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Tropical seabirds play a key role in coral island ecosystems, but there are still many uncertainties regarding their paleoecology. Seabird paleoecology was investigated on Nandao Island, Xisha Islands, South China Sea, from sub-fossil remains spanning the past 800 years. Ornithogenic sediments were collected beneath seabird-inhabited shrubs where a large number of seabird/fish sub-fossils were recovered. We used reflectance spectroscopy to show that seabird population size was overall higher during the Little Ice Age (LIA) compared to periods before and after this event. Nonetheless, the number of seabirds also fluctuated during the LIA. Seabird populations on Nandao reached their highest points at 1480–1550 and 1650–1800 CE, respectively, but the population remained low from 1550 to 1650 CE. A large migration of seabirds from Nandao Island to the adjacent Beidao Island, where the population size surged at that time, is hypothesized to explain the corresponding decrease in the seabirds at Nandao. Stable isotope (δ 15 N and δ 13 C) analyses also suggest a change in foraging behavior by seabirds at Nandao during the period 1550–1650 CE. Seabirds at low population size foraged near the island and preyed upon smaller flying fish as inferred from low δ 15 N and high δ 13 C values in fish scales, but fed upon larger flying fish farther from the island during times of high population. This shift in foraging behavior is in accordance with predictions for Ashmole's Halo in that islands with high densities of birds will cause a depletion of resources near the colonies and force more distant foraging away from the colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]