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Key message: LRRop-1, induced by DOF6 transcription factor, negatively regulates abiotic stress responses during Arabidopsis seed germination. The lrrop-1 mutant has reduced ABA signaling, which is part of the underlying stress-remediation mechanism. The large family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins plays a role in plant immune responses. Most LRR proteins have multiple functional domains, but a subfamily is known to possess only the LRR domain. The roles of these LRR-only proteins in Arabidopsis remain largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we have identified 44 LRR-only proteins in Arabidopsis and phylogenetically classified them into nine sub-groups. We characterized the function of LRRop-1, belonging to sub-group V. LRRop-1 encodes a predominantly ER-localized LRR domain-containing protein that is highly expressed in seeds and rosette leaves. Promoter motif analysis revealed an enrichment in binding sites for several GA-responsive and stress-responsive transcription factors. The lrrop-1 mutant seeds showed enhanced seed germination on medium containing abscisic acid (ABA), paclobutrazol and NaCl compared to the wild type (WT), demonstrating higher abiotic stress tolerance. Also, the lrrop-1 mutant seeds have lower levels of endogenous ABA, but higher levels of gibberellic acid (GA) and jasmonic acid-Ile (JA-Ile) compared to the WT. Furthermore, lrrop-1 mutant seeds imbibed with ABA exhibited reduced expression of ABA-responsive genes compared to similarly treated WT seeds, suggesting suppressed ABA signaling events in the mutant. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data showed that DNA BINDING1 ZINC FINGER6 (DOF6), a negative regulator of seed germination, could directly bind to the LRRop-1 promoter and up-regulate its expression. Thus, our results show that LRRop-1 regulates ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses during Arabidopsis seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Variations in floral display represent one of the core features associated with the transition from allogamy to autogamy in angiosperms. The promotion of autogamy under stress conditions suggests the potential involvement of a signaling pathway with a dual role in both flower development and stress response. The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway is a plausible candidate to play such a role because of its involvement in many plant responses to environmental and developmental cues. In the present study, we used peach (Prunus persica L.) varieties with showy and non-showy flowers to investigate the role of JA (and JA signaling suppressors) in floral display. Results: Our results show that PpJAZ1, a component of the JA signaling pathway in peach, regulates petal expansion during anthesis and promotes self-pollination. PpJAZ1 transcript levels were higher in petals of the non-showy flowers than those of showy flowers at anthesis. Moreover, the ectopic expression of PpJAZ1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) converted the showy, chasmogamous tobacco flowers into non-showy, cleistogamous flowers. Stability of PpJAZ1 was confirmed in vivo using PpJAZ1-GFP chimeric protein. PpJAZ1 inhibited JA-dependent processes in roots and leaves of transgenic plants, including induction of JA-response genes to mechanical wounding. However, the inhibitory effect of PpJAZ1 on JA-dependent fertility functions was weaker, indicating that PpJAZ1 regulates the spatial localization of JA signaling in different plant organs. Indeed, JA-related genes showed differential expression patterns in leaves and flowers of transgenic plants. Conclusions: Our results reveal that under stress conditions - for example, herbivore attacks - stable JAZ proteins such as PpJAZ1 may alter JA signaling in different plant organs, resulting in autogamy as a reproductive assurance mechanism. This represents an additional mechanism by which plant hormone signaling can modulate a vital developmental process in response to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seed germination is of immense significance for agriculture and has been studied for centuries. Yet, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of dormancy and germination is still in its infancy. Gibberellins are the key phytohormones that promote germination, and the DELLA protein RGL2 is the main signalling intermediate involved in this response. Germination is completely inhibited if functional RGL2 is overexpressed and/or stabilized; however, the molecular mechanisms of RGL2 function are still largely unknown. We therefore attempted to shed light onto some of the genetic events downstream of RGL2. Results: Gene ontology of the transcriptome differentially regulated by RGL2, as well as extensive cross-comparison with other available microarray data indicates that RGL2-mediated inhibition of germination causes seeds to enter a state of dormancy. RGL2 also appears to differentially regulate a number of transcription factors, many of which are known to be involved in light- or phytohormone-mediated aspects of germination. A promoter analysis of differentially expressed genes identified an enrichment of several motifs that can be bound by specific transcription factors, for example GAMYB, ARF1, or Dof-type zinc fingers. We show that Dof-binding motifs indeed play a role in RGL2-mediated transcription. Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that RGL2 directly downregulates at least one cell wall modifying enzyme, which is predicted to constrain cell growth thereby leading to inhibition of seed germination. Conclusions: Our results reveal that RGL2 controls various aspects of germination. Through the repression of cell wall modifying enzymes, cell growth is directly constrained to inhibit germination. Furthermore, RGL2 likely interacts with various types of proteins to regulate transcription, and differentially regulates several transcription factors. Collectively, our data indicate that gibberellins, acting via RGL2, control several aspects of seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]