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2-花生四烯酸单甘酯（2-AG）是一种内源性大麻素，在神经、心血管和免疫等系统中具有一系列的生理活性。为实现2-AG的绿色高效制备，探究了脂肪酶催化醇解富含花生四烯酸的微生物油制备2-AG的方法。以2-单甘酯（2-MAG）含量为指标，通过单因素实验对酶法催化醇解反应条件进行了优化，并采用溶剂萃取法对产物进行纯化。结果表明：最佳反应条件为以Lipozyme 435脂肪酶为醇解脂肪酶、酶添加量4%（以油质量计）、油与无水乙醇物质的量比1∶ 40、叔丁醇为溶剂、油溶比2∶ 3、反应温度35 ℃、反应时间8 h，在最佳条件下粗产物中2-MAG含量为3363%；经溶剂萃取纯化后2-MAG的纯度达到了94.79%，其中2-AG含量为40.70%。 综上，酶法醇解富含花生四烯酸的微生物油可以获得高2-AG含量的2-MAG。2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous cannabinoid and exhibits a variety of biological activities in the central nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. To prepare 2-AG in a greener and efficient way, a lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of microbial oil rich in arachidonic acid was used to synthesize 2-AG. With the 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) content as an index, the reaction conditions of lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis were optimized by single factor experiment, and a solvent extraction method was employed to purify the product. The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions of lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis were as follows: Lipozyme 435 as alcoholysis enzyme, lipase dosage 4% (relative to oil mass), molar ratio of oil to anhydrous ethanol 1∶ 40, tert-butanol as solvent, ratio of oil to solvent 2∶ 3, reaction temperature 35 ℃ and reaction time 8 h. Under the optimal conditions, 2-MAG content in the crude product was up to 33.63%. The purity of 2-MAG after purification was up to 9479%, and the content of 2-AG was 40.70%. In conclusion, enzymatic alcoholysis of microbial oil rich in arachidonic acid can obtain 2-MAG with high 2-AG content.

In order to reveal the differences in the biosynthesis and metabolism of the major bioactive composition in sea buckthorn berry pulp during ripening, non-targeted metabolomics based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to analyze the metabolites of sea buckthorn berry pulp from two strains at different developmental stages (green and orange pulp). The results showed that the four sample groups had significant metabolic differences. A total of 124 significantly differential metabolites were detected among the four groups based on variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1 and t-test P < 0.05, including organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, flavonoids and secondary metabolites. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 15, 7 and 4 significantly differential metabolites associated with lipid, flavonoid and serotonin metabolism were identified, respectively, and eight significantly differential metabolites involved in anticancer function were selected. The significant up-regulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/16:0) and glycerophosphocholine could be the reason for the high accumulation of lipids in sea buckthorn berry pulp. The significant upregulation of isorhamnetin was key for the high flavonoid content in sea buckthorn berry pulp. Relatively high contents of N-acetylserotonin, capecitabine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and other bioactive composition involved in anticancer function were shown in sea buckthorn berry pulp during its development. These results provide a scientific basis for revealing the metabolic mechanism of bioactive composition of sea buckthorn berries and developing related functional products.

The canonical transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) proteins form Ca2+-permeable cation channels that are involved in various heart diseases. However, the roles of specific TRPC proteins in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain poorly understood. We observed that TRPC1 and TRPC6 were highly expressed in the area at risk (AAR) in a coronary artery ligation induced I/R model. Trpc1−/− mice exhibited improved cardiac function, lower serum Troponin T and serum creatine kinase level, smaller infarct volume, less fibrotic scars, and fewer apoptotic cells after myocardial-I/R than wild-type or Trpc6−/− mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific knockdown of Trpc1 using adeno-associated virus 9 mitigated myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, Trpc1 deficiency protected adult mouse ventricular myocytes (AMVMs) and HL-1 cells from death during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Trpc1−/− cardiomyocytes. Among these genes, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (Ogdhl) was markedly downregulated. Moreover, Trpc1 deficiency impaired the calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in AMVMs. Suppression of this pathway inhibited Ogdhl upregulation and ROS generation in HL-1 cells under H/R conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed NF-κB binding to the Ogdhl promoter. The cardioprotective effect of Trpc1 deficiency was canceled out by overexpression of NF-κB and Ogdhl in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that TRPC1 is upregulated in the AAR following myocardial I/R, leading to increased Ca2+ influx into associated cardiomyocytes. Subsequently, this upregulates Ogdhl expression through the CaN/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately exacerbating ROS production and aggravating myocardial I/R injury.

为寻找与中国人乳脂脂质组成高相似的天然人乳替代脂，分析比较了3种鱼油(金鲳鱼油、银鲳鱼油和巴沙鱼油)的总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸、甘油三酯组成和含量。结果表明：金鲳鱼油中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸含量分别为24.93%、25.61%和26.52%，其中sn-2位棕榈酸的含量为39.71%，占总棕榈酸比例为53.10%；在3种鱼油中，金鲳鱼油总脂肪酸组成最接近中国人乳脂；甘油三酯组成分析结果证实，金鲳鱼油中富含1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯（OPL,24.36%），其含量显著高于其他两种鱼油，且其1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（OPO）的含量（16.79%）接近报道的中国人乳脂的平均含量（15.84%）。因此，金鲳鱼油是理想的中国婴儿配方奶粉专用油脂基料油，在人乳替代脂中具有良好的发展前景。To find natural human milk fat substitute with high similarity to the lipid composition of Chinese human milk fat, the composition and content of total fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid, and triglyceride of three types of fish oil (gold pomfret oil, silver pomfret oil, and barramundi oil) were analyzed and compared. The results showed that in gold pomfret oil, the contents of palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were 24.93%, 25.61% and 26.52%, respectively. The content of sn-2 palmitic acid was 39.71%, accounting for 53.10% of the total palmitic acid. Among the three fish oils, gold pomfret oil exhibited the closest total fatty acid composition to Chinese human milk fat. The results of triglyceride composition analysis confirmed that golden pomfret fish oil was rich in 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL,24.36%), which was significantly higher than the other two fish oils, and its 1,3-dioleoy1-2-palmitoylglyecrol (OPO) content (16.79%) was close to the average content of reported Chinese human milk fat (15.84%). Therefore, golden pomfret fish oil is an ideal lipid base oil for Chinese infant formula, which has a good development prospect in human milk fat substitute.

For the low efficiency and large loss of cascade pumping stations, aiming to maximize system efficiency, an optimized scheduling model of cascade pumping stations is established with consideration of multiple constraints, and the optimal scheduling method based on the improved sparrow search algorithm (BSSA) is proposed. The BSSA is initialized by the Bernoulli chaotic map to solve the insufficient initial diversity of the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). The random boundary strategy is introduced to avoid local optimum when dealing with the scheduling problem of pumping stations. The performance and improvement strategy of BSSA are verified by eight benchmark functions. Results show that BSSA has better convergence accuracy and faster speed. BSSA is applied to a three-stage pumping station considering three flow conditions, and compared with the current scheme, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm optimization schemes, the operation efficiency of SSA can be increased by 0.72–0.96%, and operation cost can be reduced by ¥263,000/a–¥363,300/a. On this basis, the improvement of 0.04–0.30% and ¥14,800/a–¥109,900/a can be further achieved by the BSSA, which confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of BSSA to solve the pumping station optimal scheduling problem. The findings present useful reference for the optimized scheduling of pumping station system. HIGHLIGHTS An optimal scheduling model of cascade pumping stations is established.; The sparrow search algorithm is improved as BSSA by using the Bernoulli chaotic map and random boundary treatment.; An optimization method for cascade pumping stations based on BSSA is provided.; The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are confirmed.;

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and genetic changes of 3 children in short stature with ACAN gene mutation. Methods: The clinical data, laboratory examinations, and genetic testing results of 3 children with ACAN gene mutations diagnosed with short stature at our pediatric endocrine disease clinic from 2018 to 2020 were collected, and the literature was reviewed for analysis and summary. Results: All the three children had a short family history, and their clinical manifestations were short stature. One patient had a slight limitation of the flexion activity of the thoracolumbar spine, and no other system abnormalities were found. Among them, the oldest of the 3 children was 5 years and 1 month, and the bone age was roughly consistent with or slightly advanced than the actual age, and the peak growth hormone challenge in 2 cases was less than 10 μg/L. The variations in the ACAN gene are c.G1877A and c.7360, respectively_ 7361del and c.7038_ 7039insCGGTGT, case 1 and case 2 are novel mutations that have not been reported in major databases. After the application of recombinant human growth hormone, the height of all three children improved. Reviewing the literature at home and abroad, we found that there were 120 children and 216 relatives reported at present. Among them, there were 80 ACAN gene variants related to short stature registered in HGMD, of which short stature was the most important clinical manifestation, followed by skeletal dysplasia. Conclusions: Mutations of ACAN gene mainly lead to short stature and skeletal dysplasia in children, and their clinical bone phenotypes are diverse, which can also only be manifested as short stature. For children with short stature, especially those with short stature family history, no matter whether they have skeletal abnormalities, they should be alert to this gene mutation.

Abstract Credit risk assessment involves conducting a fair review and evaluation of an assessed subject’s solvency and creditworthiness. In the context of real estate enterprises, credit risk assessment provides a basis for banks and other financial institutions to choose suitable investment objects. Additionally, it encourages real estate enterprises to abide by market norms and provide reliable information for the standardized management of the real estate industry. However, Chinese real estate companies are hesitant to disclose their actual operating data due to privacy concerns, making subjective evaluation approaches inevitable, occupying important roles in accomplishing Chinese real estate enterprise credit risk assessment tasks. To improve the normative and reliability of credit risk assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises, this study proposes an integrated multi-criteria group decision-making approach. First, a credit risk assessment index for Chinese real estate enterprises is established. Then, the proposed framework combines proportional hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II methods. This approach is suitable for processing large amounts of data with high uncertainty, which is often the case in credit risk assessment tasks of Chinese real estate enterprises involving massive subjective evaluation information. Finally, the proposed model is validated through a case study accompanied by sensitivity and comparative analyses to verify its rationality and feasibility. This study contributes to the research on credit assessment for Chinese real estate enterprises and provides a revised paradigm for real estate enterprise credit risk assessment.

This review explores the emerging role of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) in the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. We discuss the fundamental principles and fabrication techniques of SPEs, highlighting their adaptability and cost-effectiveness. The review examines various modification strategies, including nanomaterial incorporation, polymer coatings, and biomolecule immobilization, which enhance sensor performance. We analyze the application of SPEs in detecting protein, genetic, and metabolite biomarkers associated with breast cancer, presenting recent advancements and innovative approaches. The integration of SPEs with microfluidic systems and their potential in wearable devices for continuous monitoring are explored. While emphasizing the promising aspects of SPE-based biosensors, we also address current challenges in sensitivity, specificity, and real-world applicability. The review concludes by discussing future perspectives, including the potential for early screening and therapy monitoring, and the steps required for clinical implementation. This comprehensive overview aims to stimulate further research and development in SPE-based biosensors for improved breast cancer management.

Oxalic acid (OA) is a predominant constituent in kidney stones, contributing to 70–80% of all cases. Rapid detection of OA is vital for the early diagnosis and treatment of kidney stone conditions. This work introduces a novel electrochemical sensing approach for OA, leveraging vanadium disulfide (VS2) nanoflowers synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis. These VS2 nanoflowers, known for their excellent electrocatalytic properties and large surface area, are used to modify glassy carbon electrodes for enhanced OA sensing. The proposed OA sensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity across a wide linear detection range of 0.2–20 μM, with an impressively low detection limit of 0.188 μM. The practicality of this sensor was validated through interference studies, offering a promising tool for the early diagnosis and monitoring of kidney stone diseases.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Caspase 8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR) has been identified as a potent factor in mitigating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by inhibiting the N-terminal dimerization of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). While arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) was previously reported to be associated with increased hepatic glucose production, its involvement in hepatic lipid metabolism remains largely unexplored. The interaction between PRMT1 and CFLAR and the methylation of CFLAR were verified by Co-IP and immunoblotting assays. Recombinant adenoviruses were generated for overexpression or knockdown of PRMT1 in hepatocytes. The role of PRMT1 in NAFLD was investigated in normal and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. In this study, we found a significant upregulation of PRMT1 and downregulation of CFLAR after 48h of fasting, while the latter significantly rebounded after 12h of refeeding. The expression of PRMT1 increased in the livers of mice fed a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet and in hepatocytes challenged with oleic acid (OA)/palmitic acid (PA). Overexpression of PRMT1 not only inhibited the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and promoted the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (FAS), resulting in increased triglyceride accumulation in primary hepatocytes, but also enhanced the gluconeogenesis of primary hepatocytes. Conversely, knockdown of hepatic PRMT1 significantly alleviated MCD diet-induced hepatic lipid metabolism abnormalities and liver injury in vivo, possibly through the upregulation of CFLAR protein levels. Knockdown of PRMT1 suppressed the expression of genes related to FAS and enhanced the expression of genes involved in FAO, causing decreased triglyceride accumulation in OA/PA-treated primary hepatocytes in vitro. Although short-term overexpression of PRMT1 had no significant effect on hepatic triglyceride levels under physiological conditions, it resulted in increased serum triglyceride and fasting blood glucose levels in normal C57BL/6J mice. More importantly, PRMT1 was observed to interact with and methylate CFLAR, ultimately leading to its ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation. This process subsequently triggered the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and lipid deposition in primary hepatocytes. Together, these results suggested that PRMT1-mediated methylation of CFLAR plays a critical role in hepatic lipid metabolism. Targeting PRMT1 for drug design may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.

This study explored two different ways for K-12 school teachers to access educational makerspace through virtual fieldtrips. K-12 school teachers from rural areas of the Southeast USA were divided into two groups. The experimental group (n = 48) drove telepresence robots to take their fieldtrip, while the comparison group (n = 23) watched the same fieldtrip through a recorded video. Analyses of the quantitative and qualitative data, collected through surveys and written reflections, showed that the experimental group reported significantly higher scores in embodiment, social presence and engagement (ie, behaviour, emotion and cognition) than the comparison group, and that actual driving the robots for the virtual fieldtrips was highlighted as a favored experience. Educational significance and implications are discussed.