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Zabihollah Yousefi1, Reza-Ali Mohmadpour 2, Ebrahim Zarei3, Mansour Barafrashtehpour 4 1 PhD, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2 PhD, Professor, Department of Statistics, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3 Lecturer, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran 4 MSc, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran In the article published in volume 23, issue Suppl 2, 2014, the first author’s name was incorrect. It should have been Zabihollah Yousefi, which is now corrected.

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Background: According to the widespread prevalence of different chronic diseases, nurses need to know the choices, necessities, and abilities of patients. The study purpose was to investigate the methodological quality of published papers based on Family-Centered Empowerment Model (FCEM). Methods: This study was a systematic review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used to retrieve all national and international studies in the field of FCEM. The final papers were reviewed for different methodological dimensions using three quantitative scales: Jadad, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010, and Newcastle-Ottawa, and qualitative scale of Cochrane risk of bias. Findings: In the initial search, 644 papers were retrieved; following PRISMA screening guideline, 47 relevant papers were recognized. Jadad scale scores showed that one study received a score of 5 and 33 received a score of less than 3. Consort scale scores indicated that four studies were scored 7 and the same number were scored less than 5. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale scores showed that 13 studies were scored 8, and 4 were scored less than 4. The five dimensions of Cochrane's risk of bias scale are detailed in the paper. Conclusion: The methodological quality of applied studies based on the FCEM was relatively good, but their reporting style and quality were inadequate.

Background and Objectives: Critical appraisal of published research papers is routinely conducted as a journal club (JC) activity in pharmacology departments of various medical colleges across Maharashtra, and it forms an important part of their postgraduate curriculum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of pharmacology postgraduate students and teachers toward use of critical appraisal as a reinforcing tool for research methodology. Evaluation of performance of the in-house pharmacology postgraduate students in the critical appraisal activity constituted secondary objective of the study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. In Part I, a cross-sectional questionnaire-based evaluation on perception toward critical appraisal activity was carried out among pharmacology postgraduate students and teachers. In Part II of the study, JC score sheets of 2nd- and 3rd-year pharmacology students over the past 4 years were evaluated. Results: One hundred and twenty-seven postgraduate students and 32 teachers participated in Part I of the study. About 118 (92.9%) students and 28 (87.5%) faculties considered the critical appraisal activity to be beneficial for the students. JC score sheet assessments suggested that there was a statistically significant improvement in overall scores obtained by postgraduate students (n = 25) in their last JC as compared to the first JC. Conclusion: Journal article criticism is a crucial tool to develop a research attitude among postgraduate students. Participation in the JC activity led to the improvement in the skill of critical appraisal of published research articles, but this improvement was not educationally relevant.

Somatotypic studies and their description of the human morphological configuration allow to appreciate impacts on eating habits and sedentary lifestyle. This study determined the somatotypic difference in Mapuche (NM) and non-Mapuche (NNM) children from Malleco, Chile. Through the ISAK protocol, 160 children with a mean age of 12.5 years, height 145.5 ± 3.5 cm and weight 43.7 ± 3 kg were evaluated, obtaining the following classifications: Group 12 years, Mapuche; mesoendomorphs. Non-Mapuche group 12 years; Endomesomorph. Group 13 years old, Mapuche; Mesoendomorphs. Non Mapuche group 13 years old; endomesomorph. The results indicate that for the age of 12 years, the NM presented lower values of endomorphy and higher values of mesomorphy (p≤0.01) than NNM. The 13-year-old NMs presented lower endomorphy and mesomorphy values (p≤0.01) than NNM. In conclusion, Mapuche schoolchildren present a mesomorphic predominance, however, NNM present a predominance of the endomorphic component.

Introduction: The National Scientific Congress (NSC) is an annual event held in Peru in which medical students from all over the country present their research work. Objectives: To determine the publication rate in indexed scientific journals of research papers submitted to the NSCs held between 2010 and 2014, as well as the factors associated with their publication, and to describe the characteristics of the published papers. Materials and methods: Retrospective study in which 407 abstracts of research papers were reviewed. A publication time window of 6 years (from submission) was considered. A bivariate analysis was performed to assess differences between categorical and numerical variables using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. In addition, a multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression models (a crude and an adjusted model), calculating relative risk (RR) values with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) to determine the factors associated with the publication of papers. A significance level of p

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Some considerations on the writing of scientific papers

About paper Level of knowledge about smoking and its relation with oral cavity

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Objectives This document provides an English translation of the Israeli Joint Commission’s national guidelines for triaging severely ill patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Four subcommittees of medical, legal, ethical-social, and religious experts developed the general principles and practical medical criteria for triaging scarce life-saving resources. Results The guidelines provide an overview of general principles as well as pragmatic medical criteria and a practical triage protocol to be followed should the healthcare system be overwhelmed due to COVID-19. Issues covered include triggers for activating the guidelines, guiding ethical, legal, and religious principles, equity in access, fair distribution, transparency, consistency, palliation, medical policy prioritization, problem-solving mechanisms, and public trust. Conclusions The Israeli consensus document and pragmatic medical triage protocol offer a societal and medical roadmap for allocating scarce resources during the COVID-19 pandemic or other disasters.

Abstract Xylophagia is a form of pica where patients have the unusual craving for ingestion of paper. After treating the underlying cause of pica, in this case treating iron deficiency anemia with iron replacement therapy, these unusual cravings resolve.

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Background: 10 to 35% of the adult population all round the world is infected with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). So far, no cure is recommended for this disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease; the resort is recently used for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to review the studies about the role of omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: First, PubMed and ISI databases were searched for the papers in their text there were the words NAFLD, NASH, nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatosis, DHA, EPA, fish oil and omega 3. Then, the papers were divided into tree groups: animal studies, cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies and clinical trials. Totally, 21 articles were evaluated. Findings: The results of cross-sectional and case-control studies were not similar, but more robust studies showed that inadequate intakes of dietary sources of omega-3 was associated with fatty liver disease. Most interventions have been conducted in animal and human studies that have been reported positive effects of omega-3 supplementation in reducing triglycerides and fatty liver in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Conclusion: According to the available evidence, it seems that reduction of omega-3 food sources due to poor eating habits can be one of the reasons of multi-factorial fatty liver disease. In addition, the use of omega-3 supplement along with modification of the diet pattern and lifestyle is beneficial for patients.

Objective (s): To evaluate accuracy of writing of published papers in biomedical scientific journals in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, all original articles published in two scientific journals in 2010 were evaluated. Different topics of articles, including abstract, introduction, methods and materials, results, discussion and references were assessed. Totally, 52 items were evaluated and classified as 3 categories of “correct”, “relatively correct” and “incorrect”. Results: Seventy-seven original articles were evaluated in two journals. Accuracy of writing were as follows: 47% correct, 50.5% relatively correct, and 2.5% incorrect. Inaccuracy among incorrect writing articles were: abstract 31.65%t, introduction 35.5%, methods and materials 44%, results 21%, discussion 68.6%, and references 41.35%. Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is considerable inaccuracy in published articles of scientific research journals. Implementation of measures to prevent such scientific mistakes seems necessary.

Emergency care occurs on a continuum. Developing prehospital emergency care systems that are integrated with in-hospital emergency care systems can be a sustainable and effective way to help address the large morbidity and mortality of acute disease in Africa. Unfortunately, development of such prehospital systems across Africa has been slow to progress for many reasons, including feared cost implications, no agreed optimal system structure and function, and poor advocacy. In November 2013, the African Federation for Emergency Medicine (AFEM) convened a second expert and stakeholder meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, with the objective of reaching consensus on a few position statements to facilitate advocacy and to guide the development of emergency care in Africa. The objective of this paper is to report the outputs and position statements emerging from the AFEM Out-of-Hospital Emergency Care Workgroup consensus process. The term “Out-of-Hospital Emergency Care” was agreed by consensus and defined by the Workgroup as a suitable umbrella term for use in Africa that refers to the full spectrum of emergency care that occurs outside healthcare facilities. Critical components of this system were defined, including first responder care (tier-one) systems, and prehospital care and emergency medical services (tier-two) systems. The Workgroup provided a practical, adaptable and flexible set of guidelines and expert recommendations to facilitate advocacy and development of out-of-hospital emergency care systems in needy African settings. Future directions of the AFEM Out-of-Hospital Emergency Care Workgroup include creating an online Toolkit. This will serve as a repository of template documents to guide implementation and development of clinical care, education, transportation, public access, policy and governance.

The paper reports the experience of Supervised Internship in Community Social Psychology from the State University of Piauí (UESPI) performed in a Basic Health Unit of Teresina, Piauí. The objectives of the internship were: insert themselves in everyday community, collect and interpret data from this reality, rise possible demands of work and develop intervention activities aimed at education and health promotion. There were home visits, counseling, referrals and especially playful activities with children in the waiting room. The creation of educational and preventive spaces in the community through popular education contributed to improving the quality of services and allowed a holistic and differentiated children who attend this service attention. Health promotion that subjects provided an opportunity to express their own perceptions of reality, with the prospect of linking health and living conditions, sharing the cultural, economic, psychological, social and environmental situations that have a serious impact on the health- disease process.

Publishing scientific papers is the last process in the research chain. Publishing is a long and exhausting process, which, in many cases, does not have a happy end. In high-impact management journals publishing original works in the health area, only about 10% of the articles passed to the first round of peer review, and only 5 % of all papers subject to review are eventually published. My paper discusses some useful tips that can help your papers to belong to that 5%-elite. Even if you find it is difficult, it is not impossible.

Background: Duplicate publication is publication of a paper which overlaps with another published paper in many important parts and is essentially considered unethical. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the pattern of duplicate publication as well as determining the causes of this phenomenon among the papers of researchers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: All cases of discovered duplicate publication during 2005 to 2008 referred to the committee of ethics were studied. After confirmation of duplicate publication, the cases were assessed by interviewing and reviewing the documents; then the fundamental roots was drawn. After analyzing the cases and categorizing the fundamental causes, a classification and definition of duplicate publication phenomenon was presented. Findings: Out of the nine underwent duplicate publication papers, eight were “Copy publishing” and the other was “Least publishable unit” (or Salami Slicing). From sixteen journals where papers were published, only five had impact factor and six were Iranian. Seven papers were in Persian and two in English. Conclusion: According to our findings, our country’s scientific community is not familiar with the professional rules of scientific and research work, so most of the duplicate publications are uninformed and non-intentional. To prevent duplicate publishing, besides taking legal action against duplicate publication with copy right infringement, the way to interact with the trend of review of papers, correspondence with the editors of journals, and announcement of rules of committee of ethics in research should be taught to faculty members and researchers. Key words: Duplicate publication, Fundamental roots, Preventive ways.

The modern science influence in the health field is reproduced mainly at the upbringing and the daily basis of the health professionals, this is translated in the ways of social inequality and requiresa change in the upbringing processes. This review study indicates ponderations, directresses and guidelines that allow the critical production of knowledge, tuning the dialogue of epistemology andmethodology formalizations. For the upbringing of independent individuals there is an argumentation that researches that criticize reality is a condition for the upbringing, allowing a dialogic formation in the health field. The objectives were to reflect about researches as a way to criticize reality, upbringing of independent individuals and health practice reconstruction; to indicate guidelines for scientific production in graduation and post graduation schools. The use of guidelines and regulations for scientific papers production, in the light of epistemology andacademic formalization dialogue, enables the comprehension of theoretical possibilities, ethics, politics and science technique.

Keywords: Biological Agents; Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; Portugal; Psoriasis/drug therapy.

Background: Many studies were conducted to evaluate the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. The aim of this study was to review these studies. Methods: We searched the ISI and PubMed databases for studies that evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and obesity in children. At first, the studies containing the words "glycemic index", "glycemic load", "glycaemic index" or "glycaemic load" plus "child", "children", "young", "youth" or "adolescent" were selected. Among 1001 selected studies, articles were accepted if they had considered obesity or related factors as their main dependent variables. Findings: Twenty studies were included. Although the cross-sectional results were inconsistent, stronger studies had found a direct relation between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. Cohort studies had shown positive, neutral and negative associations between these dietary factors and obesity in children. However, although most clinical trials had reported a positive effect of dietary glycemic index on childhood obesity, they had not shown the similar effect for glycemic load. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence for making a certain conclusion. Therefore, further studies in this field are suggested.

This article is a reflection of the work of the physiotherapist in community settings, from a glance at the history of the practice community health at the University of Cauca. Initially, the text is a revision of the Colombian legislation on the commitments of universities with their environment (also embodied in the explicit mission of the University of Cauca and the program of physical therapy) and some at the international level on what should be the practice of physiotherapy. In light of this, the second part of the text a description of the historical development of community health practice in the physiotherapy program at the University of Cauca since 2003 until today. The final section presents conclusions and outlines the challenges ahead for this and other similar programs.

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease.The main pathologic manifestation of disease is localdestruction of cartilage in diarthrodial joint. New bone formation in marginal surface of the joint is a signprogressive disease.Many systemic and local factors are introduced in initiate and progression of osteoarthritis include:age, sex, weight, race, genetic background, bone densitometry, sex hormones, endocrine and metabolicdisease, nutrition status, major and frequent minor trauma to joint, occupational or exercise over stressesto joint, congenital or developmental defect in joint and previous infectious or inflammatory jointdiseases.Early clinical manifestations often are intermittent mild pain in joint, frequently after joint use, mildstiffness with vague pain in periarthicular muscle.Diagnosis of osteoarthritis is simply with history, physical examination and X-Ray. At now there isn’tdefinitive laboratory test for diagnosis.Overall osteoarthritis is destructive joint disease without cure, but we must be following the patientsand don’t leave them until complete cartilage destruction. Careful approach of physician with thesepatients can prevent more damage or at least delay it.

To the Editor: I have followed, with great interest, the passionate debate held between Lichtman, and Ashkenazi and Olsha in Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. Lichtman put forward a curious and enlightening proposal to offer a fractional value to each author, depending on the value of their relative contribution, with the total amounting to 1, as a way to reduce authorship abuses, such as gift or guest authorship, which are two very prevalent forms of authorship abuses in academic publishing today.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between serum and filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism (CH).We also tried to determine an appropriate cutoff point of filter TSH for recalling screened neonates. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, recordsof 2283 neonates who had been recalled during CH screening program in Isfahan (Iran) were studied. The relation between serum and filter paper TSH levels in the studied neonates was assessedand the best cutoff point of filter TSH and its sensitivity and specificity for proper diagnosis of CH were determined. Findings: Among the studied neonates, 103 (4.5%) were diagnosed with CH. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the best cutoff point for diagnosing CH was 7.5 with a sensitivity of 74.8% and specificity of 71.3%. The rates of false positive and false negative diagnoses atthis cutoff point were28.7% and 25.2%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between serum and filter paper TSH levels. Conclusion: The cutoff point for recall should be changed to 7.5 for appropriate screening outcome. On the other hand, considering the low cost of filter paper and importance of missing any case of CH, changing the cutoff point is not necessary. However, further studies in different parts of Iran are required to obtain more accurate resultsand consider all related factors. Keywords: Congenital hypothyroidism, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Filter paper

Background: Since 2020 SARS-CoV-2 spreads pandemically, infecting more than 119 million people, causing >2·6 million fatalities. Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary greatly, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. Different populations react differently to the disease, making it very hard to track the spread of the infection in a population. Measuring specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is an important tool to assess the spread of the infection or successful vaccinations. To achieve sufficient sample numbers, alternatives to venous blood sampling are needed not requiring medical personnel or cold-chains. Dried-blood-spots (DBS) on filter-cards have been used for different studies, but not routinely for serology. Methods: We developed a semi-automated protocol using self-sampled DBS for SARS-CoV-2 serology. It was validated in a cohort of matched DBS and venous-blood samples (n = 1710). Feasibility is demonstrated with two large serosurveys with 10247 company employees and a population cohort of 4465 participants. Findings: Sensitivity and specificity reached 99·20% and 98·65%, respectively. Providing written instructions and video tutorials, 99·87% (4465/4471) of the unsupervised home sampling DBS cards could be analysed. Interpretation: DBS-sampling is a valid and highly reliable tool for large scale serosurveys. We demonstrate feasibility and accuracy with a large validation cohort including unsupervised home sampling. This protocol might be of big importance for surveillance in resource-limited settings, providing low-cost highly accurate serology data. Funding: Provided by Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts, LMU University-Hospital; Helmholtz-Centre-Munich, German Ministry for Education and Research (project01KI20271); University of Bonn; University of Bielefeld; the Medical Biodefense Research Program of Bundeswehr-Medical-Service; Euroimmun, RocheDiagnostics provided discounted kits and machines

É já extenso o rol de pequenos manuais destinados a ensinar a bem escrever artigos de conteúdo científico, em especial na comarca da Medicina. Desde longa data que os países de língua inglesa se tem preocupado com esta matéria, estabelecendo preceitos rígidos que os editores das revistas médicas se esforçam por fazer cumprir. E já não há hoje publicação de qualidade que não estampe nas suas paginas um formulário a que devem obedecer os autores para que os seus escritos sejam aceites e publicados.

Aim:Publication rate of congress abstracts has gained attention in the recent literature. Our aim was to assess publication rate and the reasons behind publication of abstracts presented at North American Spine Society (NASS) 2009-2012 annual scientific meetings.Methods:We evaluated the abstracts presented at the NASS 2009- 2012 annual scientific meetings. We searched abstract titles and author names through the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Author specialty, origin of the abstract, journal name, time to publication (years) and content change were looked for.Results:The publication rate of the abstracts presented at NASS 2009- 2012 was 48%. The 2011 congress was the most successful one at reaching publication compared to other three years. Oral presentation abstracts were more likely to be published than poster abstracts, except the year 2011. Orthopedic surgery was the leading specialty in the number of presented abstracts (70%), while neurosurgery was the most successful specialty in seeing publication of the presented abstracts (58%).Conclusion:The publication rate of presented abstracts of NASS has increased compared to the previous years. Further research is needed to understand the reasons for some presented abstracts that could not have been published in scientific journals.

Introduction: In any change in the assessment system, students’ opinions as one of the main stakeholders is of great importance. These opinions will help planners overcome the problems and weaknesses and guide them towards corrective measures. The aim of this study was to investigate medical students’ experiences of pre-internship electronic exam in Isfahan and Kashan Universities of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methods: This qualitative study utilized directed content analysis approach. Participants included 17 medical students participating in the first pre-internship electronic exam and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded with participants’ permission and then transcribed. The data were analyzed in MAXQDA-10 software. Results: Three main categories emerged following data analysis including “strengths”, “weaknesses” and “solutions and recommendations”. Conclusion: This study elicited students’ experiences as one of the main stakeholders in the assessment system. The results indicate students’ satisfaction with participating in the pre-internship electronic exam and the students suggested that other exams should be held in this way.

Electronic health record (EHR) is increasingly being implemented in many developing countries. It is the need of the hour because it improves the quality of health care and is also cost-effective. Technologies can introduce some hazards hence safety of information in the system is a real challenge. Recent news of security breaches has put a question mark on this system. Despite its increased usefulness, and increasing enthusiasm in its adoption, not much attention is being paid to the ethical issues that might arise. Securing EHR with an encrypted password is a probable option. The purpose of this article is to discuss the various ethical issues arising in the use of the EHRs and their possible solutions.

Abstract Background There has been a growing concern regarding research waste and the mismatch between conducted research and the research needs of knowledge users. The Needs Led Research (NLR) approach is proposed as an effective method to ensure that research address actual evidence gaps that are relevant to the users of the knowledge. By search and reviewing literature and involving knowledge users, NLR aims to identify, verify, and prioritize research needs. This paper describes and compares the implementation of the NLR approach in two separate PhD projects within maternity care, and addresses the challenges encountered throughout the processes, aiming to offer valuable insights for future NLR initiatives. Methods The NLR processes consisted of four phases: (1) defining the scope (2) identifying and verifying research needs (3) prioritizing research needs and (4) designing the PhD projects. Literature searches were conducted during Phase 2, while knowledge user involvement took place in Phases 2 and 3. The knowledge user involvement, at a co-thinker and advocatory level, included knowledge user groups and surveys. Project groups, who were responsible for all decision-making, conducted Phases 1 and 4. The scopes of the PhD projects were labor induction (NLR-LINO) and fetal monitoring in low-risk deliveries (NLR-LISTEN). Results In NLR-LINO, 17 research needs were identified and verified as actual evidence gaps relevant for the knowledge users. Among these, ten were rated as “very important” by a majority of the 322 survey respondents. The aim of the PhD LINO project was defined as “To investigate whether outpatient induction of labor is beneficial in a Norwegian setting.” In NLR-LISTEN, seven research needs were identified and verified as actual evidence gaps relevant for the knowledge users. These were prioritized by 466 survey respondents, and the aim of the PhD LISTEN project was defined as “To investigate the methods used for fetal monitoring in low-risk deliveries in Norway and evaluate adherence to evidence-based practice while also exploring potential reasons for any deviations.” Conclusions This paper shows that the NLR is a viable approach for prioritizing research. The findings highlight the impact of the initial scope on subsequent phases and emphasize the importance of pragmatic decision-making throughout the process. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that NLR requires dedicated resources, and if integrated into PhD projects, additional time and training should be allocated accordingly.

Abstract Background The purpose of this paper is to report on the process for developing an online RE-AIM evaluation toolkit in partnership with organizations that provide physical activity programming for persons with disabilities. Methods A community-university partnership was established and guided by an integrated knowledge translation approach. The four-step development process included: (1) identify, review, and select knowledge (literature review and two rounds of Delphi consensus-building), (2) adapt knowledge to local context (rating feasibility of outcomes and integration into online platform), (3) assess barriers and facilitators (think-aloud interviews), and (4) select, tailor, implement (collaborative dissemination plan). Results Step 1: Fifteen RE-AIM papers relevant to community programming were identified during the literature review. Two rounds of Delphi refined indicators for the toolkit related to reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Step 2: At least one measure was linked with each indicator. Ten research and community partners participated in assessing the feasibility of measures, resulting in a total of 85 measures. Step 3: Interviews resulted in several recommendations for the online platform and toolkit. Step 4: Project partners developed a dissemination plan, including an information package, webinars, and publications. Discussion This project demonstrates that community and university partners can collaborate to develop a useful, evidence-informed evaluation resource for both audiences. We identified several strategies for partnership when creating a toolkit, including using a set of expectations, engaging research users from the outset, using consensus methods, recruiting users through networks, and mentorship of trainees. The toolkit can be found at et.cdpp.ca. Next steps include disseminating (e.g., through webinars, conferences) and evaluating the toolkit to improve its use for diverse contexts (e.g., universal PA programming).

Introduction: The introduction of emergency nursing in Africa has resulted in the establishment of several training schools across the continent. This has translated into a growing body of emergency care research being carried out by nurses; however, the breadth and extent of evidence remains unclear. The aim of the review was to map and collate the available literature on emergency nursing research in WHO Afro-region states. Methods: The review adopted the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping reviews. The review protocol was registered on 27 June 2022 (osf.io/5wz3x). The Population (nurse), Concept (emergency nursing research), Context (WHO Afro-region) (PCC) elements guided the development of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papers were searched across seven electronic data bases and two search engines using a three-search strategy. The screening was performed initially on the abstract and title and lastly on full text. The reporting for the review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Results: One hundred and thirteen papers were included in the review. Publication of emergency nursing research occurred from 2000 to 2022. The year 2017 and 2019 recorded the highest number of publications (n = 14). The country with the most publications was South Africa (n=50). Emergency nursing research used predominantly quantitative methodologies (n=58). The professional groups involved in research were nurses (n=69) as well as nurses and doctors (n=26). The identified papers focused primarily on emergency nursing education (n=23) and epidemiology (n=24). Conclusion: There is a notable increase in the number of publications on emergency nursing research in WHO Afro-region states, however from only 11 countries. Since most of the research is still at descriptive level, there is need to encourage emergency nursing research on interventions and measuring outcomes and impact in the emergency care system.

Abstract Background A collaborative approach is critical in inclusive research and should incorporate taking time to build relationships with co-researchers based on trust and shared understanding. Involvement can often be seen as tokenistic and in order to avoid this, it is important to provide opportunities for people to exercise choice throughout the research process. Main body The current paper outlines learnings from a co-researcher training process for young people with disabilities to identify the ways in which meaningful choice can be facilitated with this group. While conducting training of co-researchers in topics such as research methods, we were continuously led by the group with regards to the directions that the sessions took and promoted problem solving with the group to accommodate the unique needs of all members. The overall aim of a wider project was to develop research capacity in a group of young people with disabilities through co-researcher training and this paper will report on learnings from this work with regards to how we sought to provide opportunities for the co-researchers to exercise choice within research projects. Feedback from the group of young people highlighted the variety of needs and expectations that must be accommodated in such a process and therefore, allowing them to dictate the extent and manner of their engagement is key. Young people with disabilities are a heterogeneous group and therefore, some methodologies and ways of working required adaptation in order to facilitate meaningful choice and engagement for all. Conclusion Providing meaningful opportunities for demonstrating their choices, in relation to elements of research projects, is a critical component of facilitating a rights-based approach when conducting co-research and requires researchers to cede some level of control over the research process to co-researchers. This can be difficult to achieve in practice and researchers must continuously reflect on their own practice and be willing to change and adapt throughout the process.

Abstract Background Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is widely acknowledged as essential to achieving successful and impactful research. Despite this acknowledgement, there are limited reports on how to approach and apply meaningful PPI throughout the research cycle and how to address challenges for researchers such as doctoral students, particularly when undertaking research on sensitive topics. This paper provides insights and examples for researchers new to PPI, on the impact of active PPI and recommendations for building and developing a PPI group in a paediatric focused doctoral research study with bereaved parents and carers. Methods PPI was informed by the research cycle. The GRIPP2 short-form checklist was used to report PPI. The research was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research. Results PPI enhanced the research through input into the study design, recruitment, co-design of the study website and branding; and ethics amendments to increase participation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature review was extended to incorporate a PPI consultation phase and members contributed to data analysis. A flexible approach enabled involvement to develop iteratively throughout the research study, resulting in changes being made to enhance the study design and outcomes. Conclusion This paper contributes to the limited knowledge base on embedding PPI into a doctoral research study and within the paediatric setting specifically working in partnership with bereaved parents and carers. Employing an adaptive approach to meet individual PPI needs, building a trusting and respectful partnership, creating shared ownership and investment in the research, are essential components to successful PPI.

Abstract Public engagement with research (PEwR) has become increasingly integral to research practices. This paper explores the process and outcomes of a collaborative effort to address the ethical implications of PEwR activities and develop tools to navigate them within the context of a University Medical School. The activities this paper reflects on aimed to establish boundaries between research data collection and PEwR activities, support colleagues in identifying the ethical considerations relevant to their planned activities, and build confidence and capacity among staff to conduct PEwR projects. The development process involved the creation of a taxonomy outlining key terms used in PEwR work, a self-assessment tool to evaluate the need for formal ethical review, and a code of conduct for ethical PEwR. These tools were refined through iterative discussions and feedback from stakeholders, resulting in practical guidance for researchers navigating the ethical complexities of PEwR. Additionally, reflective prompts were developed to guide researchers in planning and conducting engagement activities, addressing a crucial aspect often overlooked in formal ethical review processes. The paper reflects on the broader regulatory landscape and the limitations of existing approval and governance processes, and prompts critical reflection on the compatibility of formal approval processes with the ethos of PEwR. Overall, the paper offers insights and practical guidance for researchers and institutions grappling with ethical considerations in PEwR, contributing to the ongoing conversation surrounding responsible research practices.

I am delighted to welcome you to the first issue of "Electronic Physician" Journal, the first electronic journal in Iran with license from Iranian ministry of culture. With your help we aim to make this journal a reputable publication for medical and health science. The electronic physician is an electronic journal which publishes the research works as well as reviews, case reports, documentaries and other acceptable formats of articles.I would like to express my great gratitude to all the authors for their excellent contribution to the journal and the reviewers for their efforts in starting up this journal. It is expected that with the efforts of the great editors of the journal we receive new research articles from all parts of the world.The next volume of the journal will be published in 2010 and each manuscript is expected to be published online as soon as it passes the peer review process.

Abstract Engagement of patients and the public in health research is crucial for ensuring research relevance and alignment with community needs. However, there is a lack of nuanced evaluations and examples that promote collaborative and reflective learning about partnerships with partners. The aim of this paper is to provide a case example of a participatory evaluation of the engagement of older adult partners in an aging-focused research centre. We outline our process of co-planning and implementing an evaluation of the McMaster Collaborative for Health and Aging’s engagement strategy through the use of multiple methods, including a standardized tool and qualitative approaches. The team chose to explore and capture the engagement experiences and perspectives of the older adult partners within the Collaborative using a survey (the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool (PPEET)), an art-based method (photovoice), and a focus group. We present a brief summary of the findings but primarily focus this paper on the experiences of using each methodology and tool, with an emphasis on promoting dialogue on the benefits, limitations, and challenges. We reflect on the process of co-planning and the integration of both standardized tools and qualitative approaches to adopt a holistic approach to evaluating partnership within the Collaborative. Ultimately, this case example aims to provide practical guidance for other research groups navigating the complexities of partnership engagement and evaluation, thereby promoting meaningful partnerships in research.

Ingestion of dental appliances is a rare situation in dentistry, making up 6.6 percent of all ingested objects, but it can lead to severe complications, especially among adults, elderly patients, and people with mental disabilities. Devices such as flipper prostheses, prostheses, and restorations may become dislodged and result in foreign body impingement. Clinical examinations, including laryngo-pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and radiography may be required in such cases. Swallowed prostheses may also be found using computed tomography. However, prosthetic elements may not be detected on CT scan. It is estimated that approximately 92% of these swallowed objects go through the gastrointestinal tract, and 60% of them reach the stomach. However, those that remain in the oropharynx can cause edema, esophageal erosions, perforation, airway obstruction, and even death. In addition, clips attached to the denture increase the risk of the perforation of the esophagus or intestine. Swallowing dentures may occur in adults as the sensitivity of the oral cavity and laryngopharynx decreases by using dentures for a long time. The current paper presents a case report about ingesting a removable flipper prosthesis in a 48-year-old woman without any severe problems. The woman with epigastric pain was referred to the emergency department due to swallowing her flipper prosthesis. She mentioned that she was eating dinner and after swallowing, she suddenly noticed that her flipper prosthesis was missing from her upper jaw. The arc was observed in her esophagus and removed using Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This paper emphasizes designing a removable flipper prosthesis with enough retention and stability to prevent them from being swallowed. Furthermore, patients should be recommended not to use these objects while sleeping.

Objective(s): The Covid-19 pandemic indicated that our biological characteristics alone are not enough to deal with diseases. Resilience refers to the dynamic process of positive adaptation to unpleasant and unfortunate experiences which reflects our ability to control the situation and manipulate the situation optimally. This capability includes internal dimensions, the role of experiences and mental patterns, and external dimensions including the coordinates or community's efforts in mastering challenges. However, studies only focus on the concept of social resilience as an external dimension, and the role of culture as an independent component of identity has been ignored. In this review, the need to conceptualize cultural resilience has been put on the agenda. In fact, the capabilities that culture provides through the various components that enable us to have the ability to adapt, change conditions, and improve performance in critical situations are studied. Methods: This was a review of the literature. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID databases were investigated using the keywords resilience, community, culture, and hardness in Persian and English papers from 1990 to 2018. The articles were evaluated in multiple stages and finally 32 papers were analyzed. Results: As a result, we conceptualized that cultural resilience could include the following components: belongingness and rootedness, trust, commitment, sense of pride, and attachment. Conclusion: Cultural resilience can be considered as the ability to adapt and deal with a crisis with the help of historical styles, myths, customs, and cultural beliefs.

Introduction Scientific research promotes the development of essential skills for medical practice. However, student participation in research projects is low, with multiple limitations and students' perceptions of deficient research skills. This study aims to describe the organization of the two medical student conferences held by the Scientific Society of Medical Students of the Universidad de Valparaíso and to analyze the papers presented. Finally, we make recommendations for promoting scientific research among medical students. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, including all the presentations given at the conferences. Results The conferences comprised four phases: registration, evaluation, selection, and presentation. A total of 399 papers were received. A total of 157 case reports and 12 cross-sectional studies were presented, including 797 authors (56.7% women) from 21 universities. Most of the first authors were women in the internship cycle at public universities. The specialties with the highest representation were internal medicine (32.5%), pediatrics (18.3%) and surgery (13%). In the case reports, the best-evaluated section was the title (6.66 ± 0.76), and the worst-evaluated section was the discussion (6.17 ± 0.84). The case reports from private universities scored significantly higher in six of the eight items assessed. Conclusions Greater participation was represented by students in their internship cycle presenting case reports. The worst evaluated section was the discussion, which could reflect difficulties in the research process. It is crucial to increase student participation from the first years of the career and encourage their involvement in research. More studies are needed to evaluate student participation and barriers to scientific research.

In the field of healthcare, the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Public Health has emerged as an essential component, presenting numerous opportunities for innovation that are one of a kind. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the historical development, current patterns, and global repercussions of incorporating AI into healthcare systems. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of AI in the field of public health. It covers the progression of the field, beginning with the initial efforts to automate diagnostic procedures and ending with the most recent developments in predictive modeling and precision medicine. The research investigates the degree to which various nations have adopted AI, highlighting both successful implementations and ongoing challenges in the framework of the global landscape. The intentional incorporation of AI is presented as a driving force for the transformation of healthcare provision. This transformation has the potential to provide potential benefits such as improved precision in diagnosis, effectiveness in treatment, and efficient utilization of treatment resources. In addition, the paper places an emphasis on the proactive role that AI plays in identifying and mitigating emerging health risks. Providing useful information about the policies, practices, and frameworks that enable the efficient incorporation of AI into public health is the primary objective of this research. The purpose of this paper is to provide policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and researchers with suggestions that can be put into practice today by combining historical perspectives and analyzing patterns that are currently occurring. The purpose of this action is to have an impact on the conversation that is taking place about the future of healthcare delivery, with the intention of highlighting the significant impact that AI can have on improving the circumstances of public health.