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This paper explores the critical roles of researchers in research involving vulnerable populations. Its purpose is to reflect on the complex nature of vulnerability of Bhutanese refugee women who had resettled in Australia involved in research looking at the barriers to accessing preventive cancer screening. First, we describe the vulnerabilities considered prior to the research study and the actions taken to protect participants while the study was conducted. Second, we discuss those vulnerabilities that we did not anticipate, but were subsequently revealed during the study and consequently included in the study findings. These vulnerabilities should be considered for future research involving similar populations. It is important for researchers to use appropriate research designs that enable the voice of vulnerable people to be heard and to use research strategies that ensure findings are robust and participants are protected and empowered. Potential implications include the development of research practices that take account of the sources of vulnerabilities and consideration of how different vulnerabilities can evolve and affect findings and research recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]