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This study aimed to utilize hybrid physics-based models that allow for a comprehensive evaluation of how solar–meteorological variables influence the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR). By integrating both physical and statistical approaches, these models provided a novel perspective on understanding the complex relationship between solar radiation and FAPAR dynamics. The integration of URE and CLC in studying ecosystem efficiency in the nations of China and India is crucial, owing to their interdependent nature. To achieve this, the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) was utilized, which involved interpolating data from the most recent five GCMs from the six-phase CMIP6. By integrating advanced modeling techniques with observational data, this innovative approach enabled a holistic assessment of the intricate connections between urban development, climate dynamics, and the productivity of surrounding ecosystems in these regions. The reported decline in FAPAR productivity in China and India highlights the growing concern over the impact of climate change on the health and resilience of vegetation. China experienced negative changes of −1.425, −0.414, and −0.018, while India reported negative changes of −2.463, 2.199, and 2.915 under different scenarios. Interestingly, despite these variations, both countries observed similar tidal variations in their seasonal bases, suggesting a consistent pattern in the fluctuations of vegetation productivity throughout the year. The authors of this study collected and analyzed extensive data on CLC and URE in order to investigate their impact on FAPAR fluctuations in China and India. The higher impact of URE compared to CLC in terms of effective contributions suggests that URE plays a crucial role in shaping the atmospheric physics of both China, accounting for 45.26%, and India, registering 33.95%. Conversely, the effects of CLC and PAR residual factor (PRF) were more pronounced in India compared to China, with impacts of 8.21% and 53.03% compared to 4.21% and 46.70%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Baseline Surface Radiation (NBSR) system was established at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 2013 to observe nine broadband radiation components, i.e. the global, direct, diffuse, and upwelling shortwave irradiance (GSWI, DSWI, DifSWI, and UpSWI); the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); the ultraviolet irradiance (UVAI and UVBI); and the down- and upwelling longwave irradiance (DnLWI and UpLWI). To test the 1 min raw radiometric data, a Hybrid Algorithm for Radiation Data Quality Control (HARDQC) is presented in this study based on well-established methods, together with the solar irradiance dataset and the spectral features of the instrument bands. Subsequently, a NBSR dataset, which consists of radiation data at multiple timescales (i.e. 1 min, hourly, daily, monthly, monthly average hourly, and monthly average daily) over 2013–2022, is established and evaluated. Results show that more than 98.7 % of all radiation components passed the physical possibility test. The percentages of those that passed the extremely rare test are greater than 98.6 % for all radiation components except for the DnLWI (97.1 %). The percentages of those that passed the comparison test are greater than 83.3 % (GSWI), 78.3 % (DSWI), 81.7 % (DifSWI), 93.1 % (UpSWI), 88.9 % (PAR), 95.6 % (UVAI), 96.3 % (UVBI), 99.8 % (DnLWI), and 99.7 % (UpLWI), respectively. Due to data logger faults, removal of the instruments for calibration, and lightning strikes, some apparent data gaps in the upwelling radiation components (January 2015–August 2017) and all radiation components (December 2018; July to September 2021) were detected. Despite the existence of a few imperfections in the NBSR dataset, it is still reliable to apply it in many fields such as the validation of satellite products and numerical models, the investigation of relationships between radiation and atmospheric composition, and the detection of changes in the surface fluxes. The dataset described in this paper is available at 10.1594/PANGAEA.963330 (Quan et al., 2023b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi‐spectral satellite sensors such as MODIS have a large swath, high spatial resolution, and well onboard calibration, enabling aerosol retrievals with daily global coverage. Despite numerous available bands, MODIS aerosol algorithms over land typically only utilize measurements from 2 to 3 spectral wavelengths to retrieve Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) based on prescribed aerosol models. To make full use of multi‐spectral measurements and prior information, we developed an aerosol algorithm based on physics‐informed deep learning (PDL) approach. With physical constraint from radiative transfer simulation, PDL can construct model functions between the whole spectral measurements and each retrieved aerosol parameter separately. AERONET validations in eastern China show that MODIS PDL algorithm can accurately retrieve AOD and fine AOD (R = 0.936) at 1 km resolution and has reliable performance in coarse AOD as well as notable sensitivity to aerosol absorption. The flexible and efficient PDL method provides a generalized algorithm for common multi‐spectral satellite measurements. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric aerosols play a crucial role in the Earth's radiative energy balance, hydrological cycle, and air quality as well as biogeochemical cycles. Owing to short lifetime and diverse emission sources, aerosol amount and properties vary largely over space and time, making a great challenge in quantifying its climate and environmental effects. With the recognition of aerosols' important role, dedicated satellite instruments have been launched to obtain global aerosol observations since late 1990s. Despite a lack of angular and polarized information, current widely used satellite aerosol products are mainly derived from multi‐spectral measurement due to their daily global coverage and long‐term well‐calibrated observation. However, common algorithms only utilize 2–3 spectral measurements and retrieve one quantitative Aerosol Optical Depth with prescribed aerosol models. By combining the physical constraints from Radiative Transfer simulation and modeling ability of Deep Learning, we developed a generalized physics‐informed DL method that can make full use of multi‐spectral measurements and prior information for aerosol retrievals. Key Points: A generalized aerosol algorithm is developed based on physics‐informed deep learning (PDL) method for multi‐spectral satellite measurementMODIS PDL retrieval has not only high accuracy in AOD and fine AOD, but also marked sensitivity to coarse AOD and aerosol absorptionPDL method can make full use of the multi‐spectral satellite measurement and prior information with high computational efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A New Baseline Surface Radiation (NBSR) system was established at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 2013 to observe nine broadband radiation components, i.e., the global-, direct-, diffuse-, and upwelling-shortwave irradiance (GSWI, DSWI, DifSWI, and UpSWI) as well as the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ultraviolet irradiance (UVAI; UVBI), down- and up-welling long-wave irradiance (DnLWI; UpLWI). To test the 1-min raw radiometric data, a Hybrid Algorithm for Radiation Data Quality Control (HARDQC) is presented in this study based on well-established methods together with the solar irradiance dataset and the spectral features of the instrument bands. Subsequently, an NBSR dataset, which consists of multi-time scale (i.e. 1-min, hourly, daily, monthly, monthly average hourly, and monthly average daily) radiation datasets over 2013-2022, is established and evaluated. Results show that more than 98.7% of all radiation components passed the physical possibility test. The percentages passed the extremely rare test are greater than 98.6% for all radiation components except for the DnLWI (97.1%). The percentages passed the comparison test are greater than 83.3% (GSWI), 78.3% (DSWI), 81.7% (DifSWI), 93.1% (UpSWI), 88.9% (PARI), 95.6% (UVAI), 96.3% (UVBI), 99.8% (DnLWI), and 99.7% (UpLWI), respectively. Due to data logger faults, removal of the instruments for calibration, and lightning strokes, some apparent data gaps in the upwelling radiation components (January 2015-August 2017) and all radiation components (December 2018; July to September 2021) were detected. Despite the existence of a few imperfections in the NBSR dataset, it is still reliable to apply in many fields such as the validation of satellite products and numerical models, investigation of relationships between radiation and atmospheric composition, and the detection of changes in the surface fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Priapulida form a small relict group of marine invertebrates characterized by a vermiform shape, an annulated trunk, and an eversible anterior part. Worms with a comparable body plan were diverse and abundant throughout the Cambrian Era, although uncertainties remain concerning their relation to modern priapulids. The problem lies in the lack of morphological detail (ornament, symmetry) available from Cambrian worms and the fact that a comprehensive phylogeny of Cambrian worms with a robust homology framework is not available to define priapulids. The exceptionally preserved worm Ercaivermis sparios, described here from the early Cambrian of China, displays an unusual octagonal symmetry, suggesting that different symmetry types may have co-existed in the early history of Priapulida, before five-fold symmetry was naturally selected to become overwhelmingly dominant. The vast majority of early Paleozoic ecdysozoan worms are often resolved as stem-group Priapulida based on resemblances with the rare modern representatives of the group, such as the structure of the introvert and the number and distribution of scalids (a spiny cuticular outgrowth) and pharyngeal teeth. In Priapulida, both scalids and teeth create symmetry patterns, and three major diagnostic features are generally used to define the group: 25 longitudinal rows of scalids (five-fold symmetry), 8 scalids around the first introvert circle and the pentagonal arrangement of pharyngeal teeth. Here we describe Ercaivermis sparios gen. et sp. nov., a new priapulid from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, characterized by an annulated trunk lacking a sclerotized ornament, four pairs of anal hooks and 16 longitudinal rows of scalids along its introvert and eight scalids around each introvert circle, giving the animal an unusual octoradial symmetry. Cladistic analyses resolve Ercaivermis as a stem-group priapulid. Ercaivermis also suggests that several biradial symmetry patterns (e.g., pentagonal, octagonal) expressed in the cuticular ornament, may have co-existed among early Cambrian priapulids and that the pentaradial mode may have become rapidly dominant during the course of evolution, possibly via the standardization of patterning, i.e., the natural selection of one symmetry type over others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust storms have large impacts on air quality and meteorological elements; however, their relationships with atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2) and radiation components remain uncertain. In this study, the co-variation of dust and CO2 concentrations and its possible influencing mechanism are examined using observations at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station along with simulations of the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-VPRM), during two dust storm events on 15 and 28 March 2021. During these events, hourly CO2 concentrations decreased by 40–50 ppm at SDZ while dust concentrations increased to 1240.6 and 712.4 µg m−3. The elevated dust increased diffusive shortwave irradiance by 50–60% and decreased direct shortwave irradiance by ~60% along with clouds. The dust events were attributed to the passages of two cold front systems over northern China. At SDZ, during the frontal passages, wind speed increased by 3–6 m s−1, and relative humidity decreased by 50–60%. The CO2 variations associated with the frontal systems were captured by the WRF-VPRM despite the overestimated surface CO2 level at SDZ. Biogenic CO2 flux plays an indistinctive role in the large CO2 variation at SDZ, as it is weak during the non-growing season. The cold fronts pushed polluted air southeastward over the North China Plain and replaced it with low-CO2 air from Northwest China, leading to the decline in CO2. These findings demonstrate that mesoscale synoptic conditions significantly affect the regional transport and dispersion of CO2, which can influence the prediction of terrestrial carbon balance on a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) in fog and planetary boundary layer (PBL) conditions plays critical roles in the fog life cycle. However, it is not clear how ACI in the first fog (Fog1) affects the PBL and subsequently affects ACI in the second fog (Fog2), which is important information for understanding the interaction between ACI and the PBL, as well as their effects on fog properties. To fill this knowledge gap, we simulate two successive radiation fog events in the Yangtze River Delta, China, using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Our simulations indicate that the PBL conditions conducive to Fog2 formation are affected by ACI with high aerosol loading in Fog1; subsequently, the PBL promotes ACI in Fog2, resulting in a higher liquid water content, higher droplet number concentration, smaller droplet size, larger fog optical depth, wider fog distribution, and longer fog lifetime in Fog2 than in Fog1. This phenomenon is related to the following physical factors. The first factor involves meteorological conditions conducive to Fog2 formation, including low temperature, high humidity, and high stability. The second factor is the feedbacks between microphysics and radiative cooling. A higher fog droplet number concentration increases the liquid water path and fog optical depth, thereby enhancing long-wave radiative cooling and condensation near the fog top. The third factor is the feedbacks between macrophysics, radiation, and turbulence. A higher fog top presents stronger long-wave radiative cooling near the fog top than near the fog base, which weakens temperature inversion and strengthens turbulence, ultimately increasing the fog-top height and fog area. In summary, under polluted conditions, ACI postpones the dissipation of Fog1 owing to these two feedbacks and generates PBL meteorological conditions that are more conducive to the formation of Fog2 than those prior to Fog1. These conditions promote the earlier formation of Fog2, further enhancing the two feedbacks and strengthening the ACI in Fog2. Our findings are critical for studying the interaction between aerosols, fog, and the PBL; moreover, they shed new light on ACI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary catheterization (CC) procedure inevitably exposes patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) to radiation, while cumulative radiation exposure may lead to higher risk of cancer. Methods: This multi-center, retrospective study was based on the CC procedure in Cardiorenal ImprovemeNt II cohort (CIN-II, NCT05050877) among five regional central tertiary teaching hospitals in China between 2007 and 2020. Patients without known cancer were stratified according to the times they received CC procedure. Baseline information from their last CC procedure was analyzed. Cox regression and Fine-Gray competing risk models were used to assess the relationship between cumulative radiation exposure from CC procedures and cancer-specific, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results: Of 136,495 hospitalized survivors without cancer at baseline (mean age: 62.3 ± 11.1 years, 30.9% female), 116,992 patients (85.7%) underwent CC procedure once, 15,184 patients (11.1%) on twice, and 4,319 patients (3.2%) underwent CC procedure more than three times. During the median follow-up of 4.7 years (IQR: 2.5 to 7.4), totally 18,656 patients (13.7%) died after discharge, of which 617 (0.5%) died of lung cancer. Compared with the patients who underwent CC procedure once, the risk of lung cancer mortality increased significantly with the increase of the number of CC procedure (CC 2 times vs. 1 time: HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.78, P < 0.001; CC ≥ 3 times vs. 1 time: HR 1.64, 95%CI 1.13 to 2.39, P < 0.05). Similar results were observed in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, but not in other cancer-specific mortality. Conclusions: Our data suggest that substantial proportion of CVD patients are exposed to multiple high levels of low-dose ionizing radiation from CC procedure, which is associated with an increased risk of cancer mortality in this population. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05050877; URL:http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; 21/09/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on soil nitrogen transformation and its biological processes in paddy fields, the effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kJ m−2) on soil nitrogen transformation and N2O emission, functional microbial quantity, enzyme activity, and gene expression during the growth period (tillering, jointing, booting and maturity stage) of rice were investigated in situ in a rice paddy field in the Yuanyang terraces, Yunnan Province, southwest China. The results show that UV-B radiation decreased the NH4+-N content, increased the NO3–N content in the rhizosphere, decreased N2O emissions from paddy fields, and significantly affected the properties of soil nitrogen transforming microorganisms. The 5.0 kJ m−2 UV-B radiation increased the quantity of ammonifying bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria by 18–160% and 34–151%, respectively, decreased the urease activity in the rice rhizosphere by 11.9–27%; and significantly increased the expression of AOB-amoA and nosZ genes. Thus, the enhanced UV-B radiation increased the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and AOB-amoA and nosZ gene expression, promoted the transformation of NH4+-N to NO3–N in the rice rhizosphere, and reduced N2O emissions in the paddy field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes stylized facts of three dimensions of population agglomeration and the radiation effects of central cities relating to the evolutionary laws of China's population distribution. We test with decennial census data from 2000 to 2020 to identify determinants of population agglomeration and radiation effects. The results show that the distance to the major ports, central cities, and city centers of central cities determines China's population concentration. Moreover, central cities have apparent radiation effects. The closer to the central cities or the larger the population and economic scale of the central cities, the more the population is concentrated in peripheral cities or counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, air emergency rescue capabilities have become increasingly important as an indicator of national comprehensive strength and development status. Air emergency rescue performs an indispensable role in addressing social emergencies by virtue of its fast response capabilities and extensive coverage. This vital aspect of emergency response ensures the timely deployment of rescue personnel and resources, enabling efficient operations in diverse and often challenging environments. To enhance regional emergency response capabilities, this paper presents a novel siting model that overcomes the limitation of single-objective approaches by integrating multiple objectives and considering the synergistic effects of network nodes, and the corresponding efficient solving algorithm is designed for this model. First, a multi-objective optimization function is established that fully incorporates the construction cost of the rescue station, response time, and radiation range. A radiation function is developed to evaluate the degree of radiation for each candidate airport. Second, the multi-objective jellyfish search algorithm (MOJS) is employed to search for Pareto optimal solutions of the model using MATLAB tools. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to analyze and verify the site selection for a regional air emergency rescue center in a certain region of China, and ArcGIS tools are used to draw the site selection results separately by prioritizing the construction cost under different numbers of site selection points. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve the desired site selection goals, thus providing a feasible and accurate method for future air emergency rescue station selection problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanystropheidae is a clade of early archosauromorphs with high morphological disparity and a wide geographical distribution. The origin and early radiation of Tanystropheidae are still incompletely understood. Here we report Luxisaurus terrestris gen. et sp. nov., a new archosauromorph collected from the marine Upper Member of Guanling Formation (Pelsonian substage, Anisian, Middle Triassic) in Luxi County, Yunnan Province, China, and phylogenetically recovered as a tanystropheid. The morphology of Luxisaurus is consistent with a terrestrial lifestyle. This is the first occurrence of a tanystropheid found from the Anisian Guanling Formation in SW China and also the earliest tanystropheid from the eastern Tethys. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Dinocephalosauridae forms the sister group of Tanystropheidae, Fuyuansaurus occupies the most basal position in Tanystropheidae, and Luxisaurus forms the sister group to a clade consisting of all other tanystropheids. Considering that Fuyuansaurus and Luxisaurus are found exclusively in South China, we hypothesize that Tanystropheidae originated in the Early Triassic of South China and then dispersed globally. The discovery of Early Triassic tanystropheids in South China is needed to further support this hypothesis. The discovery of Luxisaurus expands the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Tanystropheidae, and provides new insights into the origin and early radiation of the clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiotherapy standardized training (ST) has been conducted for 7 years in China. This investigation evaluated the difficulties of and need for ST of radiation oncology residents (RORs) for gynaecological tumours (GYN) in China. Methods: An anonymous online survey was conducted on the "Questionnaire Star" platform. The questionnaire contained 30 questions, including the basic information of the students, their knowledge of radiotherapy theory, training on GYN, the difficulties and needs they faced, and possible solutions. Results: A total of 469 valid questionnaires were collected, resulting in a valid response rate of 85.3%. During the ST, only 58–60% of RORs received training in GYN, with a median clinical rotation time of 2–3 months. Among the RORs surveyed, 50.1% knew the physical characteristics of brachytherapy (BRT), and 49.2% could choose the appropriate BRT for patients. At the end of ST, 75.3% were able to complete the target delineation in GYN independently, and 56% were able to complete the BRT operation independently. The scarcity of GYN patients, insufficient teaching awareness of superior doctors, and lack of interest are the main reasons why ST cannot meet the standard. Conclusion: In China, the ST of RORs in GYN should be strengthened, the teaching awareness of specialist trainers should be increased, and the curriculum should be optimized, especially the curriculum for specialist operation and a strict assessment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of obtaining the smaller uncertainties for H p(3) and D p lens in 90Sr/90Y beta reference fields, a new dose determination method based on the Monte-Carlo simulation was proposed. The conversion coefficients from the absorbed dose in air, at the reference point of the extrapolation ionisation chamber, D air, det to H p(3; α) and the conversion factors from D air, det to D p lens(α) were calculated with EGSnrc, respectively, for the irradiation angles from 0° to 60°. Compared with the dose determination method in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6980 standard, the uncertainty reductions of 7.7–52.8% for H p(3; α) and 7.9–55.0% for D p lens(α) were achieved, respectively. In addition, for the conversion coefficients from the reference absorbed dose D R to H p(3; α), the calculations were performed for more irradiation conditions, which are not included in the current ISO 6980 standard. For the calculations of the conversion factors from D R to D p lens(α), the eye and head phantoms with Chinese characteristics were utilised, which makes the conversion factors more suitable for use in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne hyperspectral imaging plays an increasingly important role in environmental monitoring. However, due to the limitations of the acquisition conditions, there are uneven radiation and chromatic aberrations in the mosaic data. Accurate preprocessing of the original data is the premise of qualitative and quantitative remote sensing. In this study, we proposed a comprehensive radiation distortion correction method that integrates radiation attenuation difference correction, topographic correction, and multi-strip images consistency adjustment (RA-TOC-CA). First, the radiation attenuation equation was constructed by combining the viewing geometry, terrain, and the elevation difference between the UAV and the ground to eliminate the radiation attenuation difference of pixels acquired at the different instantaneous field of view (IFOV). Second, an improved kernel-driven BRDF model was built combining terrain information and illumination-viewing (flight attitude and sensor IFOV) geometry to eliminate the radiation unevenness and BRDF distortion caused by topography. Third, adjusting the reflectance of multi-strip images according to the homonymous points' reflectance of adjacent strips should be equal, eliminating the radiation differences between multiple strips. Based on multi-strip airborne hyperspectral images collected in the Shaanxi province of China, the correction results of the RA-TOC-CA method were compared with those of the SCS+C and Minnaert+SCS methods regarding various evaluation criteria. The results showed that SCS+C and Minnaert+SCS can reduce the topographic effect but cannot eliminate the reflectance difference at the edges of adjacent images, and SCS+C overcorrects the reflectance. RA-TOC-CA weakened the topographic effects and brightness gradient, which was physically stable and generalizable. Compared with previous studies, RA-TOC-CA provided a complete radiation distortion correction method for airborne hyperspectral images and had a solid theoretical basis. This study introduces an effective method for radiation distortion correction of airborne hyperspectral images and provides technical support for large-scale applications of hyperspectral images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have mainly explored the effects of structural and functional aging of cortical regions on global motion sensitivity in older adults, but none have explored the structural white matter (WM) substrates underlying the agerelated decrease in global motion perception (GMP). In this study, random dot kinematogram and diffusion tensor imaging were used to investigate the effects of age-related reductions in WM fiber integrity and connectivity across various regions on GMP. We recruited 106 younger adults and 94 older adults and utilized both tract-based spatial statistics analysis and graph theoretical analysis to comprehensively investigate group differences in WM microstructural and network connections between older and younger adults at the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Moreover, partial correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between alterations in WM and the age-related decrease in GMP. The results showed that decreased GMP in older adults was related to decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) of the inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and cingulum cingulate gyrus. Decreased global efficiency of the WM structural network and increased characteristic path length were closely associated with decreased global motion sensitivity. These results suggest that the reduced GMP in older adults may stem from reduced WM integrity in specific regions of WM fiber tracts as well as decreased efficiency of information integration and communication between distant cortical regions, supporting the "disconnection hypothesis" of cognitive aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the extraordinarily preserved euarthropod Sidneyia minor sp. nov. from the Cambrian Stage 3 Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte in Yunnan, South China. So far this is the earliest occurrence of the genus. As with other species of Sidneyia, the new taxon shares similar features such as a crescent-shaped head shield with paired lateral notches for stalked eyes, but more significantly and new, is the presence of three pairs of post-antennal appendages beneath the head shield identified by micro-CT methods. We conclude that Sidneyia is a sister group to other members of Vicissicaudata within the diverse radiation of Artiopoda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we compare the data of the advanced geostationary radiation imager (AGRI) on board the FY-4B and the advanced meteorological imager (AMI) on board the GK-2A, in terms of overall data, different reflectivity/brightness temperature intervals, different regions, and different underlying surfaces. The results show that the AGRI and AMI data are generally consistent; the mean biases for reflectivity channels show a range of 0.50% to 1.69%, with channel VIR004 being exceptionally good, while brightness temperature (TB) differences in the IR channels ranging from 0.11 to 0.57 K, with channel IR120 being the most accurate. The reflectivity of the AGRI is higher than that of the AMI in terms of mean bias. The dispersion of the reflectivity difference between the AGRI and AMI is smaller at the short-wavelength channels than that at the longer-wavelength channels. The TB data observed by the AGRI are higher than those of AMI at conditions above 310 K. In the case of observing the same target, the difference in infrared brightness temperature due to the random noise signal is small. The differences between the two sensors can be considerably reduced by revising mean biases. In the following studies of quantitative product algorithms, the characteristics of sensor data need to be further analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (OAML) is a rare subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and no consensus has been defined concerning the optimal treatment strategies. This study aims to investigate the associations of disease characteristics and different treatments with long‐term outcomes of patients with localized OAML. Methods: A large retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single‐center of China, and 166 patients with newly diagnosed primary localized OAML were enrolled. Detailed data of disease characteristics at diagnosis and treatments were collected for all patients. We compared treatment response and progression‐free survival (PFS) among patients with different characteristics and treatments. Results: Of the 166 patients, 52 received complete resection of neoplasm, whereas 114 had residual lesion after surgery. Among the 114 patients, 61 underwent watchful waiting and 53 received further treatment including localized radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Median follow‐up was 49 months. A total of 31 patients had disease progression or relapse, including four patients with such event more than five years after initial treatment. The 5‐year PFS was 73.9%, 70.6%, and 85.9%, whereas the 10‐year PFS was 69.3%, 59.2%, and 79.3%, among patients with complete resection of neoplasm, patients in the watchful waiting group and patients with further treatment, respectively. Patients with further treatment had longer PFS, compared with patients in the watchful waiting group (p = 0.011). Bilateral involvement at diagnosis was associated with significantly inferior PFS (p = 0.029), whereas age, IPI score, or TNM staging were not associated with PFS. No serious adverse reaction was reported among patients with further treatment. Conclusions: Bilateral involvement was associated with poor prognosis. Among patients with residual lesions after surgery, further treatment was associated with improved survival. Patients with OAML might experience disease progression or relapse more than five years after initial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By comparison with cool roofs, the cooling energy produced by radiative cooling can be stored in hybrid radiative cooling air conditioning (HRcAc) systems, which is more feasible for the application of radiative cooling. A thermosyphon mainly relies on buoyancy to drive the water circulating in a pipe without a pump and has been widely used in solar thermal collectors. Thus, more cooling benefits can be achieved by integrating a thermosyphon with HRcAc. This paper investigated the cooling performance of a thermosyphon-based radiative cooler (STRC). The STRC was modelled by using OpenModelica to derive the effects of structure parameters on the cooling performance. The optimized structure was determined according to the proposed optimization process. Finally, the cooling energy saving potential and economics for the application of the STRC in a single-floor family house in five climate zones of China were evaluated. The results show that the annual cooling electricity consumption can be reduced by 41%–56% and that the simple payback period for a single-floor family house with an optimized STRC in all five climate zones of China is between approximately 8.4 years and 10.5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study constructs an industrial linkage network of China and investigates industries' radiation dynamics. This is achieved by detecting the causation between industries, using a novel multi-spatial convergent cross-mapping approach. The main findings include: (i) during the years from 2000 to 2017, influential industries were time-varying. (ii) The overall radiation intensity of real estate was outstanding. (iii) The influence of manufacturing (the secondary industry), and finance and catering (the tertiary industry) was increasing, while the influence of the primary industry was declining. This article contributes to interpreting China's economic changes from the perspective of inter-industry correlation, rather than industrial scale. The results also reveal evidence of China's industrial structure upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Downward shortwave radiation (DSR) is a critical variable in energy balance driving Earth's surface processes. Satellite-derived and reanalysis DSR products have been developed and continuously improved during the last decades. However, as those products have different temporal resolutions, their performances in different time scales have not been well-documented, particularly in China. This study intended to evaluate several DSR products across multiple time scales (i.e. instantaneous, 1-hourly, daily, and monthly average) and ecosystems in China. Six DSR products, including GLASS, BESS, CLARA-A2, MCD18A1, ERA5 and MERRA-2, were evaluated against ground measurements at Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and integrated land-atmosphere interaction observation (TPDC) sites from 2009 to 2012. The instantaneous DSR of MCD18 showed a root mean square error (RMSE) of 146.02 W/m2. The hourly RMSE of ERA5 (155.52 W/m2) was largely smaller than MERRA-2 (188.53 W/m2). On the daily and monthly scale, BESS had the most optimized accuracy among the six products (RMSE of 36.82 W/m2). For the satellite-derived DSR products, the monthly accuracy at CERN can meet the threshold accuracy requirement set by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for Global Numerical Weather Prediction (20 W/m2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortwave radiation is an influential driver of global hydrological cycle, as its variation will alter evapotranspiration (ET). While climate change discussion extensively examined ET response to temperature, wind speed and land use/cover variations, little is known about the contribution of shortwave radiation balance on ET partly because of data availability. In this study, we applied the newly-released Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) products to detect changes in shortwave radiation and albedo for 2003–2018 over China, and quantified their contributions on potential evapotranspiration (PET) which is the upper limit of ET and generally the basis to estimate it. The results showed that downward shortwave radiation declined, together with a slight decrease in albedo, causing a decrease of net shortwave radiation. While climate change affected PET, the decreased net shortwave radiation reduced PET during the period. We identified a hotspot area in the north China plain that is one of the main agricultural production regions, as the radiation balance induced a contrasting effect on PET for the warm and the cold seasons. Our study indicates that it is important to consider shortwave radiation balance when estimating PET and ET to make reliable evaluation of climate change on hydrological cycle and ecosystem response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiations are especially important for generating species biodiversity in mountainous ecosystems. The contribution of hybridization to such radiations has rarely been examined. Here, we use extensive genomic data to test whether hybridization was involved in evolutionary radiation within Rhododendron subgenus Hymenanthes , whose members show strong geographic isolation in the mountains of southwest China. We sequenced genomes for 143 species of this subgenus and 93 species of four other subgenera, and found that Hymenanthes was monophyletic and radiated during the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. Widespread hybridization events were inferred within and between the identified clades and subclades. This suggests that hybridization occurred both early and late during diversification of subgenus Hymenanthes , although the extent to which hybridization, speciation through mixing-isolation-mixing or hybrid speciation, accelerated the diversification needs further exploration. Cycles of isolation and contact in such and other montane ecosystems may have together promoted species radiation through hybridization between diverging populations and species. Similar radiation processes may apply to other montane floras in this region and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of urban built-up areas is one of the most prominent characteristics of land use change in China. A growing body of literature has emphasized the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas expansion, including heterogeneity, radiation, and segmentation. However, the existing studies have mainly focused on the administrative hierarchy at the prefectural level and above and have primarily concentrated on one single effect; few have integrated the triple effects as a whole. Based on high-resolution land use data and taking Fujian province as a study case, this study proposes an integrated theoretical framework and modeling approach and investigates the triple spatial effects of administrative hierarchy on built-up areas at the prefectural level and below. Descriptive statistics show the following: (1) Built-up areas of municipal districts are significantly larger than those of county-level units, showing the heterogeneity characteristics of urban land distribution across different levels of administrative hierarchy; (2) The county-level units adjacent to municipal districts exploit more built-up areas than other county-level units, indicating the radiation effects of municipal districts; (3) The radiation effects tend to be reduced if a municipal district and its adjacent county-level units are not located in the same prefectural city, revealing the segmentation effects among the different prefectural cities. Using the spatial econometric model with regimes, we further find the following: (1) The strengths of driving forces of built-up areas are heterogeneous between municipal districts and county-level units, and there are significant spatial interactions among administrative units; (2) The spatial interactions between municipal districts and county-level units are stronger than those between two county-level units, but the strength is restricted by the prefectural boundary, reflecting the radiation effects of municipal districts and the segmentation effects of the prefectural boundary, respectively. By investigating the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas, we conclude that comprehensively considering these triple effects as a whole will result in a fuller understanding of the rapid built-up areas expansion in China, especially at the prefectural level and below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTVSR) insulator, the alicyclic epoxy resin insulator has higher hardness and better bonding between the core and the sheath. This makes the latter very promising in the coastal area of Southern China. Outdoor insulators are often subjected to high intensity of ultraviolet (UV)-A radiation. The influence of UV-A radiation is significant for alicyclic epoxy resin insulators. To help address the concern, the surface of two kinds of samples, namely the alicyclic epoxy resin insulator and HTVSR insulator, with UV-A aging time was characterized by tests of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The operation properties (mechanical properties, hydrophobicity) for outdoor insulators were also analyzed. It was found that the appearance color of the alicyclic epoxy resin has changed greatly, and there is a certain degree of fading. The mechanical properties of the alicyclic epoxy resin are maintained well and, the hydrophobicity decreases gradually. For silicone rubber, the appearance color change of silicone rubber is smaller, and the mechanical properties of silicone rubber decreased greatly. In addition, although the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber decreased gradually, it is still better than that of alicyclic epoxy resin. Both materials have broken chemical bonds, but the degree is relatively light, which meets the requirements of insulators for outdoor operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radiation use efficiency (RUE) must be raised through crop breeding to further increase the yield potential, as the harvest index is now close to its theoretical limit. Field experiments including 209 wheat cultivars which have been widely cultivated in China since the 1940s were conducted in two growing seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) to evaluate the variations of phenological, physiological, plant architectural, and yield‐related traits and their contributions to RUE and to identify limiting factors for wheat yield potential. The average annual genetic gain in grain yield was 0.60% (or 45.32 kg ha−1 year−1; R2 = 0.44, P < 0.01), mainly attributed to the gain in RUE (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). The net photosynthetic rates were positively and closely correlated with grain RUE and grain yield, suggesting source as a limiting factor to future yield gains. Thirty‐four cultivars were identified, exhibiting not only high RUE, but also traits contributing to high RUE and 11 other critical traits – of known genetic basis – as potential parents for breeding to improve yield and RUE. Our findings reveal wheat traits and the associated loci conferring RUE, which are valuable for facilitating marker‐assisted breeding to improve wheat RUE and yield potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nuclear Safety is the property of Nuclear & Radiation Safety Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nuclear Safety is the property of Nuclear & Radiation Safety Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The combination of ground source heat pump (GSHP) and air source heat pump (ASHP) improve the energy efficiency compared with single GSHP or ASHP system due to the complementary nature of seasons and the diversity of heat sources used. And the radiation capillary terminal (RCT) operates more stable and efficiency compared with fan coil due to the low temperature heat release and fast response speed. To fully use the advantage of renewable energy and RCT, a GSHP-ASHP system integrated with a RCT was proposed in this study. A mathematical model of the system based on TRNSYS was developed and verified by experiment in Wuhan (114°12′ E, 30°12′ N), China. Classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm was adopted as operation strategy of the GHSP-ASHP-RCT system. Compared with three air conditioning systems (electric refrigeration and gas boiler system, GSHP system and ASHP system), the primary energy utilization rate (PER) of the GHSP-ASHP-RCT system was increased by 4.5 %, 1.8 % and 10.0 %, respectively. The total life cycle cost (LCC) of the GHSP-ASHP-RCT system was reduced by 8.3 %, 20.6 % and 25.5 % than the three systems, respectively. It proved that the GHSP-ASHP-RCT system performed better on energy-saving and economy than the three systems. • A dual-source heat pump integrated with radiation capillary terminal system was proposed. • Classification and regression tree algorithm was adopted as operation strategy. • Full-scale experiment under actual working conditions had been conducted. • The total life cycle cost of the proposed system was calculated and compared with three systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Downward longwave radiation (DLR) is an important component of the global radiation budget, significantly influencing surface energy dynamics. Accurate quantification of aerosol impacts on surface DLR is crucial for refining numerical weather predictions and comprehending surface energy balance. While the impact of aerosols on downward shortwave radiation has garnered substantial attention, investigation into the longwave radiation effect of aerosols remains relatively limited. In this study, the impact of aerosols on surface DLR is quantified by using continuous radiation data, conventional meteorological observations, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite. These datasets span the period from 2011 to 2018 and are obtained from six stations of the Lake Taihu Flux Observational Network situated in Eastern China. The sensitivity of DLR to AOD (dDLR/dAOD) is determined through multiple linear regressions using both observational data and the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis. Additionally, a radiative transfer model is employed to derive the dDLR/dAOD. A three-variable linear regression of the observational data shows that DLR increases by 4.66 ± 1.99 W m−2 per unit increase in AOD (mean ± 1 standard deviation) under clear-sky conditions. The radiative transfer model and the three-variable linear regression of MERRA-2 reanalysis yield similar sensitivity values of 4.69 ± 1.23 W m−2 AOD−1 and 4.10 ± 0.25 W m−2 AOD−1, respectively. However, these sensitivity values are considerably smaller than those reported in previous studies. Plausible factors contributing to the observed variance in sensitivity values are discussed. These results help to improve our understanding on the aerosol longwave radiation effect over the Lake Taihu region in Eastern China. • Sensitivity of surface DLR to AOD over the Lake Taihu region was quantified with diverse data and methods. • Consistent estimates of dDLR/dAOD (4.10–4.69 W m−2 AOD−1) were obtained using observation, MERRA-2 data, and SBDART model. • These sensitivity values were generally lower than those reported in previous studies (4.9 to 62 W m−2 AOD−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tritium content in the surface water of the Suifen River in China was measured using an ultra low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer. In August and October, a total of 30 samples were collected (15 per month) The measured 3H activity concentration ranged from 5.08 to 9.75 Bq L−1, and the annual effective dose ranged from 0.07 to 0.13 μSv. These values are below WHO’s recommendations, indicating no risk to human health. Although the 3H activity concentration was higher in October than in August, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the two months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PREF project (Proton Radiation Effects Facility) aims to provide low to medium energy protons from 10–60 MeV, which is an excellent range for experimental research on the displacement damage effect studies of satellites and payload components, and is currently under construction in China. Average proton beam fluxes range from tens of particles/( cm 2 s) up to approximately 1 0 8 particles/( cm 2 s), spot sizes after scanning range from 2 × 2 cm 2 to 20 × 20 cm 2 , and uniformity is better than 95%. It comprises a 2.45 GHz ion source, a 325 MHz four-vane RFQ linac injector, a compact synchrotron, and two irradiation terminals. Protons will be injected into synchrotron using multi-turn injection scheme to obtain high-gain beam accumulation. The third-order resonance slow extraction scheme is adopted to achieve high efficiency and continuous uniform extraction of the beam for irradiation experiments. Several innovative accelerator technologies such as titanium alloy lined thin-wall vacuum chamber and fast ramping rate full energy storage power supply are also adopted. In this paper, the general design and simulation results of the accelerator complex are presented, and the new technology and progress of the PREF project are briefly introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of the different leaf layers to maize yields identified as middle leaf > lower leaf > upper leaf, where the vertical photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopy gradually decreases. We hypothesized that the allocation of more PAR and nitrogen (N) to the highest contributing leaves will would be beneficial for higher yields and N use efficiencies. The N application rate and plant density effectively regulated the canopy light and N distribution. We evaluated the interactive effects of N rate and plant density on the agronomic and ecophysiological characteristics of leaves at different orientations in a 2019/2020 field experiment. In this study, an N application rate of 180 kg ha-1 coupled with a plant density of 82,500 plants ha-1 achieved the highest yield and N recovery efficiency (NRE). In contrast to the traditional farming practices in northern China, the density was increased and N rate was reduced. Densification from 52,500 to 82,500 plants ha-1 increased the population leaf area index (LAI) by 37.1% and total photosynthetically active radiation (TPAR) by 29.2%; however, excessive density (from 82,500 to 97,500 plants ha-1) drastically reduced the proportion of TPAR by 28.0% in the lower leaves. With increased density, the leaf areas and angles of the upper leaves decreased much more than those of the other leaves, which allowed the middle and lower leaves to access more light, which manifested a smaller extinction coefficient for light (KL). A high yield (>1,000 kg ha-1) of maize could be achieved simultaneously with higher NRE; however, it was negatively correlated with internal N use efficiency (IEN). Higher N concentrations and lower total performance index (PItotal) in the lower leaves may be an important rationale for the reduction of IEN in high-yielding maize. Additionally, decreased N rate without yield reduction under higher densities was primarily attributed to the more uniform vertical N distribution [a smaller extinction coefficient for N (KN)]. These results suggest that the N fertilizer rate can be moderately reduced without a reduction in maize yield under high plant densities in northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open biomass burning (OBB) is one of the major factors that influences the regional climate environment and surface vegetation landscape, and it significantly affects the regional carbon cycle process and atmospheric environment. The Amur-Heilong River Basin (ARB) is a fire-prone region in high-latitude boreal forests. In this study, we used fire radiative power (FRP) obtained from a Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate OBB emissions from the ARB and established a long-term series (2003–2020) with a high spatiotemporal resolution and a daily 1 km emissions inventory. The results show that the annual average emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, NMHCs, NOx, NH3, SO2, BC, OC, PM2.5, and PM10 were estimated to be 153.57, 6.16, 0.21, 0.78, 0.28, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04, 0.39, 0.66, and 0.85 Tg/a, respectively. Taking CO2 as an example, grassland fire in the dry season (mainly in April and October) was the largest contributor (87.18 Tg/a), accounting for 56.77% of the total CO2 emissions from the ARB, followed by forest fire prone to occur in April–May (56.53 Tg/a, 36.81%) and crop fire during harvest season (9.86 Tg/a, 6.42%). Among the three countries in the ARB, Russia released the most total CO2 emissions (2227.04 Tg), much higher than those of China (338.41 Tg) and Mongolia (198.83 Tg). The major fire types were crop fires (40.73%) on the Chinese side and grass fires on the Russian (56.67%) and Mongolian (97.56%) sides. Over the past decade, OBB CO2 emissions have trended downward (−0.79 Tg/a) but crop burning has increased significantly (+0.81 Tg/a). Up to 83.7% of crop fires occurred in China (2010–2020), with a concentrated and southward trend. Comparisons with the Global Fire Emission Dataset (GFED4.1s), the Fire INventory from NCAR (FINNv2.2), and the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFASv1.2) showed that our newly established emission inventory was in good agreement with these three datasets in the ARB. However, this multi-year, daily 1 km high-resolution emission inventory has the advantages of detecting more small fire emissions that were overlooked by coarse-grid datasets. The methods described here can be used as an effective means of estimating greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions from biomass combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS) has completed its full constellation in orbit since June 2020. Services have been evolved from regional (BDS-2) to global (BDS-3). This contribution evaluates the impact of solar radiation pressure (SRP) modeling on satellite orbits and geodetic parameters. To that end, we process 2 years of BDS observations (2019-2021), collected by a network of 100 ground stations. A physical a priori box-wing model based on the estimated optical properties is introduced. Various physical effects, such as radiator emission and thermal radiation of solar panels are considered. The ECOM (Empirical CODE orbit Model), ECOM+along-track and ECOM2 models are employed on top in the experiment. We show that without the use of the a priori box-wing model, the ECOM+along-track model shows clear better orbit solutions during eclipse seasons for BDS-3 satellites. This is proven to be mainly due to the thermal radiation of the solar panels. However, the along-track acceleration is highly correlated with LOD (length of day) and ECOM parameters. LOD estimates in this case are contaminated. When using the physical a priori box-wing model satellite orbital errors are greatly reduced for all the ECOM models. For instance, orbit misclosures of BDS-3 CAST (China Academy of Space Technology) satellites improve by a factor of two for the ECOM model during eclipse seasons. Furthermore, the use of the a priori box-wing model mitigates a great majority of the spurious signals in the geodetic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants, ultraviolet (UV)-light is an important driver for growth and natural distribution, and is also a valuable tool for manipulating productivity as well as biotic interactions. Understanding of plant responses to different UV radiation is sparse, especially from a systems biology perspective and particularly for conifers. Here, we evaluated the physiological and transcriptomic responses to the short-term application of high-irradiance UV-B and UV-C waves on Pinus tabuliformis Carr. a major conifer in Northern China. By undertaking time-ordered gene coexpression network analyses and network comparisons incorporating physiological traits and gene expression variation, we uncovered communalities but also differences in P. tabuliformis responses to UV-B and UV-C. Both types of spectral bands caused a significant inhibition of photosynthesis, and conversely, the improvement of antioxidant capacity, flavonoid production and signaling pathways related to stress resistance, indicating a clear switch from predominantly primary metabolism to enhanced defensive metabolism in pine. We isolated distinct subnetworks for photoreceptor-mediated signal transduction, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) regulation and flavonoid biosynthesis in response to UV-B and UV-C radiation. From these subnetworks, we further identified phototropins as potentially important elements in both UV-B and UV-C signaling and, for the first time, suggesting peptide hormones to be involved in promoting flavonoid biosynthesis against UV-B, while these hormones seem not to be implicated in the defense against UV-C exposure. The present study employed an effective strategy for disentangling the complex physiological and genetic regulatory mechanisms in a nonmodel plant species, and thus, provides a suitable reference for future functional evaluations and artificial UV-light mediated growing strategies in plant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship of the surface shortwave radiation (SSR) with the daily precipitation intensity (DPREI), total cloud cover (TCC), and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is analyzed for the five northwestern provinces (Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi) of China. It reveals the influences of the different DPREI levels and different TCC and AOD levels on the SSR diurnal variation. The results show that the average SSR is stronger in Xinjiang and Qinghai, and the seasons with the stronger intensity of SSR and larger variation of diurnal SSR in the provinces of northwest China are summer and spring. Detailed analysis shows that the influence of DPREI, TCC, and AOD on SSR is greater in the eastern region of northwest China than that in the western region. In spring and summer, it is possible to select a factor among DPREI, TCC, and AOD which has the best-fitting relationship with SSR in each province of northwest China. When considering the DPREI, TCC, and AOD simultaneously, the fitting effect of SSR is better than that of the results fitted by the single factor. In particular, the fitting ability of SSR in Xinjiang and Qinghai has been significantly improved. According to the basic meteorological elements such as DPREI, TCC, and AOD, the variation characteristics of regional mean SSR under typical weather conditions can be obtained. It is helpful to assess the SSR simply just based on the weather information from the meteorological office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent years, the lung cancer incidence has grown and the population is younger. We intend to find out the true detection rate of pulmonary nodules and the incidence of lung cancer in the population and search for the risk factors. Method: Hospital employees ≥40 years old who underwent low‐dose computed tomography (CT) lung cancer screening from January 2019 to March 2022 were selected to record CT‐imaging characteristics, pathology, staging, and questionnaires to investigate past history, smoking history, diet, mental health, etc. PM2.5 and radiation intake in radiation‐related occupation received monitoring in hospital. Result: The detection rate of suspicious pulmonary nodules was 9.1% (233/2552), and the incidence rate of lung cancer (including adenocarcinoma in situ) was 4.0% (103/2552). Morbidity among doctors, nurses, technicians, administers, and logistics was no difference (p = 0.184), but higher in women than in men (4.7% vs 2.4% p = 0.002). The invasiveness increased with age and CT density of nodules (p = 0.018). The relationship between lung cancer morbidity and PM2.5 was not clear (p = 0.543); and no lung cancer has been found in employees related ionizing radiation. Conclusion: The high screening rate has brought about a high incidence of lung cancer. At present, the risk factor analysis of lung cancer based on small samples cannot find the direct cause. Most of the ground glass opacity (GGO)s detected by LDCT screening are indolent, but there are also rapidly progressive lung cancer. A predictive model to identify active and indolent GGO is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nuclear Safety is the property of Nuclear & Radiation Safety Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A benchmark dataset of radiation, heat and CO2 fluxes is crucial to land-atmosphere interaction research. Due to the rapid urbanization and the development of agriculture, land-atmosphere interaction process over the Yangtze River Delta YRD) of China, which is the typical East Asian monsoon region, is becoming various and complex. To understand the effects of various land cover changes on land-atmosphere interaction in this region, a comprehensive long-term (2011-2019) in situ observation including 30-min meteorology (air temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction), surface radiative flux, turbulent heat flux, and CO2 flux was conducted at four sites with two typical surface types (i.e., croplands and suburbs) in the YRD. The dataset shows that all four component radiation components, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, and CO2 fluxes varied seasonally and diurnally at four sites. Surface energy fluxes exhibited great differences among the four sites. On an annual basis, for two cropland sites, the dominant consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux. At two suburb sites, latent heating dominates from April to November, whereas sensible heating dominates the other months. This dataset will contribute to multiple research fields, including studying land-atmosphere interaction, improving the boundary-layer parameterization schemes, evaluating remote sensing algorithms, and developing climate models in the typical East Asian monsoon region. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6552301, last access: 10 May 2022 (Duan et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia (NH3) can interact with other trace chemicals in the atmosphere, significantly impacting atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. China is a largely agricultural country with high consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and large livestock herds, resulting in high NH3 emissions. In this study, a comprehensive county-level inventory of Chinese NH3 emissions from 2013 to 2018 was compiled. Based on previous research, an estimate of NH3 emissions from household coal combustion was added to the inventory. The estimation of emissions from open biomass burning was improved by using a method based on fire radiative energy (FRE). The total NH3 emissions in China increased from 2013 (9.64 Tg) to 2015 (9.75 Tg), and then decreased to 9.12 Tg in 2018. Emissions from fossil fuels reached a peak value in 2018, accounting for 8.4% of total emissions, while fertilizer application and livestock waste were responsible for fewer emissions than in previous years, accounting for 27.7% and 49.9% of the total from non-fossil fuel sources, respectively. The highest emission rates were in central and southwestern China. Seasonally, NH3 emissions peaked in spring and summer. The inventory had a 1-km spatial resolution and a monthly temporal resolution, which confirmed its suitability for global and regional air quality simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DEA-BCC model. And the Malmquist index have been used, from static and dynamic perspectives, to measure the eco-efficiency of 30 cities and provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. The results shows that: the average static eco-efficiency of 30 cities and provinces in China is 0.643. Differences exists all over China. While Shanghai and Beijing are ecologically efficient, other 28 cities and provinces are faced with different extents of inefficiency. There are also differences among regions, which generally show the spatial distribution pattern with high efficiency in the eastern regions while low in the western regions. The Malmquist index of eco-efficiency in total 30 cities and provinces shows a healthy growth trend, and the technological progress. Acts as its main driving force. Therefore, eastern regions should enhance the. radiation capacity, strengthen the synergy among regions, give full play to. The advantages of each regions. It is sensible to improve the eco-efficiency by means of optimizing the industrial structure, enhancing the technological level and improving eco-efficiency of China and realizing green development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratoon rice is proposed as a promising way to improve rice productivity via increasing harvest frequency. Nitrogen (N) is the most effective in promoting the development and growth of ratoon plants. However, limited information is available on how different N management practices affect the biomass production of the ratoon crop (RC) through influencing canopy light interception, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and N utilization. Field experiments were conducted in central China in 2016 and 2017 to examine the effects of N management practices on the biomass accumulation of RC and the underlying physiological mechanisms. The N rates (100 vs. 200 kg N ha−1) in the main crop (MC) had a small and inconsistent effect on the biomass accumulation of RC. N application at 15 days after heading of MC for promoting bud development (Nbud, 100 kg N ha–1) increased total biomass production of RC by 17.2–19.1%, due to the improvements in both pre- and post-heading biomass production during the ratoon season (BPratoon). N application at 1–2 days after harvesting of MC for promoting the growth of regenerated tillers (Ntiller, 100 kg N ha–1) increased total biomass production of RC by 7.8–15.9% due to the improvements in post-heading BPratoon alone or both pre- and post-heading BPratoon. The differences in BPratoon caused by Nbud and Ntiller were associated with crop growth rate, leaf area index, RUE, and N uptake of RC. Total N uptake of RC was improved by Nbud through increasing stubble N content at harvest of MC and by Ntiller through increasing plant N uptake during the ratoon season. N use efficiency for BPratoon was reduced by Ntiller but not by Nbud. These results suggest that both Nbud and Ntiller play important roles in improving biomass production in RC, although Nbud was more efficient than Ntiller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to protect the health of radiation workers, scientific management of radiation workplace protection is implemented, and occupational health risks of radiation workplaces in Gansu Province, China are identified and evaluated through monitoring. The basic situation of occupational health management of radiological workers in 1366 radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions was investigated, and 596 monitoring hospitals were selected for occupational health monitoring. Using a 2-IN∗2-in NaI (Tl) scintillation spectrometer and its supporting software, internal thyroid irradiation monitoring was performed. Fifty-one underground workers in a deep mine iron mine were selected to monitor the effect of high radon exposure. 11 (6%) monitored hospital interventional radiology staff detected lead outside the aprons between 5 mSv and 20 mSv during a single monitoring period; In nuclear medicine, radiation monitoring in the thyroid detected 3(15%) people with doses between 5 mSv and 20msv.The chromosome aberration rate and Detection rate of posterior pole subcapsular opacification of interventional radiation group and nuclear medicine group was higher than that of conventional radiation group, and the difference between interventional radiation group and conventional medicine group was statistically significant. Abnormal detection of tumor markers in serum after sustained radon exposure accounted for 39.2% of NSE(neuron-specific enolase), 22.5% of SCC(squamous cell carcinoma associated antigen), and 5.9% of CyFRA21-1(cytokeratin 19 fragment), respectively, chest low-dose CT showed plaque and stripe shadow in 21 cases (41.2%) and nodules in 16 cases (31.4%). Individual dose monitoring found that radiation workers engaged in interventional radiology were exposed to higher doses and had higher occupational risks. The results of occupational health examination show that there is a certain degree of radiation injury in interventional radiology and nuclear medicine workers. Nuclear medicine radiation monitoring results show that some workplaces have radioactive contamination. The radon exposure of deep mine miners has a higher occupational risk of lung cancer caused by high radon.The analysis of chromosome aberration is an important index of occupational health monitoring of radiation workers. • Dic + r can be used as a sensitive index of radiation injury in low-dose radiation workers. • A simple method for monitoring internal thyroid irradiation. • There is a certain degree of radiation injury in interventional radiology and nuclear medicine workers. • The radon exposure of deep mine miners has a higher occupational risk of lung cancer caused by high radon. • There is radioactive contamination in some workplaces of the nuclear medicine department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogeography of the Kaloula genus in East Asia is still poorly understood. One of the difficulties is the absence of fossils to corroborate molecular dating estimates. Here, we examined the mitochondrial structure of Kaloula spp. in East Asia and focused on the impact of glaciations on the northernmost species: Kaloula borealis. We determined the phylogenetic relationships, molecular dating, and genetic connectivity assessments within the genus from 1211 bp of concatenated mitochondrial 12S and 16S. The relaxed clock analyses reveal the emergence of Kaloula spp. common ancestor in East and Southeast Asia between the Eocene and Oligocene, c. 38.47 Ma (24.69–53.65). The genetic diversification of lineages then increased on the East Asian Mainland during the Lower Miocene, c. 20.10 (8.73–30.65), most likely originating from the vicariance and radiation triggered by the orogeny of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Later, the dispersal towards the North East Asian Mainland during the Upper Miocene drove the population diversification of K. borealis c. 9.01 Ma (3.66–15.29). Finally, the central mainland population became isolated following orogenesis events and diverged into K. rugifera during the Pliocene, c. 3.06 Ma (0.02–10.90). The combination of population genetic and barrier analyses revealed a significant genetic isolation between populations of Kaloula spp. matching with the massive Qinling–Daba Mountain chain located in south‐central China. Finally, we highlight a young divergence within the Eastern Mainland population of K. borealis, possibly attributed to refugia in south eastern China from which populations later expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a three-month field experiment focusing on the physical and chemical characteristics of fog in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, in the winter of 2019. In general, the fog would form at midnight and persist because of the increased long-wave radiative cooling combined with the high relative humidity, gentle breeze, and a relatively low aerosol number concentration in the forest; the fog would dissipate before noon due to the increasing turbulence near the surface. This diurnal cycle is typical for radiation fog. The microphysical fog properties included a relatively low number concentration of the fog droplet, large droplet size, high liquid water content, narrow droplet number-size distribution, and high supersaturation. The chemical properties showed that the fog water was slightly alkaline with low electrical conductivity, whereas the highest proportions of anions and cations therein were Cl− and Ca2+, respectively; the chemical components were enriched in small fog droplets. In addition, we indirectly calculated the fog supersaturation according to the κ-Köhler theory. We found that condensation broadens the droplet number-size distribution at relatively low supersaturation, which is positively correlated with the fog-droplet number concentration and negatively correlated with the droplet mean-volume diameter; this affects the key microphysical processes of fog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty in trend estimates caused by temporal scale effect has rarely been studied. In response to this challenge, this study aims to explore temporal scale effects on trend detection based on in situ measurements throughout China given that they provide full temporal details of surface elements. Three common temporal scales (daily, monthly, and yearly) were used to present findings. Two different trend detection methods (i.e., simple linear regression and breaks for additive seasonal and trend) were employed to check the dependence of temporal scale effects on methods. It was found that temporal scale effects were dependent on the type of elements, the time span of datasets, and trend detection methods. They are more significant for elements with fast changes (e.g., snow depth) compared to those with gradual changes (e.g., albedo, air temperature). And temporal scale effects from daily to monthly scale are generally larger than those from monthly to yearly scale. The former is almost independent of trend detection methods, while the latter shows a clear dependence (i.e., dealing with seasonality or not). Trend estimates of surface albedo and longwave net radiation are mainly affected by temporal scale effects, while those of snow depth, shortwave net radiation, and air temperature are affected by both temporal scale effects and the choice of trend detection methods. The feedbacks between these elements show a clear dependence on temporal scale, which are generally stronger on monthly scale but weaker on yearly scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water surface‐atmosphere interactions play an important role in the climate system on regional and even global scale. Yet, it remains unclear whether radiative or aerodynamic forces contribute more to water surface evaporation, which may lead to different strategies in model parameterization. This study compared the eddy covariance observations taken at two contrasting lakes in China: Poyang Lake (subtropical, plain, and warm) in 2018 and Yamzhog Yum Co (alpine, plateau, and cold) in 2016. Both lakes of similar latitude have similar solar radiation, and Yamzhog Yum Co has a lower atmospheric pressure and air density and a larger temperature difference between water surface and air. Poyang Lake had a total evaporation of 741 mm from 6 May to 31 December 2018, relatively higher than that of Yamzhog Yum Co (677 mm) for the same season in 2016. Evaporation peaked in August for Poyang Lake but in October for Yamzhog Yum Co. The Penman equation disclosed that radiative forces contributed more than aerodynamic forces in both lakes. Evaporation was found to be most sensitive to air temperature in Poyang Lake but to surface net radiation in Yamzhog Yum Co, attributable to their sensitivity differences in iso‐radiative and isothermal conditions. Higher elevation reduced the aerodynamic contribution with lower air temperature and atmospheric pressure in Yamzhog Yum Co. The findings should be useful for understanding different behaviors of lake evaporation under common mechanisms. Key Points: Higher evaporation in Poyang Lake (plain, subtropical, and warm) than Yamzhog Yum Co (plateau, alpine, and cold) lags behind surface net radiationAerodynamic contribution to evaporation is lower than radiative one, and less in Yamzhog Yum Co (YL) due to low air temperature and pressureEvaporation is most sensitive to air temperature in Poyang Lake, different from YL in their iso‐radiative and isothermal sensitivity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]