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Entrepreneurial intention is an important concept for understanding and promoting entrepreneurship. It is a strong predictor of entrepreneurial behavior, and it can lead to a number of positive benefits for individuals, society, and the economy. This study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial intention (EI) on entrepreneurial orientation (EO). It also examines the intervening role of environmental uncertainty (EU). The data were collected from 150 entrepreneurs from active enterprises in the 3 major cities of Pakistan. The information was gathered through a closed-ended questionnaire. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, EI impacts positively on EO and EU. Furthermore, EU plays a significant intervening role between EI and EO. The results of this study offer valuable information that the owners of businesses and the Ministry of Commerce may use to support entrepreneurial activities in Pakistan. This may ensure the efficient operation and elimination of organizations' failure to appropriately launch their businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, climatic change challenges, consumer expectations, and concerns toward sustainability lead firms to consider responsible strategies for internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation that contribute to competitive advantage and economic and environmental performance. This paper analyses the direct impact of internal marketing and entrepreneurial orientation on innovation and sustainability within the context of family businesses in the manufacturing sector in bakeries in Sindh Province in Pakistan. Information and data were obtained from 404 questionnaires applied in these firms during 2023. The methods include Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling to evaluate the measurement, structural models, and respective variables. Results confirm a significant direct influence of internal marketing on entrepreneurial orientation and innovation towards the sustainability of bakeries firms and emphasise the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation toward sustainability. Despite that, the firms haven't improved significantly sustainable production practices during the last three years. On the other hand, the unit cost of bakery production hasn't decreased during this period due to the reduction of energy or water use. Other results also confirm a significant concern with the customer's needs, but without putting in practice more quality in the production process or reducing the relative production costs (at constant prices). However, bakeries firms must directly address sustainability in all production and customer sales processes, namely reducing energy inputs and meeting consumers' needs concerning sustainable needs and goals. This study's significance lies in its contribution to the existing body of literature by illuminating the intricate pathway of relationships between internal marketing, entrepreneurial orientation toward sustainability, and innovation and sustainability. A future direction involves extending this model's applicability by examining its validity in other industries and service sectors, enriching the breadth of understanding beyond manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies strive to achieve and sustain their financial and competitive positions in a dynamic resource‐constrained environment. The concept of resource bricolage has received little attention in the literature on emerging economies. To fill this gap, we draw perspectives from the resource‐based view to examine the impact of resource bricolage on the competitive advantage and financial performance of SMEs in Pakistan. We argue that organizational innovativeness functions as a mediator in the relationship between resource bricolage, financial performance, and competitive advantage, while entrepreneurial orientation simultaneously moderates the relationship between resource bricolage and organizational innovativeness. We collected data from 398 SMEs in Pakistan and analyzed these relationships using the partial least squares method. Our results suggest that resource bricolage effectively promotes the financial performance of SMEs and helps them gain a competitive advantage. The relationship is mediated by organizational innovativeness, which accelerates financial performance and competitive advantage. Entrepreneurial orientation moderates the resource bricolage–organizational innovativeness relationship, but it is only effective when a high level of resource bricolage is in place. Our study suggests that SMEs operating under similar socioeconomic environments must efficiently focus on resources embedded in the firm and utilize them to achieve competitive advantage and enhance financial performance. Our study highlights the critical need for research on organizational innovativeness in emerging contexts and proposes significant theoretical and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is considered to be a dominant cause for sustainable business success. Knowledge management and intellectual capital are powerful tools to promote innovation in the organization. Therefore, this study aims to explore the influence of knowledge management process and intellectual capital on innovation with the mediating effect of entrepreneurial orientation and moderating role of leader education level. Data were collected from a sample of 393 IT firms listed in the Pakistan Software Houses Association and applied a partial least squares structural educational modeling (SEM) technique. The results show that the knowledge management process and intellectual capital have a positive effect on innovation. Moreover, the study confirms that entrepreneurial orientation partially mediates the relationship between knowledge management and intellectual capital on innovation. Furthermore, the moderation effect of a leader's education was confirmed for the knowledge management-innovation relationship whereas, the moderation effect of the leader's education on intellectual capital and innovation relationship was insignificant. Recommendations for practitioners and future research directions were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the significant influence of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), big data analytics capabilities (BDACs), and artificial intelligence capabilities (AICs) on the firm performance (FP) of manufacturing industries of Pakistan using environmental dynamism (ED) as a moderator. For this purpose, we developed a model based on the dynamic capabilities (DCs) view of enterprises and contingency theory (CT) that describes EO's role in adopting big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and FP. The data of 240 respondents were collected and analysed using SPSS and Smart PLS software from the survey of Pakistani food manufacturing firms. The results of our study extend the DC perspective and CT to provide a clearer understanding of the organisation's DCs while also giving managers theoretically supported counsel on matching their EO with their firms' technology capabilities. The findings discovered that EO, big data analytics, and AICs were positively related to FP. Moreover, it illustrates that ED does not moderate the relationship between BDACs, AICs and FP. The findings of this study have important implications for the manufacturing industry in terms of improving an effective method and organisation performance through EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the impacts of intellectual capital (IC) and the balancing power of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on innovation growth (IG) in Pakistan's SME sector. A quantitative approach on smart PLS has been applied through the SEM model, backed by a survey to gather primary data from 256 participants of Pakistan's SME sector. A significant effect of human capital on Pakistani firms' IG was identified. In contrast, the effect of structural capital was determined to be insignificant over the IG of Pakistani firms. On the other hand, the customer capital's effect was also significant over Pakistani firms' innovation growth. Little moderation of EO between human capital and IG has been determined. The moderations of "EO between human capital and innovation growth" and "EO between structural capital and innovation growth" were insignificant. However, the moderation of EO between customer capital and IG was significant. The scope of this study is limited to firms in Pakistan and can be extended to firms in other regions, which can provide broad findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the mediating role of innovation and entrepreneurial competencies in entrepreneurial orientation's relationship with financial, social, and environmental performance. This research also determines the role of social ties in strengthening the association between innovation and entrepreneurial competencies with social, financial, and environmental performance. Using multi‐source and time‐lagged studies, the data was collected from 297 small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan, and structural equation modeling was used to test direct, indirect, and moderating hypotheses. The findings show that entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial competencies, and innovation positively correlate with all the types of performance under investigation and confirm the mediating role of innovation and entrepreneurial competencies. Additionally, social network ties strengthen innovation—financial performance, and entrepreneurial competencies—social performance relationship. This research proposes significant theoretical and managerial implications by determining the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) bear the promise of multiple benefits, including individual and entrepreneurial empowerment. The prospect of harnessing ICT as a means of creating growth and development opportunities is particularly appealing in developing countries. Still, several factors, including digital illiteracy and gender inequality, hamper the possibility of effective and universal utilization of these opportunities, in extreme cases leading to digital divide, gender-based exclusion, poverty, and precarity. Using this observation as a springboard, the objective of this paper is to conceptualize and quantify the digital divide-gender-entrepreneurial orientation nexus as it emerges in the perception of Pakistan higher education students. Using a quantitative approach, this study identifies the impact of digital skills (and thus the knowledge inequalities that can determine the potential digital gap) on entrepreneurship-related technology adoption (as measured through Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT), whereby gender is treated as a moderator. The empirical findings, based on Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) and Multiple Group Analysis (MGA), show that digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities have a substantial impact on the desire to use ICT in entrepreneurial activities. The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. This paper adds to the broader debate on gender, digital divide and entrepreneurship. Importantly, by identifying some of the drivers behind students' technology adoption in a developing nation such as Pakistan, filled with technological and economic unbalances, the conclusions of this study will have conceptual, managerial, and policymaking applications, notably in terms of technological access, digital literary, and gender-based exclusion. • This paper examines the digital divide-entrepreneurial orientation-gender nexus among Pakistani higher education students. • Digital skills and perceptions of technology capabilities significatly impact the desire to use ICT for entrepreneurship. • The influence of technology adoption intent on the development of entrepreneurial orientation is also confirmed. • Results have managerial and policymaking applications about technological access, digital literary and gender exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tried to shed light on the relationship between strategic orientations and sustainable competitive performance with the mediating effect of strategic flexibility of family-owned SMEs in an emerging economy. This study is significant because family firms need a more flexible and quick organizational structure to respond effectively to external market demands. For achieving fruitful insights, data was collected from family-owned manufacturing firms operating in Islamabad and Rawalpindi verified from Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA). In addition, structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from top management through an online source; for testing the hypotheses, Smart PLS-SEM was deployed. The finding suggests that strategic flexibility firmly explains the mechanism to support the relationship between both strategic orientations (entrepreneurial and market) and sustainable competitive performance. Thus, our study suggests several recommendations to the policymaker and governmental bodies to support the family-owned firms in modifying existing resources according to the market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing changes in the present global environment is compelling firms to seek and exploit opportunities for market growth. Among others, an innovation that is cost-effective, functional, and sustainable (frugal) is one of the important factors for such growth. To validate this link empirically, we investigate the influence of risk-taking and proactivity behaviours (dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO)) on frugal innovation (FI), and moderation of external knowledge. We nested the data from Small and Medium Entreprises that were engaged in frugal product innovation in Pakistan. The findings reveal that the behaviours of taking the risk and being ahead of competitors (proactiveness) have a significantly positive influence on FI. However, moderation of external knowledge strengthens the influence of risk-taking behaviour while weakens the influence of proactivity behaviour on FI. The authors also discuss some important theoretical and managerial contributions of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurs are exposed to a number of cognitive biases that adversely or constructively affect the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME's) performance. The empirical outcome in the field of Behavioral Finance biases (BF) and Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) is mostly observed mixed. Therefore, the study objectives were a) to find out the effect of behavioral finance biases on SME's performance and entrepreneurial orientation, and b) to measure the mediating effect of an entrepreneurial orientation in a relationship with behavioral finance biases and SME's performance. The targeted population of this study was the entrepreneurs of three cadres i.e., service providers, manufacturers and traders, who were registered in the chambers of commerce and industries (CoCi's) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Abbottabad, and Dera Ismail (DI) Khan, Pakistan. The multivariate analysis, i.e. (factor analysis, validity assessment, and structural equation model) was used on the data. The findings portray that a) the behavioral finance biases have a positive influence on entrepreneurial orientation and SME's performance, and b) the entrepreneurial orientation partially mediates in an association between behavioral finance biases and SME's performance. The study concluded that the entrepreneurs ought to do the market research before jumping into a competitive market and must identify, recognize and control the behavioral finance biases instead of only following trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to develop a strategic business performance (SBP) model for larger firms by examining the mediating role of structural flexibility in the network capability–SBP link, as well as testing the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationship between structural flexibility and SBP. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 929 senior managers/owners of large textile sector firms operating in Pakistan. Regression and bootstrapping techniques were used to test the proposed relationships. Findings: The results revealed that network capability positively shapes firms' structural flexibility, which, in turn, helps firms achieve SBP. The present work also showed that entrepreneurial orientation strengthens the positive relationship between structural flexibility and SBP. Research limitations/implications: This study is based on the cross-sectional data, and data were collected from the textile sector firms operating in Pakistan. Practical implications: The findings suggest that managers should focus on developing firms' network capability, which positively shapes structural flexibility and helps firms achieve SBP. Entrepreneurial orientation can also play an imperative role for strengthening the link between structural flexibility and SBP. Originality/value: The value of the present work rests on the deeper understanding of the network capability–SBP link that it offered by examining the relationships of the network capability dimensions with SBP through structural flexibility. Moreover, by bringing to the fore firms' entrepreneurial orientation as a moderator of the structural flexibility–SBP relationship, the study provided a new vantage point to uncover the complexities involved in the links between network capability, structural flexibility, and SBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the mediating role of organizational capabilities between organizational culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. Research Design & Methods: A total of 384 questionnaires were used for analysis using SmartPLS 3.0. Partial least square structural equation modelling was used for hypotheses testing. The area cluster sampling technique was used for data collection. Findings: Organizational culture and entrepreneurial orientation are positively associated with organizational capabilities that lead to organizational performance. Organizational capabilities significantly mediate between organizational culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and organizational performance. Implications & Recommendations: Future researchers can use business strategy, market orientation, leadership, and knowledge management to determine organizational performance. Corporate governance and market orientation can use the mediating or moderating effect between entrepreneurial orientation, organizational culture, knowledge management, and organizational performance. Contribution & Value Added: We used organizational capabilities with entrepreneurial orientation and organizational culture to measure organizational performance using resource-based view (RVB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is conducted empirically in order to explore the phenomenon of Individualistic Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) in terms of market opportunities, social capital and personal attributes. The study was guided by Miller (1983), Lumpkin and Dess (1996), Granovetter (1985) and (John, P., & Soto, 2008). The study was based on post-positivism philosophy and it was quantitative in nature that used non-probabilistic convenience sampling. However, the collected data was analyzed through three different statistical tests, Spearman, Pearson and Regression analysis. The first two statistical tests Pearson and Spearman were applied on first three hypotheses and regression analysis on last hypothesis. Hence, it was found that, there is a significant relationship between market opportunities and IEO of business students in Pakistan as the p value was less than 0.05. Similarly, when the second hypothesis was tested, it was observed that, there is a significant relationship between social capital and IEO of business students in Pakistan. Furthermore, when third hypothesis was tested, it was found ultimately that, there is a significant relationship between personal attributes and IEO of business students in Pakistan. Finally, when last but not the least, hypothesis was tested by applying linear regression, it was resulted that, there is a significant relationship between cumulative impact of market opportunities, social capital, personal attributes and IEO of business students in Pakistan. Therefore, it can be concluded with some certainty that, the three factors (market opportunities, social capital, personal attributes) do influence on the decision making of university business' students while deciding, whether to take the path of entrepreneurship or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the antecedents of dynamic supply chain capabilities (DSCCs). The authors test entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and supply chain learning orientation (SCLO) as two antecedents of DSCCs. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses structural equation modelling to test a hypothetical model. Data are gathered from a survey of 275 operations managers in Pakistan's turbulent manufacturing industry. Findings: The findings suggest that the weaker direct effects of EO, in comparison to the indirect effects, indicate that an SCLO mediates the relationship between EO and DSCCs. Research limitations/implications: It is widely accepted that firms do not compete with each other, instead, it is end-to-end supply chains that fight for market dominance. Many scholars use the dynamic capabilities view to understand supply chain level competition. However, the dynamic capabilities view is firm-centric in its examination of how companies transform internal resources to compete in the external environment. The theoretical contribution of this paper is a roadmap of how to build dynamic, supply-chain level and capabilities by determining the key antecedents. This paper explains that DSCCs emerge when buyers and suppliers share strategic orientations. Firms with an EO and the ability to learn with supply chain partners are well-positioned to develop DSCCs. This provides a new angle to theory testing by indicating that dynamic capabilities are enabled by an EO and an ability to learn with supply chain partners. Practical implications: Managers are given the building blocks of DSCCs, starting with fostering an entrepreneurially-oriented mindset in the company and then learning with supply chain partners. Entrepreneurially-oriented managers are encouraged to take risks and co-develop innovative ideas with suppliers during the supply chain learning process. Originality/value: This study is one of the earliest efforts to determine the strategic orientations that antecede the emergence of DSCCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the effects of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with mediating role of differentiation strategy in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: A theoretical framework has been developed to base the hypotheses, as also to determine the exact approach in this study. To establish the influence of EO on the performance of SME, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire has been used to collect data from middle and senior managers who operate in SMEs in the manufacturing sectors. The sample illustrates 166 incumbents, comprising 68.07 per cent from middle management and 31.93 per cent from senior management operating in manufacturing sector of SMEs, by means of a stratified random sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos graphics software. Hypotheses were tested by using structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. Findings: EO, as a whole, presents a significant positive effect on the performance of SMEs. Moreover, differentiation strategy partially mediated the relationship between EO and performance of SMEs. Two dimensions of EO, proactiveness and risk-taking propensity, strongly increased firm performance while innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness, autonomy and competitive energy did not cause any significant change. The findings differ from the current view of western enterprises that innovativeness (INO) played a major role by increasing performance of SMEs. The results transpired that innovativeness (INO) tends to reduce performance of SMEs, but the p-value did not reach a high significance value. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of this empirical study is comparatively a small size of the sample. The analysis of power suggests that a larger sample could have provided more reliable and extensive results. Regardless of that, the analysis of reliability, using the Cronbach's alpha, exhibited the consistency of outcomes in providing an accurate portrait of the EO influences on the performance of SME. Practical implications: The study verifies that two dimensions of EO have considerable effects on the performance of SMEs, while the others have not, whereas, the EO, as whole, has significant positive effect on performance of SMEs. These findings should be helpful for researchers looking for appropriate performance measures, and for entrepreneurs aiming at getting support for their decisions and evaluating their performance. Originality/value: The current study appears to be first of its kind focusing on the link between EOs, as whole, and its dimensions, to performance of SMEs and differentiation strategies within the specific context of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the effects of self-efficacy, Entrepreneur Orientation, and creativity on small Firm Performance is the goal of this study. It goes on to look into the entrepreneur Orientation mediation effect on the Firm Performance. A standardized questionnaire was used to gather information from entrepreneurs from Karachi. The structural equation modeling technique has been performed using Smart PLS. According to the results of the PLS analysis, Entrepreneurial Orientation, Self-Efficacy, and creativity affect firm performance. Entrepreneurial orientation mediates between creativity and firm performance while Entrepreneurial orientation does not mediate between Self-efficacy and firm performance. Governments and decision-makers should take note of this study in order to understand how to motivate and drive the next wave of workers, such as undergraduate students, towards entrepreneurial endeavors in order to address economic issues and contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The research is focused on just 50 entrepreneurs from Pakistan's Karachi who are included in the study's sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Like other developing countries, Pakistan is under severe economic pressure and striving to boost entrepreneurial orientation for achieving growth through minimal depletion of natural resources. In order to facilitate widespread and successful adoption of green entrepreneurial farming, it is crucial to address barriers inhibiting the uptake of green entrepreneurial activities in farming for the sustainability of natural resources as well as food provision. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate barriers in the adoption of green entrepreneurial farming in Pakistan. To fulfill the study objectives, after a comprehensive literature review and field visit, 34 barriers were identified. The results based on ranking analysis identified 20 out of 34 barriers as critical barriers to adoption of green entrepreneurial farming in the country. Furthermore, factor analysis was employed to group underlying 20 critical barriers into six major categories viz. 1) training and development-related barriers, 2) entrepreneurial orientation-related barriers, 3) market orientation-related barriers, 4) customer orientation-related barriers, 5) innovation orientation-related barriers, and 6) green supporting supplies-related barriers. Results showed that most dominant barrier among six groupings was training and development-related barriers and the marginal role of government in the provision of such endeavours. This implies that government needs to play a more active role in the adoption and promotion of green entrepreneurial farming in Punjab, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the export performance of manufacturing SMEs in Pakistan is decreasing due to a lack of resources and capabilities. This research investigates the determinants of SMEs' export performance. The study adopted a survey method to collect 45 responses from small and medium manufacturing firms through an e-mail survey. The study considered four determinants of SMEs' export performance: entrepreneurial orientation (EO), total quality management (TQM), business network (BN), and export market orientation (EMO). The internal consistency reliability and discriminant validity the study's instruments were examined using panel expert opinions, and the small sample size was investigated using the statistical software of SPSS-21 and smartPLS-3. The results of the study confirmed that scale reliability and validity. Also, the current study found a positive relationship between EO, TQM and SMEs' export performance, but it did not find a significant relationship between BN, EMO, and SMEs' export performance. No mediation role of EMO between EO, BN and SMEs' export performance was also found. Nonetheless, the present study offers a better understanding of the role of EO, TQM, BN, and EMO in influencing SMEs' export performance. Thus, the owner/manager of the manufacturing SMEs may want to consider applying EO, TQM, BN, and EMO to improve SMEs' export performance. Finally, the study recommends that future study validates the current study's research framework on large sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempt to appropriately measure student perception about the performance their lecturers/teacher in higher education by means of entrepreneurship orientation construct. In this study, efforts are made to evaluate the students perception with three factors of entrepreneurship orientation construct i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking. Using the data collected from Finland and Pakistan on the questionnaire developed on the basis of the previous entrepreneurship orientation construct. We find evidence that students' perception can be explained with use of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk taking attributes of the lecturer/ teacher in Finland and Pakistan. Leadership in higher education can leverage their role by including lecturers/teachers. Inferences are made of the finding along with the recommended prospect studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical research investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationships between organizational ambidexterity and sustainable development engagement and firm performance. The data were collected from 339 small and medium enterprises using a time-lagged approach and further analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results confirm the mediation of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationships between organizational ambidexterity and firm performance and sustainable development engagement. Institutional support also strengthens the entrepreneurial orientation relationship with firm performance and sustainable development practices. This study provides detailed theoretical and managerial implications by effectively using institutional support to increase firm performance and sustainable development engagement. • The study explored the mediating role of EO in the relationships of OA with SDE and firm performance. • We also examined the moderation of institution support in EO linked with SDE and firm performance. • The time-lagged primary data was collected from the SME sector of the emerging economy of Pakistan. • Institutional support is crucial for the relationship between EO with firm performance and SDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has emphasized the importance of entrepreneurial characteristics for international entrepreneurship, hence the application of concepts such as entrepreneurial orientation and global mindset to the study of entrepreneurial internationalization tendencies (EIT). However, literature does not adequately address how EIT differ between countries or manifest in fragile country settings. We address this gap through a quantitative study to investigate EIT in two national settings that largely differ in terms of development, institutional stability, and culture. Through the lens of the institutional theory and the mindset theory, we therefore piloted the study on 112 high-growth startups in Germany and Pakistan. Our findings show, that while entrepreneurs in Germany and Pakistan show comparable levels of innovativeness and proactiveness, they significantly differ in other EIT measures. German entrepreneurs appear to have higher levels of risk-taking, which when explained through the institutional theory lens can be attributed to the higher institutional stability and support as well as social security in Germany. This potentially makes engagement in risky activities, such as business internationalization, more appealing than in Pakistan. However, despite having lower international cognition and international knowledge compared to Germany, Pakistani entrepreneurs appear to exhibit higher degrees of international behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]