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This study estimates the impact of education sector of the 5-ASEAN members and China in the long-run. This study also examines the long-run relationship of the education sector and the economy. This compares the number of enrollees in the 5-ASEAN countries plus China. Having the 2015 ASEAN integration, it is important to determine the contribution of education to the economy. This study determines the causality between the education enrollees and real GDP in 5-ASEAN countries plus China. This study also used the structural stability test to examine the stability of the coefficients of the model between different time periods as this will provide insights concerning the stability or consistency despite the economic environment in previous years. The study made used of the specification error test to determine if there is specification error in the results. The study also used the unit root test in determining the stationarity of the time series data that may result to spurious regression output. The study used White heteroskedasticity test to determine if the variance of the residual is constant, unbiased and no outliers.

This article aims to examine the employment prospects of graduates from Sino-foreign cooperative universities (SFCUs) compared with those from local Chinese universities. Drawing on the annual employment quality reports released by six SFCUs, the findings indicated that SFCU graduates had distinct advantages in terms of both further study and direct employment. Specifically, the overall employment rate reached 95.84%; over half of the graduates pursued further study abroad in world-class foreign universities, close to one-third continued further studies in elite domestic universities, and one-sixth were employed by transnational or local large organizations. These results suggest that SFCU graduates were equipped with distinct competitive advantages for employment, further supported by an affluent family background and the high-quality requirement for admission. Meanwhile, the findings also raise concerns about brain drain, economic flows, overeducation, reduced entrepreneurial passion, and unemployment dilemma for graduates from lesser known SFCUs.

The unemployment problem of college students in China has drawn much attention from academics and society. Using the 2011 College Student Labor Market (CSLM) survey data from Tsinghua University, this paper estimated the effects of college quality on initial employment, including employment status and employment unit ownership for fresh college graduates. The propensity score matching method was employed to account for the potential endogeneity of elite college attendance. The empirical evidence suggested that students who attended Project 985 colleges were more likely to find jobs immediately after college graduation. Moreover, students graduated from Project 211 universities gained a competitive edge by entering into public working sectors, such as the government or state-owned enterprises (SOEs), compared with students from non-elite colleges. The results imply the students who graduated from non-elite universities faced labor market segmentation. They not only had obstacles in finding jobs, but also ended up in the secondary labor market.

The rate of unemployment in Nigeria is alarming and could promote social vices some of which are kidnapping, armed robbery, child trafficking, Cultism, Drug peddling and ritual killing. These social vices could in no small measure constitute a threat to national security as a matter of fact. Therefore, the development of a workable Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programme in the country is the needed panacea to creating Job opportunities for the teaming youths. This will definitely reduce to its barest minimum threat to national security. This paper gives insight into: Youth employment as a vehicle for enhancing national security, ways adopted by other countries in promoting the poor perception of TVET, lessons to be learnt from other countries as regards enhancing the perception of the TVET, existing youth employment programmes in Nigeria and the way forward to boosting employment creation in Nigeria.

The United States does not guarantee families a wide range of supportive workplace policies such as paid maternity and paternity leave or paid leave to care for sick children. Proposals to provide such benefits are invariably met with the complaint that the costs would reduce employment and undermine the international competitiveness of American businesses. In this article, Alison Earle, Zitha Mokomane, and Jody Heymann explore whether paid leave and other work-family policies that support children's development exist in countries that are economically competitive and have low unemployment rates. Their data show that the answer is yes. Using indicators of competitiveness gathered by the World Economic Forum, the authors identify fifteen countries, including the United States, that have been among the top twenty countries in competitiveness rankings for at least eight of ten years. To this group they add China and India, both rising competitors in the global economy. They find that every one of these countries, except the United States, guarantees some form of paid leave for new mothers as well as annual leave. And all but Switzerland and the United States guarantee paid leave for new fathers. The authors perform a similar exercise to identify thirteen advanced countries with consistently low unemployment rates, again including the United States. The majority of these countries provide paid leave for new mothers, paid leave for new fathers, paid leave to care for children's health care needs, breast-feeding breaks, paid vacation leave, and a weekly day of rest. Of these, the United States guarantees only breast-feeding breaks (part of the recently passed health care legislation). The authors' global examination of the most competitive economies as well as the economies with low unemployment rates makes clear that ensuring that all parents are available to care for their children's healthy development does not preclude a country from being highly competitive economically. (Contains 44 endnotes and 3 tables.)

In the summer of 2013, the number of Chinese university graduates who did not know where to go after graduation reached an unprecedented 2 million. These graduates are not illegible to claim any benefits from social insurance schemes that based on formal employment. When away from home, neither do they have access to other supplementary benefits based on household registration status (hukou) financed and provided by the local governments of host cities. To address the issue of massive unemployment among graduates, the Chinese government has introduced a range of policy measures with an emphasis on "flexible employment," an umbrella for several types of atypical jobs, while leaving the basic structure of social protection intact. This study reviews the development of the Chinese graduate employment policy with emphasis on the changes in the forefront of massive unemployment among graduates. By evaluating the effectiveness of policy measures, this study argues for a thorough reform of the higher education system.

As a result of changing employer needs, shifts in the labour supply, and demographic forces, there could be increasingly significant mismatches between worker skills and job requirements by 2030, which could raise structural unemployment levels and slow economic growth. These gaps would include shortages of high-skill workers in advanced economies and China (largely due to aging). In developing economies such as India and Indonesia there could be too few middle-skill workers to support industrialization. This article provides a detailed analysis of these theoretical gaps and examines reforms in education and other initiatives that, along with market forces, could head off the shortages.

In recent years, the employment of college graduates has become a focus of higher education policy and research in China. This article analyzes data from the National College Graduate Survey conducted by Peking University between 2003 and 2009, and examines the trends and factors influencing the path chosen by college graduates. Results show that (1) due to intensified competition in the job market and the impact of the 2009 financial crisis, graduates make diverse choices, with an increasing proportion entering graduate school and nontraditional employment; (2) over one quarter of graduates are unemployed, with increased likelihood of unemployment attributed to gender, low socioeconomic status, rural origin, and insufficient educational and capital accumulation; and (3) employment choices are influenced by multiple factors, including individual differences, institution attended, the job market, and the macro socioeconomic environment. [Translated by Michelle LeSourd.]

This article addresses one of the many sensitive and challenging problems generated by China's era of reform and economic growth: the need to retrain or educate laid-off (displaced) workers from state owned enterprises (SOEs). It does so to provide valuable insight for those responsible for the changes associated with the move to the current market economy, necessitating the retraining of large numbers of their population in a short period of time. Had this been achieved, it would have been an extraordinary accomplishment. It was not. The programs ran into at least one fundamental obstacle: laid-off workers overwhelmingly were not participating in them. Both Chinese training officials and scholars have asserted that the problem was a lack of the "right mentality" among laid-off workers. However, this article reports data collected from interviews with laid-off workers in "Zhangjiakou" city, China which challenges that conventional wisdom. (Contains 1 note.)

This paper addresses the issue of students' employment expectations, considered a key factor in alleviating graduate unemployment in China. This empirical investigation surveyed students at two higher education institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, to analyze how expectations were changing. The results contrasted with earlier studies that reported unrealistically high expectations, discovering instead that most respondents were aware of the difficulties of finding work and were revising their expectations accordingly. The results also revealed important variations in attitude between higher vocational students and university undergraduates, and between urban and rural students. Overall, the paper contends that although students are becoming more realistic, the complexity of graduate unemployment will prevent this change in attitude from making a major improvement to the overall situation.

It has been over ten years since the "Teacher's Law" took effect on January 1, 1994, and its promulgation and implementation have somewhat helped in protecting teachers' legal rights and interests. Undeniably, however, the "Teacher's Law" is defective in many aspects, such as the absence of teachers' legal identity, its failure to safeguard a teacher's essential interests and rights, serious laggardness of the teacher's appointment system and obstacles to dealing with teachers' complaints and litigations. All such defectiveness make the legislative purpose "to safeguard the teacher's legal rights and interests" in Article 1 of the "Teacher's Law" less effective in practice. Therefore, in order to judicially assist teachers in safeguarding their own legal rights and interests, it is necessary to modify the "Teacher's Law" and especially give priorities to: (1) defining the identity of the state staff member for teachers; (2) treating teachers owed to in arrears as peasant-workers, and paying and remunerating them punctually (3) formulating detailed measures on the implementation of the teacher's appointment system as soon as possible, solving problems of unemployment of teachers arising from the inequality between the teacher's rights, the school's power and the absence of the teacher's identity; (4) establishing a lawsuit system connected with teachers' complaints and personnel arbitration.

Job search is an important element of people's careers and is especially critical for unemployed individuals. The current study surveyed a sample of 328 unemployed job seekers in China to test hypotheses related to the theory of planned behavior and action-state orientation theory. Results of the three-wave longitudinal study demonstrated that the theory of planned behavior was effective in modeling job-search intention and job-search intensity. Action-state orientation moderated the relationship between attitude and intention, as well as the relationship between intention and intensity. The current study sheds light on the motivational and self-regulatory process of job search and reemployment for Chinese unemployed job seekers.

Ever since reform and opening up to the outside, more than 700,000 persons in China have gone abroad to study, and 170,000 of these have completed their studies and come back. In 2003 alone, more than 20,000 study-abroad personnel returned to China. With the increases in returned study-abroad persons, the issue of employment for these returnees has become increasingly salient, and a good many returnees have not been able to find suitable work quickly and have become "unemployed from abroad" (waiting to find jobs). In this article, the authors discuss what the returnees should do in order to find jobs in China. The authors explain that because there has been so many returnees who find difficulty in finding work in China, it is not true that there is a surplus of talent in China. These returnees may have difficulty finding jobs in China only because they don't have accurate information about the requirements for talent in China and employing units are unaware of the potential strengths of returnees.

Objective. The number of cancer survivors is increasing, and the high prevalence of frailty not only reduces quality of life but also affects the treatment of cancer patients. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of frailty in cancer patients and to construct a nomogram to predict the probability of frailty. Methods. Nine hundred fifty‐eight cancer patients were included in this retrospective study, randomly divided into a development set (n = 680) and a validation set (n = 278). Frailty was assessed using the Tilburg frailty indicator (TFI). Social support, medical coping styles, and psychological distress were assessed by the Social Support Self‐Rating Scale (SSRS), Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), and distress thermometer (DT), respectively. Results. The prevalence of frailty in cancer patients was 45.93%. Cancer patients who exercised regularly, ate a balanced diet, and actively coped with diseases were less likely to become frail. The risk factors for frailty identified by a multivariate analysis were parenteral nutrition, advanced TNM staging, vegetarian diet, unemployment, psychological distress ≥4, low physical activity, and negative coping styles. These risk factors were used to construct a nomogram, and the C‐index, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to assess the performance of the nomogram. The C‐index was 0.762, and the calibration curve showed satisfactory coherence. The net benefit of the nomogram was better between threshold probabilities of 17%–96% in DCA. Conclusion. Special focus needs to be placed on frail cancer patients due to their high prevalence and severe outcomes. Clinical medical workers could use this nomogram to identify high‐risk patients and intervene early to prevent frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses data from a retrospective survey of the life history of participants from five cohorts born between 1930 and 1979, to analyze the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). We found that ACEs have significant effects on the transition of young Chinese people into adulthood. Young people who have experienced more ACEs were more likely to transition to adulthood earlier, and accelerate their acceptance of adult social roles, and young adults with a high incidence of ACEs also have an increasing probability of falling into the disadvantaged or least successful trajectory to adulthood. More ACEs are associated with a decreased probability of being classified into the delayed and advantaged trajectories into adulthood characterized by high education and stable work, and an increased probability of being classified into the early and disadvantaged trajectories into adulthood characterized by unemployment, early marriage, and more children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on youth unemployment in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by using a modified labour demand model to identify the investment sources that are helpful for reducing youth unemployment in the region. The model is applied to a panel of 42 countries for the period 2003–2021 using random-effect, and generalized method of moment (GMM) estimators for robustness check. Our results suggest that Chinese FDI has direct short-term reducing effect on youth unemployment in SSA. The direction of China's capital investment to infrastructure development and other labour-intensive activities leads to immediate reduction in youth unemployment. However, overtime, due to absence of linkages with domestic firms, and thus lack of demand effects, Chinese FDI becomes insignificant for employment creation. Our results also indicate that Other FDI does not lead to significant reduction in youth unemployment both currently and overtime. Our analysis gives partial support to the argument that the impact of Chinese FDI may differ from those of developed countries. Finally, we could not find evidence that the effect of FDI on employment depends on host country human capital and institutional quality. Several specifications of the empirical model are tested, and explanations are provided for the results. Policy implications are highlighted, especially the need to attract more job absorbing FDI and improve domestic absorptive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study calls for greater scholarly engagement with the generational experiences of the socialist working class in China. Through an analysis of collective actions in response to the reform of state-owned enterprises at the turn of the century, the paper divides the Chinese socialist working class into the Revolution Generation and the Transition Generation. Amid the restructuring of the state sector, workers from the Revolution Generation exhibited a proclivity for civic activism and petitions, while the Transition Generation, though grappling with unemployment, largely refrained from public dissent, instead expressing sentiments of bewilderment and resignation. The study illustrates how the differing lived experiences of two working-class generations played a pivotal role in shaping their interpretation of grievances and contention repertoire. The article underscores the significance of generational perspectives in gaining insight into the destiny of the Chinese working class, advocating for the integration of such perspectives into the broader fields of deindustrialization and labor studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigate the effects of Chinese import competition on transitions into and out of employment using comparable worker-level data for 14 European countries. Results indicate that, on average, Chinese imports are associated with an increased probability that employed workers become unemployed and with a reduction in worker flows from unemployment to employment. In countries with high levels of employment protection, incumbent workers are shielded against the risk of job loss due to Chinese competition, but unemployed workers' prospects seem to be particularly negatively affected in these countries. The authors also provide evidence that the effects of increased Chinese imports differ by worker groups and the tasks performed on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The process of automation could hinder political trust in government. • The impact results from unemployment, higher down-side risk and lower group participation. • The performance-based legitimacy structure in a developmental state may hinder its political legitimacy when promoting development. • The government should focus more on citizens' trust when pursuing technological development. • Social security is crucial for governance faced with fast technological advancement. The side effects of automation on the economy have been discussed frequently, but little is known regarding its political consequences. This paper examines the causal effect that automation induces on political costs for the local government. By combining the national individual-level panel data of political trust with the prefecture-level robot exposure rate in China, we find that the development of automation would reduce individuals' political trust in the Chinese local government. Furthermore, we explore the channels through which the automation process could affect political trust, namely the risk of unemployment, intensified pessimism about local government, higher downside risk, and declining organization participation. This paper provides empirical evidence for the impact of automation and the source of political legitimacy, emphasizing the crucial role of governments in coping with technological progress and making good use of endogenous creative destruction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment risk influences workers' incentives to invest in firm-specific human capital. This paper investigates the impact of unemployment risk on chief executive officers (CEOs)' risk-taking incentive compensation. Exploiting state-level changes in unemployment benefits, we find that after unemployment insurance benefits become more generous, boards increase the convex payoff structure of CEO pay to encourage risk taking. The increase in CEOs' convexity payoff is stronger in firms with more independent and diverse boards, higher ownership of long-term shareholders, and in industries requiring highly skilled labor. Our findings suggest that boards internalize workers' interests in firms' risk-taking decisions and executive compensation is one mechanism used. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance. Funding: K. Zhang acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72272099 and 71902115]. Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4714. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Heightened levels of distress among Asian Americans during the initial phases of the pandemic may be associated with current smoking behavior. In this study, we examine differences in current smoking among Asian Americans from two different ethnic backgrounds before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional survey data (n=202) from Chinese and South Asian adults in Chicago, collected between February and May 2020. We conducted logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and current smoking. We tested whether the association varied by Asian American ethnic group, unemployment, racial discrimination, and depression symptoms. RESULTS We found that current smoking increased from 28% to 48% among Asian Americans (i.e. Chinese and South Asians) during the pandemic. We found a statistically significant interaction between the COVID-19 period indicator variable and current smoking by Asian American ethnic groups (p=0.014), such that current smoking was lower for Chinese compared to South Asians before COVID-19, but was comparable for both groups during the pandemic. We also found a statistically significant interaction between the period indicator variable and current smoking by racial discrimination (p=0.047) and depression symptoms (p=0.02). Results from these interactions suggest that Asian Americans who experienced racial discrimination and depression during the pandemic may be more likely to be current smokers compared to their pre-pandemic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study highlight the need for culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for Asian American communities that address pandemic-related stressors such as discrimination that may trigger cigarette use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have failed to show a positive effect of unemployment on incarceration despite reasons to expect such a relationship. We note that prior estimates have been muddied by the absence of substate data, a focus on prisons rather than on jails, limited measures of unemployment, and the fact that the health of the labor market is endogenous to incarceration. We instrument for local exposure to the rise of Chinese exports ("the China Shock") to estimate the effect of job loss on American incarceration. Marshaling a new data set of prisoners and jail inmates by race at the commuting zone level, we show that negative shocks to local labor markets led to significant increases in total incarceration rates for both Blacks and Whites. The effect seems to be driven by increased prison rather than jail populations. This estimate is invisible to ordinary least squares, which may help explain null results reported by past work. Counterfactual exercises suggest that the effect of job loss was punitively consequential. Had employment gains from the 1990s been preserved into the 2000s, the U.S. incarceration rate would have grown significantly less than it did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the economic crisis in 2008, several Algerian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in key economic sectors were negatively affected. More than 30,000 companies closed in a single year and more than 70,000 jobs were lost as a result of the financial crisis. These negative effects led to several bankruptcies and a deterioration in business management. The government's efforts to address the crisis include an important measure to promote SME development under the China–Algeria Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, there are divided concerns with regard to the impact of the BRI, which seems to reflect on both prospects and challenges for SME development. Therefore, this study aims to explore the struggles and opportunities of BRI projects in the development of local SMEs in Algeria. In this study, a combination of face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions are conducted with 20 participants. The target group includes general managers, CEOs, entrepreneurs and managers of SMEs. All interviews were recorded face-to-face, later transcribed, translated and thematically analysed. The results show that the BRI has positive impacts on SME development, which reflect on economic opportunities, namely, trade partnerships, market efficiency and productivity, and improve employment opportunities. However, the dominance of Chinese enterprises and the lack of appropriate enterprise policies are among the challenges that hinder the rapid development of SMEs. Therefore, policy reform is needed to ensure the enforcement of foreign enterprise policies that limit the dominance of foreign enterprises and instead encourage the expansion of local enterprises to promote socio-economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines Pakistan's youth, who comprise more than 64% of the population, and their capacity for change and the implications for the country's future. It examines the current demographic trends, problems like the lack of meaningful employment opportunities, education and skill gaps, unemployment, and the potential benefits of this demographic boom. To maximize youth potential as a catalyst for economic growth, social progress, and innovation and avoid the youth bulge becoming a sociopolitical strain, the article emphasizes the urgent need for strategic interventions and comprehensive reforms in education, employment, health, and civic participation. The study offers suggestions and measures to turn the growing youth population into a significant asset for national development and draws lessons from international examples, particularly China. To make the rising population of youth an asset for Pakistan, several measures are required. Firstly, investing in quality education is crucial. By implementing policies that guarantee equal educational opportunities for all young individuals, irrespective of their socioeconomic status, we can effectively provide them with the essential competencies and information required to navigate the challenges of the forthcoming era. This includes promoting technical and vocational training programs to address the needs of the job market. Secondly, creating employment opportunities is essential. The government and private sector should work together to generate jobs and promote entrepreneurship. This can be achieved through supportive policies, incentives for businesses, and fostering a conducive environment for innovation and growth. Lastly, focusing on healthcare and social services is vital. By prioritizing the well-being of the youth, we can address issues such as malnutrition, healthcare access, and mental health support. This will not only improve their quality of life but also enable them to contribute effectively to the development of the nation. By implementing these measures, Pakistan can harness the potential of its growing youth population and transform them into an asset for the country's progress and prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to examine the incidence and correlates of insomnia and its impact on health-related quality of life among Chinese pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was performed from November 2018 to April 2019 in a university-affiliated general hospital in Guangzhou, China. Seven hundred and seventeen pregnant women completed the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the obstetric and sociodemographic data sheet. 24.3% of the pregnant women suffered from insomnia. Compared with women without insomnia, those with insomnia had a significantly lower health-related quality of life during pregnancy. Maternal age, educational level, occupation, economic status, insurance coverage, gestational age, the woman's relationship with her mother-in-law and anxiety were significantly associated with insomnia among pregnant women. The incidence of insomnia among pregnant women is high, and insomnia is negatively correlated with health-related quality of life. Appropriate measures and practical therapeutic programmes should be provided to prevent the adverse effects of insomnia in pregnant women with advanced maternal age, lower education, lower economic status, unemployment, lack of insurance coverage, unsatisfied with their relationships with their mothers-in-law, and suffering from anxiety symptoms, especially in the third trimester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 996 working pattern has increasingly become one of the most salient employment problems among Chinese internet firms, yet existing research still provides very little insight into what really causes employees to work on a 996 or even 007 schedule. In this article, the authors highlight a rearticulation of hegemonic despotism to account for the 996 working pattern in internet firms. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in six China-based internet firms, the authors determine that the most prominent and coercive mechanism behind the 996 working pattern is that of informal-flexible-allied despotism, which generates the cumulative effects of high risk of job loss and permanent unemployment. The complementary hegemonic mechanisms that rely on normative control and career identification provide explanations for employee compliance and willingness to keep striving. This article is among the first to examine the 996 working pattern in China. It also contributes to labour process analysis by providing an updated version of hegemonic despotism for understanding the contemporary workplace. Moreover, this study has practical implications in enabling beneficial changes to the 996 working pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have identified factors associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH), but environmental influences have largely been neglected. This study explored regional and university contextual factors that impact DSH among undergraduate students in China. Subjects in this observational cross-sectional study totaled 5016 undergraduate students, who were identified through multistage survey sampling in 22 Chinese universities. Individual-level data were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, and environmental variables were extracted from the National Bureau of Statistics database. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine regional correlates of DSH. The overall prevalence of self-reported DSH in the study sample was 7.5 % (95 % CI: 4.1 %, 10.9 %). The full multilevel logistic model showed university rank and city size were inversely associated with DSH prevalence (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.24 and 0.55). Regional unemployment rates were positively associated with DSH prevalence (AOR: 1.98, 95 % CI: 1.48, 2.65). Contextual disparities appear to contribute to DSH among Chinese undergraduates. Preventive initiatives must focus on redressing imbalances in the allocation of social and economic resources across universities and regions. • Students studied in higher university rank and bigger city size are associated with lower possibility in DSH. • Residing in high unemployment regions approached higher self-reported prevalence of DSH for undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic and asymmetric effects of ecological innovation and green energy investment on China's unemployment from 1995 to 2020. The study has applied Quantile Autoregressive Distribution Lag (QARDL) model to explore the association between the study variables at different grids of quartiles. The overall results reveal that environmental technology and clean energy investments have a negative employment impact in the short-run and long-run, while environmental technology's significance is high in the short-run only. It implies that environmental technology and clean energy investments create ample job opportunities in China's energy sector and significantly address the growing unemployment issue. Moreover, the study examines the directional association among the variables by applying the Quantiles Granger Causality. It suggests a bidirectional causality between clean energy investment and unemployment, while a unidirectional relationship is observed between environmental technology and unemployment. These findings offer relevant policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of human capital and unemployment has been debated in a limited number of empirical studies that have aimed to study the discipline of environmental sustainability. Therefore, by Employing a reliable autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model approach, this study examines the dynamic linkage between education, unemployment, and CO2 emissions, by using the Chinese economy's dataset from the time period pertaining to 1991–2020. The vivacious side of human capital shows that variables such as literacy rate and the average year of schooling curb CO2 emissions in the long run. Moreover, Human capital results are also based on facts in terms of their magnitude and direction. Also, empirical findings have unfolded that unemployment significantly increases CO2 emissions in the long-run. However, the short-run has estimated that the coefficients of education and unemployment provide similar results. Based on these novel findings, a wide set of economic policies are required and hence suggested for maintaining the environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to characterize physical activity (PA) participation by intensity and examine the biopsychosocial correlates among middle-aged and older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China. Data were examined from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The percentages of participation in vigorous, moderate, and light activity among participants with CKD were 22.7%, 42.1%, and 76.3%, respectively. The participants were less likely to engage in vigorous and moderate PA if they were 70 years of age or older, were not married/partnered, were unemployed, lived in urban areas, had an advanced stage of disease, had heart disease, and/or experienced mobility limitations. The magnitude of the associations between biophysical factors and PA participation was small for light PA. The higher the intensity of regular PA, the less likely older adults with CKD were to participate. Practitioners could consider the psychosocial characteristics of the older adults with CKD and facilitate their participation in PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global economies and individual health. This study uses data from the China Family Panel Data (CFPS) in 2018 (before the pandemic) and 2020 (during the pandemic) to a) estimate the relationships between the perceived risk of unemployment and individuals’ mental health, physical health, and health behaviors; and b) explore the variations of these relationships between rural and urban adults in China. Methods: Ordinary linear regression models or Logit models are employed, depending on the nature (continuous vs. discrete) of the dependent variables. Results: We find that the perceived risk of unemployment was statistically and positively associated with the risk of depression, and the association was greater for rural adults than for urban adults. Rural-urban variations were observed in various dimensions. For rural adults, the perceived risk of unemployment was statistically and negatively associated with life satisfaction, the probability of gaining weight and becoming obese, the probability of having adequate sleep, and computer-based screen time. These associations were statistically insignificant for urban adults. On the other hand, the perceived risk of unemployment was statistically and negatively associated with self-rated very-good-to-excellent health condition and health-compromising behaviors (e.g., smoking and drinking) for urban adults; but such associations were statistically insignificant for rural adults. Discussion: These findings suggest that rural and urban adults exhibited dierent psychological and behavioral responses to the unemployment risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public policies aiming to improve health and employment should be strategically designed to address the unique needs of urban and rural populations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a social problem that needs to be carefully considered regarding its causes and consequences. This study examines the impact of human development, unemployment, and globalization on obesity in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries from 1991 to 2016. For this aim, the study uses Fourier causality and cointegration tests, which consider smooth structural breaks. The cointegration test results show that obesity and explanatory variables do not move together in the long run for all countries. According to the causality result of this study, there is a unidirectional causal relationship from obesity to unemployment in China. On the other hand, there is unidirectional causality from obesity to human development and globalization in India. Overall, India can lessen the negative effects of obesity on its population and improve its standing in the global economy if it promotes healthy lifestyles and controls the food and beverage industry. On the other hand, obesity may cause people to become unemployed, so it is recommended that policymakers fight obesity to control unemployment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, president Xi Jinping's prolonged one-man rule was formalized, further concentrating political authority in the Communist Party of China. Unemployment increased sharply because of the continued zero-COVID policy, and the economy declined significantly, generating pain and dissatisfaction and leading to anti-government protests and demonstrations in several cities. At the end of the year, the Party recognized the crisis and eased the preventive measures. Internationally, the United States maintained its technology blockade, hampering China's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Marriage is an infinite bond between two partners that can be caused to fail by several factors. Economic stress leads to psychological stress and in some cases, marriage dissolution. The current study investigates the impact of economic stress (measured by the unemployment rate and inflation rate) on divorce rates using Chinese province-level panel data from 2010 to 2019. Design/Methodology/Approach: The panel fixed effects (FE) model, panel random effects (RE) model, and fixed effects- Driscoll and Kraay standard errors (DKSE) model were used for empirical analysis. Findings: The research findings support the hypothesized economic stress theory of divorce by Reuben Hill. According to the empirical findings, economic stress indicators such as unemployment and inflation have a positive and significant impact on the divorce rate in China and its regions. Furthermore, urbanization, education and mobile phone variables have a positive relationship with divorce rates except for children's dependency. Contribution to literature: Taking into account both parties' perspectives, this study contributes to the existing literature by looking at economic stress in the context of divorce. We are particularly interested in how economic stress affected the marriage relationship's quality. We investigated the relationship between the unemployment rate, inflation rate and divorce rate in China's 31 provinces for the period 2010-2019. The entire sample is then separated into three sub-samples: Eastern China, Central China and Western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel and tourism industry are often regarded as a promising business opportunity due to its rapid growth worldwide. Employment expansion, a broader economic foundation, population increase, social progress, and a renaissance in traditional arts are just some of the possible benefits of rural tourism in China. With unemployment in Hunan Province at an unprecedented level, their rural tourism industry is one area should be significantly considered. The Chinese government plan for promoting tourism may benefit from a greater responsibility for this industry. In order for tourism to play a significant role in China economic growth, the government needs to have effective and efficient governance of the environment. It is also important to raise awareness of the mindfulness issue so that sustainable tourism may place a stronger focus on mindfulness-based tourism products. This study highlights rural tourism, different types of rural tourism, and the positive effects rural tourism may have on local economies and national economic growth in the context of China 14th Five-Year Plan for 2021-2025 where China focuses on the effort to "open up the countryside," investing in rural regions with distinctive geographical or cultural characteristics in order to attract more tourists. The data and analysis presented in this paper are the result of an extensive literature research methodology that involved the use of an extensive number of published articles on the issue of rural tourism. The investigation focused on the interpretivist epistemology. In this study, the researcher discusses the issue in Hunan Province and offers a summary and assessment of its significance. The paper provides guidelines for achieving sustainable tourist growth in an ethical manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) in which physical exercise (PE) is an important component is probably the most important intervention for preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). However, few studies on PA and PE of rural residents in China were reported. This study conducted the first population-based cross-sectional survey in three provinces of China in 2021 that examined both PA and PE as well as the associated factors of rural residents. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) was used, and a total of 3780 rural residents were surveyed. The result showed that 22.2% of the rural residents were physical inactivity and rural residents reporting practice of PE was 54.4%. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that being female, people aged between 15 to 34 years or 60 years old and above, employees of governmental departments/retirees, school students, the unemployed, and people with NCDs were risk factors of PA while ethnic minority groups, smoking, and alcohol consumption were risk factors of PE. Health promotion programme aiming at increasing people's PA in rural China is urgently needed, and it should focus on the population groups of the female, people aged 60 years and above, school students, the unemployed, and people with NCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to explain why China's Urban Employees' Social Insurance (UESI) features models that can be considered internationally mainstream in three of its branches (pensions, work accidents and unemployment), but fringe models in the other two (healthcare and maternity). Focusing on learning as a mechanism of diffusion, it compares the five insurance programmes of the UESI regarding the influence of domestic and international factors on the outcomes. Compared to previous work on Latin America, the study identifies new factors influencing learning processes, such as economic transition in the case of unemployment insurance. Furthermore, the study finds deviations from previously established connections between the complexity of policy subsystems and the synthesis of different policy options. Nevertheless, the results largely corroborate previous arguments about complexity: policy subsystems with a smaller number of international models are more conducive to adopting simple, neat policy models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel Covid-19 outbreak has adversely affected every sector of the economy, including the tourism and hospitality sectors. Holding the importance as one of the leading contributors to economic growth, and accommodating a large percentage of the labor force, this study has investigated the impact of Covid-19 on the tourism economy of Beijing (the capital of China), which is one of the leading tourist destinations of China. For this purpose, primary data with 385 sample sizes have been collected via random sampling techniques from the tourism-related respondents. This data has been analyzed using the simple descriptive analysis, graphical estimations, and categorization techniques. The findings of the study show that Covid-19 exerts a negative influence on the tourism and hospitality sector. Specifically, a reduction in the international tourists' arrival has reduced revenue generation, indirectly reducing the contribution to the GDP by many factors. These factors include an increase in the unemployment ratio, cut-off salaries, increases in expenditures, and a decline in the tax payments. However, lack of adequate response from the government in the context of the tourism sector has further fueled the adverse outcomes of Covid-19, leading the industry to a shut-down condition for most firms in this geographical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of military experience on employment has long been a hot topic of academic discussion, and understanding how military experience affects employment is crucial to promoting the employment of veterans. Based on the 2010 to 2020 China Family Panel Studies data, the article investigates the effect of military experience on individual employment and its underlying mechanism, and overcomes the endogeneity via IV-Probit model. It is found that military experience significantly contributes to employment, specifically through improving the job opportunities in the public sector, increasing the likelihood of holding an administrative position, and enhancing one’s political capital, social capital, and human capital. The findings of this article provide insights into how to deal with the unemployment problem of ex-servicemen and help the relevant authorities to formulate targeted measures to safeguard the employment of veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of big data, statistical accounting based on artificial intelligence can realistically reflect the dynamics of labor force and market segmentation. Therefore, based on the combination of machine learning algorithm and traditional statistical data under big data, a prediction model of unemployment in labor force based on the combination of time series model and neural network model is built. According to the theoretical parameters, the algorithm of the two-weight neural network is proposed, and the unemployment rate in labor force is predicted according to the weight combination of the two. The outcomes show that the fitting effect based on the combined model is superior to that of the single model and the traditional BP neural network model; at the same time, the prediction results with total unemployment and unemployment rate as evaluation indexes are excellent. The model can offer new ideas for assisting to solve the unemployment of the labor force in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Gao does not provide any statistical estimations to establish that the fatality quota system improves working conditions for Chinese workers, her evidence is organized so logically that it is convincing. This is certainly understandable, as Gao's main research goal is to help people understand when and how public administrative structures and the political system work in China, using the fatality quota system as an important example. Gao mainly tackles work safety issues from the perspective of policy makers in Beijing, that is, how to create a proper administrative, regulatory, and personnel incentive system to improve working conditions in China. [Extracted from the article]

In recent decades, the rise of non-standard employment in China is thought to profoundly influence workers' health. Using data from the China General Social Survey 2010–2021, this study compares the self-rated health of workers engaged in various non-standard employment types with those in unemployment or standard employment in urban China. The research also investigates how these patterns have evolved over time among urban residents with different hukou types amid the expansion of China's welfare system and labor market shifts. We find that while unemployment is significantly related to worse self-rated health, the effects vary across different types of non-standard employment. Precarious employment has a more substantial adverse effect on health than part-time and self-employment, although the effect is less severe than that of unemployment. Between 2010 and 2018, the health impact of precarious employment declined, aligning with China's enhanced welfare system. However, its negative effect re-emerged in 2021. These patterns are particularly pronounced for urban residents holding agricultural hukou , highlighting the intersection of non-standard employment with the household registration system in shaping health outcomes within evolving labor markets. • Unemployment is consistently linked to poorer self-rated health in urban China. • Precarious work negatively affects health more than part-time and self-employment. • Between 2010 and 2018, the health impact of precarious employment declined. • Precarious employment's negative effect on health reemerged in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent decades, China has experienced dramatic changes to its social and economic environment, which has affected the distribution of wellbeing across its citizens. While several studies have investigated individual level predictors of wellbeing in the Chinese population, less research has been done looking at contextual effects. This cross-sectional study looks at the individual and contextual effects of (regional) education, unemployment and marriage (rate) on individual happiness, life satisfaction and depressive symptomatology.Methods: Data were collected from over 29,000 individuals (aged 18 to 110, 51.91% female) in the China Family Panel Studies, and merged with county level census data obtained from the 2010 China Population Census and Statistical Yearbook. To explore contextual effects, we used multilevel models accounting for the hierarchical structure of the data.Results: We found that a one-year increase in education was associated with a 0.17% increase in happiness and a 0.16% decrease in depressive symptoms. Unemployed men were 1% less happy, 1% less satisfied with life and reported 0.84% more depressive symptoms than employed men while minimal effects were seen for women. Single, divorced and widowed individuals had worse outcomes than married individuals (ranging from 2.96 to 21% differences). We found interaction effects for education and employment. Less educated individuals had greater happiness and less depressive symptoms in counties with higher average education compared to counterparts in less educated counties. In contrast, more educated individuals were less satisfied with life in more educated counties, an effect that is possibly due to social comparison. Employed individuals had lower life satisfaction in areas of high unemployment, while levels were constant for the unemployed. A 1% increase in county marriage rate was associated with 0.33 and 0.24% increases in happiness and life satisfaction respectively, with no interactions. We speculate that this effect could be due to greater social cohesion in the neighbourhood.Conclusions: Our results show that policies designed to improve employment and marriage rates will be beneficial for all, while interventions to encourage positive social comparison strategies may help to offset the negative effects of increasing neighbourhood average education on the highly educated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how the presence of a firm's political connections in a candidate location affects the firm's likelihood of choosing that location over unconnected but otherwise comparable ones to establish a new subsidiary. First, because of various benefits that political connections can generate for firms, all else equal, firms are more likely to choose the locations in which they have connections with local political leaders. Second, this effect is dampened when local economic conditions may drive local politicians to demand that connected firms engage in economically inefficient but politically desirable tasks, such as hiring superfluous labor. As a result, firms are less likely to choose a politically connected location that also suffers from higher unemployment. Moreover, this dampening effect exists (and becomes stronger) when the connected politicians hold political positions that shoulder greater responsibility for resolving local unemployment issues. Using data on all new subsidiaries established by Chinese listed firms from 2003 to 2009, we obtain empirical evidence that corroborates the hypotheses. Therefore, whether and how firms use their political connections in making location choice is strategic in that it is highly dependent on the economic and political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]