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The objective of this study is to achieve the dynamic optimization of the flood limited water level (FLWL) in parallel reservoirs, using Luhun Reservoir and Guxian Reservoir as case studies. The innovation lies in establishing a dynamic control optimization model for the FLWL of parallel reservoirs, considering the uncertainty in the forecasting period of the flood forecast due to the varying locations of the rainstorm center from upstream to downstream. To commence, the Fisher optimal segmentation method is employed for flood season staging to determine the staged FLWL of each reservoir. Subsequently, considering the uncertainty in the foresight period, the upper range of the dynamic FLWL is determined through the improved pre-discharge capacity constraint method and Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, a multi-objective optimization model is established to determine the optimal dynamic FLWL control operation scheme for parallel reservoirs, utilizing the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). This model takes into account both downstream flood control requirements and the water supply benefits of the parallel reservoirs. Through the optimization of the scheme, the water supply of the parallel reservoirs can be augmented by 15,347.6 m3 during the flood season. This optimization effectively achieves a harmonious balance between flood control and water supply, holding significant implications for mitigating drought risks amid changing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonurus japonicus Houtt (LJH) is a bulk medicinal material commonly used in clinical practice, but its complex constituents have not been completely understood, posing challenges to pharmacology, pharmacokinetic research, and scientific and rational drug use. As a result, it is critical to develop an efficient and accurate method for classifying and identifying the chemical composition of LJH. In this study, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole electrostatic field‐orbital trap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS) was successfully established, along with two data post‐processing techniques, characteristic fragmentations (CFs) and neutral losses (NLs), to quickly classify and identify the chemical constituents in LJH. As a result, 44 constituents of LJH were identified, including four alkaloids, 20 flavonoids, two phenylpropanoids, 17 organic acids, and one amino acid. The method in this paper enables classification and identification of chemical compositions rapidly, providing a scientific foundation for further research on the effective and toxic substances of LJH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and lung cancer (LC) have similar clinical symptoms and atypical imaging findings, which are easily misdiagnosed. There is an urgent need for a noninvasive and accurate biomarker to distinguish LC from PTB. Methods A total of 694 subjects were enrolled and divided into discovery set (n = 122), identification set (n = 214), and validation set (n = 358). Metabolites were identified by multivariate and univariate analyses. Receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers. Results Seven metabolites were identified and validated. Phenylalanylphenylalanine for distinguishing LC from PTB yielded an area under the curve of 0.89, sensitivity of 71%, and specificity of 92%. It also showed good diagnostic abilities in discovery set and identification set. Compared with that in healthy volunteers (median [interquartile range], 1.57 [1.01, 2.34] μg/mL), it was elevated in LC (4.76 [2.74, 7.08] μg/mL; ratio of median, [ROM] = 3.03, P <.01) and reduced in PTB (1.06 [0.51, 2.09] μg/mL; ROM = 0.68, P <.05). Conclusions The metabolomic profile of LC and PTB was described and a key biomarker identified. We produced a rapid and noninvasive method to supplement existing clinical diagnostic examinations for distinguishing LC from PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has played an important role in the field of medicine and food. In this study, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole‐orbitrap‐mass spectrometry was used to rapidly classify and identify the chemical compositions. Note that 32, 28, and 30 kinds of compounds were successfully identified from northern Schisandra chinensis, vinegar‐processed Schisandra chinensis, and wine‐processed Schisandra chinensis, respectively. The cleavage patterns of various components including lignans, organic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids were summarized, and the effects of different processing methods on Schisandra chinensis were analyzed through chemical composition. This method realized the rapid classification and identification of raw Schisandra chinensis and two different processed products, and provided references for improving the traditional processing methods, strengthening quality control, and ensuring safe clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal–rock disasters are becoming more and more severe as the intensity of coal mining increases. Due to its destructive power and resulting extensive area damage, rock burst is among the most critical threats to coal mine safety. It results from the combined action of the coal and the rock when affected by the mining process. To this end, we used a combination of coal and rock to conduct our studies. Combining a uniaxial compression experiment with theoretical analysis, this work investigated how different lithologies and coal–rock height ratios affect the mechanical properties of this combination and the law governing energy accumulation. We determined the following: When the coal–rock height ratios are dissimilar, the peak strength and modulus of elasticity of the combination show a negative correlation with the coal thickness share, and the pre-peak energy accumulation and impact energy index of the combination is positively correlated with the coal thickness percentage. In combination with the same coal–rock height ratio, the peak strength, elastic modulus, pre-peak energy accumulation, and impact energy index all increase with increased rock strength and elastic modulus. The presence of a hard rock layer affects the accumulation of pre-peak energy. Based on the experimental analysis, a theoretical model was established, and the surrounding rock stress negatively correlates with the percentage of coal thickness; the energy stored in the surrounding rock is directly proportional to the coal in the zone. Therefore, we inferred that the stress distribution of the surrounding rock as coal thickness changes is abnormal; substantial energy accumulation can swiftly initiate dynamic disasters, such as rock bursts. This study has important reference significance for preventing and controlling rock bursts in areas where coal thickness changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hugan tablet is a Chinese medicine preparation. It is composed of Bupleuri Radix, Artemisiae Scopariae Herba, Isatidis Radix, Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Suis Fellis Pulvis, and Vigna radiata L. It has the effects of dispersing stagnated liver qi, strengthening the spleen and eliminating food to be used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis and early cirrhosis. However, the chemical composition of Hugan tablet is complex and not fully understood, which hampers the research in pharmacology. In this study, a reliable method for the rapid analysis and identification of the chemical components in Hugan tablet by their characteristic fragments and neutral losses using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry was developed. A total of 144 chemical components were tentatively identified, including 57 organic acids, 19 flavonoids, 23 alkaloids, 18 lignans, 7 saponins, and 20 others. These components may be the active ingredients of Hugan tablet. The established method can systematically and rapidly analyze the chemical components in Hugan tablet, which provides a basis for the pharmacodynamic substance study and is meaningful for the quality control of Hugan tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses eye movement experiments to study the cognitive effects of consumer groups on different narrative-quality advertisements. The experiment selects typical advertising cases, takes college students as subjects, and uses computers to track and analyze eye movement data. The experimental results show that the quality of narrative rhetoric directly affects the number of attention, duration, and pupil diameter of the subjects, and the subjects’ browsing time and memory of advertisements are positively related to the quality of narrative rhetoric of advertisements. Among them, in the Low-involvement/Thinking product advertisements, consumers' eye movement data for advertisements with better narrative quality is relatively more significant.

Pain management is a crucial concern in medicine, particularly in the case of children who may struggle to effectively communicate their pain. Despite the longstanding reliance on various assessment scales by medical professionals, these tools have shown limitations and subjectivity. In this paper, we present a pain assessment scheme based on skin potential signals, aiming to convert subjective pain into objective indicators for pain identification using machine learning methods. We have designed and implemented a portable non-invasive measurement device to measure skin potential signals and conducted experiments involving 623 subjects. From the experimental data, we selected 358 valid records, which were then divided into 218 silent samples and 262 pain samples. A total of 38 features were extracted from each sample, with seven features displaying superior performance in pain identification. Employing three classification algorithms, we found that the random forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy, reaching 70.63%. While this identification rate shows promise for clinical applications, it is important to note that our results differ from state-of-the-art research, which achieved a recognition rate of 81.5%. This discrepancy arises from the fact that our pain stimuli were induced by clinical operations, making it challenging to precisely control the stimulus intensity when compared to electrical or thermal stimuli. Despite this limitation, our pain assessment scheme demonstrates significant potential in providing objective pain identification in clinical settings. Further research and refinement of the proposed approach may lead to even more accurate and reliable pain management techniques in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoraleae Fructus (PF) is one of the most frequently used traditional Chinese medicine, which has good efficacy in warming kidney to activate yang, promoting inspiration to relieve asthma and warming spleen to stop diarrhea. However, the chemical composition of PF is complex, which makes it difficult to determine its active and toxic components. In order to rapidly classify and identify the chemical components of the extracts from PF, this research was processed with CNKI, PubMed, and PubChem databases and data post‐processing technique basing on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap MS) technique. Finally, 73 chemical components were discriminated, including 44 flavonoids, 18 coumarins, and 11 terpenoids, with the cleavage rules of each chemical component summarized. This study established a UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap MS method for the separation and discrimination of the chemical constituents of PF, which can lay a foundation for the further study of its medicinal substances and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These results suggest that DKD-related proteins are associated with changes in serum lipid metabolite levels. (F) Determination of biomarker panel by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; (G) ROC curve analysis of independent cohort 2-based biomarker panel (T2DM vs. Dear Editor, Approximately 30% to 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) develop diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and most will go on to develop end-stage renal disease.[1] The presence of kidney disease complicates the management of patients with T2DM.[2] Therefore, identifying biomarkers for the early diagnosis of DKD based on circulating molecular factors associated with physiological alterations in patients with T2DM can effectively reduce and delay the incidence of DKD. [Extracted from the article]

With the increasing of altitude activities from low-altitude people, the study of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) has been revived. HACE is a severe acute mountain sickness associated with exposure to hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude, often characterized by disturbance of consciousness and ataxia. As for the pathogenesis of HACE, previous studies suggested that it might be related to the disorder of cerebral blood flow, the destruction of blood-brain barrier and the injury of brain parenchyma cells caused by inflammatory factors. In recent years, studies have confirmed that the imbalance of REDOX homeostasis is also involved in the pathogenesis of HACE, which mainly leads to abnormal activation of microglia and destruction of tight junction of vascular endothelial cells through the excessive production of mitochondrial-related reactive oxygen species. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of REDOX homeostasis and the potential of the treatment of REDOX homeostasis in HACE, which is of great significance to expand the understanding of the pathogenesis of HACE. Moreover, it will also be helpful to further study the possible therapy of HACE related to the key link of REDOX homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometry of the fracture exerts an important impact on the flow of the fractures and the transport of the solutes. Herein, Forchheimer's law and the weighted-sum ADE (WSADE) model were alternatively employed, and the obtained pressure gradient versus discharge curves for the fitting reveal that Forchheimer's law adequately described the non-Darcy flow behavior and the robust capability of WSADE in capturing the non-Fickian transport in dual-conduit fractures (DCFs). Different boundary layer effects brought about obvious differences in water flow and solute transport trends between 2D and 3D fractures. Moreover, with the change in the distance between the main conduit and the diversion conduit, the hydraulic parameters were correlated with the fitting parameters in Forchheimer's law and WSADE. The solute mixing process is dramatically altered by the results, which directly demonstrate major flow patterns at the intersection. The prediction of solute transport in naturally fractured rocks depends primarily on the depicted flow and its effects on mixing. The findings help to increase the understanding of transport processes in such systems, especially for characterizing the dual-peaked BTCs obtained in aquifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For adaptation to ever‐changing environments, plants have evolved elaborate metabolic systems coupled to a regulatory network for optimal growth and defense. Regulation of plant secondary metabolic pathways such as glucosinolates (GSLs) by defense phytohormones in response to different stresses and nutrient deficiency has been intensively investigated, while how growth‐promoting hormone balances plant secondary and primary metabolism has been largely unexplored. Here, we found that growth‐promoting hormone brassinosteroid (BR) inhibits GSLs accumulation while enhancing biosynthesis of primary sulfur metabolites, including cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) both in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops, fine‐tuning secondary and primary sulfur metabolism to promote plant growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), the central component of BR signaling, exerts distinct transcriptional inhibition regulation on indolic and aliphatic GSL via direct MYB51 dependent repression of indolic GSL biosynthesis, while exerting partial MYB29 dependent repression of aliphatic GSL biosynthesis. Additionally, BZR1 directly activates the transcription of APR1 and APR2 which encodes rate‐limiting enzyme adenosine 5′‐phosphosulfate reductases in the primary sulfur metabolic pathway. In summary, our findings indicate that BR inhibits the biosynthesis of GSLs to prioritize sulfur usage for primary metabolites under normal growth conditions. These findings expand our understanding of BR promoting plant growth from a metabolism perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Menispermi Rhizoma (MR), the dried rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC. (Menispermaceae), has been used to treat sore throat, enteritis, dysentery, and rheumatic arthralgia. Despite extensive research on its pharmacological effects, the chemical components in vitro and in vivo have not been thoroughly studied. Objective: To establish an efficient method for rapid classification and identification of alkaloids in MR and its preparations, as well as metabolites in vivo after oral administration of MR. Methods: Rapid identification of alkaloids and absorbed components of MR was performed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) coupled with UNIFI software. Moreover, the characteristic fragmentations and neutral losses of different types of alkaloids in MR were summarised to realise the rapid classification of alkaloids. Results: A total of 55 components were unambiguously or tentatively identified in MR. Among them, 37 and 31 components were found in MR capsules and tablets, respectively. Meanwhile, 109 compounds were tentatively identified in rat plasma, urine and faeces, including 55 prototypes and 54 metabolites. Hydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronic acid and sulphate conjugations were the dominating metabolic fates of alkaloids. Conclusion: The data post‐processing strategy established could greatly enhance the structural identification efficiency. The results obtained might lay the foundation for further interpretation of clinical effects, mechanism of action and quality control of MR. A strategy integrating ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with UNIFI software was used to identify components in vivo and in vitro of Menispermi Rhizoma (MR). A total of 55 components were unambiguously or tentatively identified in MR. Among them, 37 and 31 components were found in MR capsules and tablets, respectively. Meanwhile, 109 compounds were tentatively identified in plasma, urine and faeces, including 55 prototypes and 54 metabolites. Hydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the dominating metabolic fates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we proposed an acid hydrolysis-based analytical method for the detection of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in solanaceous vegetables and their products with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). This study was the first to reveal that some compounds in the eggplant matrix bind to altenusin (ALS). Validation under optimal sample preparation conditions showed that the method met the EU criteria, exhibiting good linearity (R2 > 0.99), matrix effects (−66.6–−20.5%), satisfying recovery (72.0–107.4%), acceptable precision (1.5–15.5%), and satisfactory sensitivity (0.05–2 µg/kg for limit of detection, 2–5 µg/kg for limit of quantification). Out of 393 marketed samples, only 47 samples were detected, ranging from 0.54–806 μg/kg. Though the occurrence ratio (2.72%) in solanaceous vegetables could be negligible, the pollution status in solanaceous vegetable products was much more serious, and the incidences were 41.1%. In the 47 contaminated samples, the incidences were 4.26% for alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), 6.38% for alternariol (AOH) and altenuene (ALT), 42.6% for tentoxin (TEN), and 55.3% for tenuazonic acid (TeA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the entire loading process of compound coal–rock, test pieces with three different coal/rock ratios (1:3, 1:1, and 3:1) have been constructed and the corresponding cyclic loading experiments have been carried out. Through the experiment, the deformation and failure characteristics of the compound coal–rock samples have been explored and the stage evolution characteristics of energy density have been subsequently analyzed. Ultimately, the relation between deformation failure and the energy evolution mechanism has been established, and thus the reasons behind rock bursts in the coal–rock compounds have been discussed. The experimental results indicate that with the increase in cyclic loading, the stress–strain curve of the compound coal–rock demonstrates a positive shift, whereas the change in the hysteretic curve from dense to sparse results in a "hysteresis expansion". The increase in the coal body height increases the chance of brittleness failure of the compound coal–rock. The coal body, as the main controlling factor of compound coal–rock failure, generates cracks that expand to the rock body along the juncture of the coal and rock, leading to instability. The energy density evolution curve can be described by a quadratic function. The evolution process is initiated from the slow increase in input energy density and elastic energy density. A large amount of energy is stored through the rapid increase in the density mentioned above. At last, the evolution is completed by a surge in dissipated energy. The energy evolution drives the crack expansions in the compound coal–rock under load. The energy accumulation in the compound coal–rock is increased by the exploitation of the clamping effect of the thick and hard top and bottom plate. The risk of rock burst is intensified by the failure of the coal body because of the energy in the coal–rock system. The study results help to comprehend the energy evolution pattern in the surrounding rock of deep mining roadways and expand the prevention methods for impact ground pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'king of fruits' mango (Mangifera indica) is widely cultivated in tropical areas and has been threatened by frequent extreme cold weather. Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel (CNGC) genes have an important function in the calcium-mediated development and cold response of plants. However, few CNGC-related studies are reported in mango, regardless of the mango cold stress response. In this study, we identified 43 CNGC genes in mango showing tissue-specific expression patterns. Five MiCNGCs display more than 3-fold gene expression induction in the fruit peel and leaf under cold stress. Among these, MiCNGC9 and MiCNGC13 are significantly upregulated below 6 °C, suggesting their candidate functions under cold stress. Furthermore, cell membrane integrity was damaged at 2 °C in the mango leaf, as shown by the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), and eight MiCNGCs are positively correlated with MDA contents. The high correlation between MiCNGCs and MDA implies MiCNGCs might regulate cell membrane integrity by regulating MDA content. Together, these findings provide a valuable guideline for the functional characterization of CNGC genes and will benefit future studies related to cold stress and calcium transport in mango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]