximately 17-fold times compared to that with vertical alignment only. Due to the enhanced azimuthal anchoring energy, we were able to achieve a four-domain twisted nematic LC structure without dopant via the application of an external voltage. A simulation of the LC molecular orientation with respect to the azimuthal anchoring energy, the viewing angle characteristics, and the switching behavior of the IFDTN LC are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology to evaluate the emission characteristics of carbon nanotube layers in the context of liquid crystal display backlighting has been elaborated. Carbon nanotube layers with emission characteristics compatible with backlighting have been demonstrated for growth temperature as low as 400 °C, thanks to the use of plasma pretreatment before growth. This very low growth temperature allows to use soda lime glass for the backlight unit and thus to expect very low cost and very low power consumption devices with this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical modulation properties of twisted-nematic liquid-crystal display (TN-LCD) can be totally predicted and optimized when its Jones matrix is known. An improved method for determining the Jones matrix of the TN-LCD without knowing its internal parameters is presented in this paper. Only three sets of intensity measurements are needed for the complete determination of the TN-LCD’s Jones matrix for a single wavelength, much less than the procedure offered by Moreno et al. This method is easier and stable in data processing and capable of diminishing the calculation error resulting from the fluctuation of intensity measurement effectively. The validity of this method is verified experimentally, whose results coincide well with the optical modulation properties of the TN-LCD predicted by our determined Jones matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optical shutter based on charged particles is presented. The output light intensity of the proposed device has an intrinsic dependence on the interparticle spacing between charged particles, which can be controlled by varying voltages applied to the control electrodes. The interparticle spacing between charged particles can be varied continuously and this opens up the possibility of particle based displays with continuous grayscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various kinds of flat panel displays such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), plasma display panels and organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays are briefly evaluated from the perspective of applicability to ubiquitous products. It is clarified that the LCDs and OLED displays are suitable for realizing mobile electronic products with a high quality display, since these displays can use active devices on the backplanes to form active matrix displays and can integrate peripheral circuits of the displays and functional circuits of mobile electronics for a ubiquitous era. It is clarified further that the low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) is the most promising active device for the backplane of such active matrix displays because the LTPS TFT has the possibility to enhance its performance without raising the cost. The low temperature poly-Si TFT fabrication process is introduced, and its key technologies such as crystallization, gate oxide formation, and impurity doping are surveyed. As the property of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) influences not only the TFT performance itself but also the efficiency of impurity doping and the integrity of the gate oxide, the crystallinity of the poly-Si is reviewed. After that, the history of the development and the state of the art in impurity doping technology and its issues are addressed in detail. Finally, foreseeing the application of LTPS TFT, the realization of OLED displays, and the progress of LTPS TFT for integrating higher functional circuits for ubiquitous applications, the requirements for impurity doping in such progress are addressed. In particular, the single grain silicon technology and the scaling down of the TFT size, which are thought to be highly effective to enhance the performance of TFTs, and issues of impurity doping technology relating to them are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge characteristics of plasma display panel with coplanar and counter-type electrode configurations are compared using the numerical modeling and experiment with respect to real and macrocells, respectively. Numerical analysis shows that the ultraviolet (UV) efficiency and driving voltage of counter type at a gap distance of 230 μm are located at similar levels to those of coplanar type at a gap distance of 60 μm. The UV efficiency for counter type is enhanced with the rise of xenon fraction and gap distance, between which the large gap operation is more advantageous to high UV efficiency. The measured temporal evolution of infrared emission reveals that the cathode layer plays an important role in forming the discharge current after the gas breakdown. It is found from the time-averaged visible and infrared emissions for the counter type that as the gap distance becomes larger, the positive column region increases but the sheath regime remains almost unchanged. On the other hand, the variation of gap distance gives a little influence on the average discharge current at the same applied voltage. The UV efficiency is thus greatly improved with the gap distance. When the gap becomes double, the UV efficiency is improved by 75%, which is well agreed with the results predicted in the numerical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of hybrid thiosemicarbazone-alkylthiocarbamate copper complexes with similar electronic environments but distinct physical structures have been prepared, characterized, and evaluated for antiproliferation activity. The complexes include the constitutional isomers (1-phenylpropane-1-imine-(O-ethylthiocarbamato)-2-one-(N -methylthiosemicarbazonato))copper(II) (CuL1) and (1-phenylpropane-1-one-(N -methylthiosemicarbazonato)-2-imine-(O-ethylthiocarbamato))copper(II) (CuL2) along with (1-propane-1-imine-(O-ethylthiocarbamato)-2-one-(N -methylthiosemicarbazonato))copper(II) (CuL3). Complexes CuL1 and CuL2 differ in the positions of the pendent thiosemicarbazone (TSC) and alkylthiocarbamate (ATC) moieties on the 1-phenylpropane backbone. Complex CuL3 employs a propane backbone with the TSC in the 2-position as in CuL1. The isomer pair CuL1 and CuL2 have equivalent electronic environments with indistinguishable CuII/I potentials (E 1/2 = -0.86 V vs. ferrocenium/ferrocene) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra (g ∥ = 2.26, g ⊥ = 2.08). The electronic structure of CuL3 has a similar E 1/2 of -0.84 V and identical EPR parameters to CuL1, 2. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm a consistent donor environment with no substantial variation in the Cu N or Cu S bond distances and angles between the complexes. The antiproliferation activities of the CuL1–3 were evaluated against the lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and nonmalignant lung fibroblast cell line (IMR-90) using the MTT assay. CuL1 had the highest A549 activity (A549EC 50 = 0.065 μM) and selectivity (IMR-90EC 50 /A549EC 50 = 20). The constitutional isomer CuL2 displayed decreased A549 activity (0.18 μM) and selectivity (10.6). The complex CuL3 displayed activity (0.009 μM) similar to CuL1 but with a lack of selectivity (1.0). Cellular copper loading determined by ICP-MS was consistent with the activity and selectivity trends. The complexes CuL1–3 did not induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. A triad of Cu(II) complexes, including a pair of constitutional isomers, with spectroscopically equivalent CuN 2 S 2 core electronic structures display different antiproliferation activity and selectivity dependent on structural features. [Display omitted] • Electronic and structural effects on antiproliferation activity for Cu(II) complexes including constitutional isomers. • Equivalent CuN 2 S 2 electronic structures with different physical structures substantially changes activity and selectivity. • Influence of specific functional groups and their relative positioning on activity and selectivity. • Small (Me, H) backbone substituent on the thiosemicarbazone side of the molecule improve activity. • Complexes with a backbone H group show no selectivity between A549 and IMR-90 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional light-field displays (3D-LFDs) can provide viewers with glass-free 3D images. The display effect of reconstructed 3D images is closely related to the number of 3D object points that the 3D display system can construct, which can be regarded as the information quantity of the 3D-LFDs. However, the information quantity presented by a 3D-LFD is limited by fixed hardware parameters such as display panels and optical components. It is difficult to present an ideal 3D visual experience with the increase in display depth. In this paper, an analytical model based on voxel construction for 3D-LFDs is proposed, which can estimate the information quantity that a 3D-LFD can reproduce. The variation regularity of information quantity with display depth is analyzed and the influence of hardware parameters on display effect is discussed. With the proposed strategies, the display effect can be improved in a targeted manner without blurring and aliasing by adjusting the hardware parameters in display systems and matching the information quantity at different display depths. • A general analytical model of 3D light field displays was constructed. • The influence of optical components parameters on display effect were analyzed. • Derive the variation regularity between display depth and information quantity. • Experiments were conducted to verify the validity of the analysis model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the molecular-dynamics method to generate random-dot patterns for light guides designed for backlight systems. The proposed approach combines various numerical techniques and is designed to optimize the dot-density distribution in order to satisfy the uniform luminance requirements demanded by liquid-crystal displays. In the proposed algorithm, the total domain is divided into a prescribed number of cells whose dot densities can be individually adjusted in order to fine tune the luminance conditions in accordance with the light source position and type. In addition, a variable truncation distance is implemented in each cell according to the dot density of that cell. This variable r-cut technique localizes the repulsive force effects acting within each cell in order that a high-dot-density gradient can be achieved in the overall dot distribution. Finally, an average force control technique is developed to ensure the uniformity of the dot distribution as it passes across the cell boundaries. Several illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed molecular-dynamics dot-generation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a plasma display panel (PDP) cell is modeled in a two-dimensional cross-sectional region and plasma discharge characteristics are analyzed by numerical simulations based on the finite difference method developed here. An orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system is introduced to apply to the arbitrary PDP cell geometry for systematic computations. Wall voltage transfer curves derived through experiments and computation are compared in detail. They show good agreement. The effect of PDP cell geometry on the voltage margin and on ultraviolet (UV) photon production efficiency are also studied. Results show that the thickness of front dielectric layer has a marked effect on the voltage margin and UV photon production efficiency. Furthermore, the dielectric ribs prevent the crosstalk of discharge in two ways: they decrease a number of excited species leaking to adjacent PDP cells and decrease charge distribution on the dielectric surface near the cell boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated how bus electrodes affect discharge and luminous characteristics of a discharge cell. Three-dimensional simulations have been performed in a coplanar structured alternating current plasma display panel cell, with phosphor saturation effect taken into account. There exists the optimal position of bus electrodes for high luminance and luminous efficiency. Considering bus electrode thickness, we have found that in-bus structure is a promising candidate for high luminance, high luminous efficiency, and fast operation plasma display panels. Our simulation results would be very useful to understand the influence of bus electrode on characteristics of a plasma display panel cell, and would also provide a general guidance to improve its display performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical transmittance of a 90-twisted nematic liquid crystal cell inserted between crossed or parallel polarizers is neither sensitive to the molecular twist sense nor to the exchange between the extraordinary and the ordinary birefringence axis at the input face of the cell. In this article, the equivalence between a twisted-nematic liquid crystal cell and the combination of a retardation wave plate and a polarization rotator is fully exploited to understand the physical origin of these ambiguities. We determine, in a simple way, cell parameters by means of standard cell transmittance measurements when both crossed and parallel polarizers are rotated simultaneously. We show that this procedure, which is subjected to the aforementioned ambiguities, can be completed by additional polarimetric measurements. In particular, we demonstrate that the twist angle, twist sense, retardation, and the rubbing direction can be univocally determined by experimental measurement of the Stokes parameters of the light transmitted through the cell at one wavelength. Laboratory results corresponding to a commercial liquid crystal display panel are carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a front panel structure for an alternating current plasma display panel (AC-PDP) based on a ridged transparent dielectric layer and long hollow gap between the sustain electrodes. The suggested structure can reduce a firing voltage and sustain voltage than a conventional AC-PDP due to a strong electric field between the sustain electrodes. Experiments were conducted with various Xe contents from 10% to 50% at a gas pressure of 450 Torr, and the results confirmed that the ridged dielectric structure reduce the firing and sustain voltages by about 74 and 79 V at 10% Xe content than a conventional structure with 10% Xe content, respectively. Also, the proposed structure improve the luminous efficiency and luminance by about 50.9% and 33%, respectively, with a 50% Xe content when compared to a conventional structure with a 10% Xe content at a similar driving voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The switch-off dynamics of a 180° supertwisted nematic (STN) are explored in detail by using a convergent beam system and the fully leaky guided-mode technique. From the dynamical guided-mode data and using the Ericksen–Leslie theory, the director structure in the cell at different times during switch-off is obtained. We have studied the dynamic switch-off from different applied voltages and have found that the relaxation time is independent of the voltage. From fitting the optical data, the effective viscosities are obtained. It appears that two viscosity coefficients, γ and η1, largely control the dynamics of switch-off. From the analysis of the director tilt profile in the cell, it is found that there is no backflow-induced increased tilt at the cell center in the STN cell during the switch-off. From liquid crystal hydrodynamics, this no-backflow dynamic process in the STN cell is well explained. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on liquid crystals used in electronic displays which usually contain small amounts of ions that move under the influence of the varying applied electric field. Modified electric fields resulting in image sticking effects from the motion of ions perpendicular to the substrates; Image sticking effects near the pixel edge observed in supertwisted nematic cells.

We investigate the performance of several nonstandard plasma display panel cell geometry designs involving two-dimensional variations of the standard coplanar-electrode design. A cell design with a modified shape of sustain electrodes is found to have ~20% larger visible light generation efficiency without substantial increase of the operating voltages. Similar performance improvement is achieved by designs with different shapes of the upper dielectric, or by those involving two different dielectric layers. The dependence of cell performance on the design parameters of these structures is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the discharge characteristics in an alternating current plasma display panel (ac PDP) and optimize it further, a three-dimensional fluid code (FL3P) has been developed. Using this simulator, various three-dimensional features of discharges are investigated in the sustain mode of PDP. First, the striations of wall charge are observed at both the anode and cathode side. Second, the local efficiency is obtained as a function of position. It is mainly divided into the anode region and the cathode region and highest near the anode center. Finally, the effects of various three-dimensional parameters are studied. As one of the examples showing the effect of electrode shaping, the discharge characteristics of a T-shaped electrode cell are compared with those of a conventional cell. The phosphor on barrier ribs contributes to over 44% of the total luminance, but barrier ribs themselves do not play an important role in the overall discharge efficiency. Address electrode width is not always proportional to the size of the discharge because of the wall loss of the particles to barrier ribs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional self-consistent simulation model is used to study the effect of the geometric parameters on the operating voltages and ultraviolet (UV) efficiency of a coplanar-electrode plasma display panel cell. It is found that in the standard coplanar-electrode geometry there is a tradeoff between high UV efficiency and low operating voltages as the electrode gap, or the parameters of the upper dielectric are varied, while variation of the sustain electrode width has no significant effect on either the operating voltages or UV efficiency. It is also found that wider discharge area results in higher efficiency. In addition, the effect of the insertion of floating electrodes in the upper dielectric is investigated. When floating electrodes are used, UV light is emitted in a more confined area, thus limiting cross talk with adjacent cells, while efficiency decreases by ∼8%. Finally, a self-erase discharge sustaining waveform is studied. Use of this waveform results in ∼17% increase in the efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for describing properties of a liquid crystal display which combines the concepts of in-plane switching and vertical alignment is proposed. There is good agreement between the results of this model and direct computer calculation of the director and the light transmittance. The usefulness of the model lies in the faster speed of calculations compared to direct computer solution of the Euler-Lagrange equations. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low luminous efficacy is one of the major drawbacks of plasma display panels (PDPs), where the main limiting factor is the efficiency of the microdischarges in generating UV radiation. In this work we use a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to analyze the energy loss mechanisms in neon-xenon discharges in coplanar-electrode color PDPs and interpret experimental data on the luminous efficacy of these PDPs. The modeling results are in good agreement with the measured UV emission spectrum and measured trends in the efficacy. Most of the electrical input energy is transferred to ions and subsequently to the gas and the surface. The electrical energy transferred to electrons is mostly used for ionization and excitation, where the part used for xenon excitation largely ends up in UV radiation. The amplitude, frequency, and rise time of the driving voltage mainly affect the energy losses due to ion heating. The xenon content also affects the conversion of electron energy into UV energy. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the plasma evolution in dielectric barrier discharges occurring in a commercial ac plasma display panel (PDP) by using a macroscopic PDP discharge cell. Electrical characteristics; Current pulse shape; Paschen curves, voltage margin and MgO layer.

The article focuses on patients, families and paramedics want to see emergency medicine wait times displayed on the internet and in emergency waiting rooms, but which times do they want to see. Topics include Australasian College for Emergency Medicine defines the waiting time as the difference between arrival time and time of initial medical assessment and treatment, and the Cabrini Human Research Ethics Committee has approved the study.

A droplet array which can function as a microlens array (MLA) is prepared by filling a small amount of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel into a polymeric cavity. The apex distance of each droplet decreases gradually as the applied DC voltage increases. The lens surface profile presents a spherical shape during actuation. By applying a voltage from 0 to 250 V, the focal length of the MLA changes from 2.75 mm to 3.15 mm and the measured total response time is 360 ms, which is lower operating voltage and much faster than that previously reported. The proposed MLA is free from gravitational effect, shaking, and vibration. It has potential applications in imaging, beam steering, biometrics, sensing, and electronic displays. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography has an established role in the evaluation of a variety of cardiac disorders, including congenital heart diseases. The current generation of high-speed scanners produces volumetric data at low doses of radiation. The interpretation of cardiac anatomy, however, is generally limited to multiplanar assessment of two-dimensional images. The volume rendering technique provides an excellent three-dimensional demonstration of external morphology but offers little information about the intracardiac anatomy. The alternative approach of virtual cardiac dissection, which is a modification of volume rendering, on the other hand, provides crucial insights regarding the intracardiac anatomy. At present, virtual cardiac dissection requires expensive software packages. These software packages are not available in all countries, thus limiting its use in routine clinical care. We present here the details of a newly developed technique that permits virtual cardiac dissection using a personal computer and open-source software. Our technique involves no additional cost and can be achieved in the comfort of the office or operating room of the cardiologist, radiologist, or cardiac surgeon. This enhanced three-dimensional visualization of intracardiac anatomy will surely improve the understanding of the morphological details of both normal and malformed hearts. In addition, by permitting assessment in projections with which modern-day cardiologists and cardiac surgeons are conversant, it is likely to improve clinical decision-making. We illustrate here its potential utility in the morphologic assessment of the atrial septum and its deficiencies, along with malformations of the ventricular outflow tracts, including common arterial trunk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We propose a 360-degree viewable tabletop three-dimensional (3D) display system based on integral imaging by using a perspective-oriented layer (POL). The proposed system is composed of a two-dimensional (2D) display device, a POL, a lens array with large pitch and a light shaping diffuser screen. The 2D display device with high refresh rate is utilized to present the adaptive element image array (AEIA) sequentially. The AEIA is generated based on partially-overlapping algorithm to ensure that the 3D image corresponding to adjacent viewing zone is reconstructed without flipping. The 2D display device, the POL and the lens array rotate simultaneously to create a 360-degree continuous viewing zone by time division multiplexing. In our proposed tabletop 3D display system, the best viewing zone can be modulated to the lateral and the crosstalk caused by the narrow viewing angle can be eliminated. In addition, the proposed tabletop 3D display system is capable of reconstructing 3D images with both vertical and horizontal parallaxes. The experimental results agree well with the basic principle of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively monitor the state of bioelectricity of standing tree, a mobile terminal system was designed to achieve the remote query of the bioelectricity producing situation of trees. The system mainly includes the hypogyny machine system for measurement and collection of bioelectricity signals, bluetooth and GSM systems for wireless remote query, and the PC system of displaying real-time data for further analysis. The system is to transmit to the next bit machine by nails electrode, the sampling circuit, amplifying circuit, A/D conversion circuit and programming interface module, will read the measured data and temporary to STC89 C52 RC MCU in the ROM. The user can transmit the measured real-time data to the mobile phone in the form of a short message by using the instruction-driven MCU on the mobile terminal, realizing real-time monitoring of the data. The in-situ test and application showed that the system can accurately monitor the biological energy data, and the data can be real-time transmitted to the mobile terminal for checking and recording. The system operates steadily and can meet the need of real-time monitor and query of the test data. The system is small, easy to carry and install, the use of modern smart phone terminal convenience, improve the efficiency of living wood biological power data acquisition, and has mobility, rapidity. This paper provides reference for further studies to understand the law of generation, collection, query, storage, and utilization of bioelectricity of trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]