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Background: Exosomes are emerging as important mediators of the cross-talk between tumor cells and the microenvironment. The communication between tumor-derived exosomes and macrophages has a critical role in facilitating tumor progression. However, the mechanisms by which exosomes modulate tumor development in lung cancer are not fully understood., Methods: Short hairpin RNA mediated knockdown or exogenous expression of TRIM59 combined with in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to prove the functional significance of TRIM59. Western blotting, real-time PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence (IF) staining assays, proximity ligation assay (PLA), ubiquitination assays, lactate secretion and lipid droplets content measurement, and rescue experiments were used to evaluate the mechanism. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were injected via subcutaneously or tail vein into C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice to assess the role of TRIM59 in vivo., Results: We demonstrated that tripartite motif-containing 59 (TRIM59) was expressed in lung cancer cells-derived exosomes, and can be transferred to macrophages through the exosomes. Activated macrophages by TRIM59 promote lung cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TRIM59 physically interacts with abhydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) and directly induced the ubiquitination of ABHD5 and led to its proteasome-dependent degradation. ABHD5, an lipolytic co-activator, deficiency induced metabolic reprogramming and enabled NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Further studies showed that the exacerbation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by ABHD5 deficiency, provides a positive feedback loop to promote cancer progression by preferentially secrete the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β., Conclusions: Collectively, these data indicate that tumor-derived exosomal TRIM59 converts macrophages to tumor-promoting functions of macrophages via regulating ABHD5 proteasomal degradation, to activate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to promote lung cancer progression by IL-1β secretion. Our findings also indicate that tumor-derived exosomal TRIM59 has an important role in intercellular communication for fostering an inflammatory microenvironment and promoting lung metastasis.

MMP12 is mainly secreted by macrophages, is involved in macrophage development, and decomposes the extracellular matrix. Herein, we investigated whether macrophages would change in the intestinal tumor microenvironment after MMP12 knockout. Apc Min/+ ;MMP12 -/- mice were obtained by crossbreeding Apc Min/+ mice with MMP12 knockout mice (MMP12 -/- mice). The data showed that the number and volume of intestinal tumors were significantly increased in Apc Min/+ ;MMP12 -/- mice compared with Apc Min/+ mice. Additionally, the tumor biomarkers CA19-9, CEA, and β-catenin appeared relatively early in intestinal tumors in Apc Min/+ ;MMP12 -/- mice. The results demonstrated that knocking out MMP12 accelerated the tumor growth and pathological process. On further investigation of its mechanism, the proportions of M2 macrophages in the spleen and among peritoneal macrophages were significantly up-regulated in Apc Min/+ ;MMP12 -/- mice. Expression of M2 macrophage-related genes was up-regulated in tumor and peritoneal macrophages. The M2-related cytokine levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were increased in the serum of Apc Min/+ ;MMP12 -/- mice. In vitro, bone marrow-derived M2 macrophages were obtained by treating bone marrow cells with IL-4 and IL-13, and these M2 macrophages secreted cytokines being changed. This finding reveals the crucial role of MMP12 in macrophage development and provides a new target for the control of macrophage polarization. Knocking out MMP12 causes intestinal M2 macrophage accumulation in tumor microenvironment, promoting the growth of intestinal tumors in Apc Min/+ mice.

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (SELPLG/ PSGL-1 ) is an inflammatory molecule that is functionally related to immune cell differentiation and leukocyte mobilization. However, the role of PSGL-1 in tumor development remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigates the mechanistic role of PSGL-1 in the development of intestinal tumors in colorectal cancer. Apc Min/+ mice are highly susceptible to spontaneous intestinal adenoma formation, and were crossbred with PSGL1-null mice to generate compound transgenic mice with a Apc Min/+ ; PSGL-1 -/- genotype. The incidence and pathologic features of the intestinal tumors were compared between the Apc Min/+ mice and Apc Min/+ ; PSGL-1 -/- -deficient mice, and the macrophages are likely the major source of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma (MIP-1γ). Studies PSGL-1 -deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to develop intestinal tumors and accelerated tumor growth. Mechanistically, increased production of the mouse chemokine ligand 9 (CCL9/MIP-1γ) was found in the PSGL-1 -deficient mice, and the macrophages are likely the major source of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma (MIP-1γ). Studies in vitro demonstrated that macrophage-derived MIP-1γ promoted colorectal cancer tumor cell growth through activating NFκB signaling. Conversely, restoration of the PSGL-1 signaling via bone marrow transplantation reduced MIP-1γ production and attenuated the ability of Apc Min/+ ; PSGL-1 -/- mice to generate intestinal tumors. In human colorectal cancer clinical specimens, the presence of PSGL-1 -positive cells was associated with a favorable tumor-node-metastasis staging and decreased lymph node metastasis. Implications: PSGL-1 deficiency and inflammation render intestinal tissue more vulnerable to develop colorectal tumors through a MIP-1γ/NFκB signaling axis. Mol Cancer Res; 15(4); 467-77. ©2017 AACR ., (©2017 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major components of the tumor microenvironment. Although a role for TAMs in promoting tumor progression has been revealed, the differentiation mechanisms and intrinsic signals of TAMs regulated by the tumor microenvironment remain unclear. Here we constructed an in vitro TAMs cell model, TES-TAMs, which is from tumor-extract-stimulated bone-marrow-derived macrophages. We performed a comparative proteomics analysis of bone-marrow-derived macrophages and TES-TAMs, which indicated that TES-TAMs possessed characteristic molecular expression of TAMs. Intriguingly, the signal pathways enriched in up-regulated differentially expressed proteins of TAMs demonstrated that glycolysis metabolism reprogramming may play an important role in TAM differentiation. We found that hexokinase-2, a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis, and the downstream proteins PFKL and ENO1 were remarkably increased in both TES-TAMs and primary TAMs from our MMTV-PyMT mice model. This phenomenon was then verified in human THP-1 cell lines stimulated by tumor extract solution from breast cancer patient. Taken together, our study provides insight into the induction of TAM differentiation by the tumor microenvironment through metabolic reprogramming.

New consensus indicates type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis as comorbidity and may share common pathways of disease progression. Sulfonylureas have been reported to improve the periodontal status in periodontitis patients. Glipizide, a sulfonylurea widely used in the treatment of T2DM, has also been reported to inhibit inflammation and angiogenesis. The effect of glipizide on the pathogenicity of periodontitis, however, has not been studied. We developed ligature-induced periodontitis in mice and treated them with different concentrations of glipizide and then analyzed the level of periodontal tissue inflammation, alveolar bone resorption, and osteoclast differentiation. Inflammatory cell infiltration and angiogenesis were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and ELISA. Transwell assay and Western bolt analyzed macrophage migration and polarization. 16S rRNA sequencing analyzed the effect of glipizide on the oral microbial flora. mRNA sequencing of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) stimulated by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) after treatment with glipizide was analyzed. Glipizide decreases alveolar bone resorption, periodontal tissue degradation, and the number of osteoclasts in periodontal tissue affected by periodontitis (PAPT). Glipizide-treated periodontitis mice showed reduced micro-vessel density and leukocyte/macrophage infiltration in PAPT. Glipizide significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation in vitro experiments. Glipizide treatment did not affect the oral microbiome of periodontitis mice. mRNA sequencing and KEGG analysis showed that glipizide activated PI3K/AKT signaling in LPS-stimulated BMMs. Glipizide inhibited the LPS-induced migration of BMMs but promoted M2/M1 macrophage ratio in LPS-induced BMMs via activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. In conclusion, glipizide inhibits angiogenesis, macrophage inflammatory phenotype, and osteoclastogenesis to alleviate periodontitis pathogenicity suggesting its' possible application in the treatment of periodontitis and diabetes comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Macrophage-specific SAP is the main source of the elevated level of periodontal SAP during periodontitis. • SAP deficiency exacerbated periodontitis, inflammation, and infiltration of M1-type proinflammatory macrophages in the periodontium. • SAP deficiency resulted in a higher abundance of Porphyromonas genus in the oral cavity of periodontitis mice. • SAP depleted macrophages induced C5a release from P. gingivalis and inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of P. gingivalis via C5a-C5aR signaling. • A higher abundance of Porphyromonas during SAP deficiency could promote M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation in the periodontium. Serum amyloid P component (SAP) regulates the innate immune system and microbial diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammatory oral disease developed by the host immune system's interaction with the dysbiotic oral microbiome, thereby SAP could play a role in periodontitis pathogenicity. To investigate the role of SAP in oral microbiome modulation and peridontitis pathogenicity. In this study, wildtype and SAP-knockout (KO) mice were used. Ligature-based periodontitis was developed in mice. Oral microbiome diversity was analyzed by 16 s rRNA sequencing. Macrophages and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) co-culture system analyzed the effect of SAP in macrophage phagocytosis of P. gingivalis. The level of SAP was upregulated in the periodontitis-affected periodontium of humans and mice but not in the liver and blood circulation. Periodontal macrophages were the key source of upregulated SAP in periodontitis. SAP-KO aggravated periodontal inflammation, periodontitis, and a higher number of M1-type inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the periodontium. The oral microbiome of SAP-KO periodontitis mice was altered with a higher abundance of Porphyromonas at the genus level. SAP-KO macrophages showed compromised phagocytosis of P. gingivalis in the co-culture system. Co-culture of SAP-KO macrophages and P. gingivalis induced the C5a expression and exogenous SAP treatment nullified this effect. Exogenous recombinant SAP treatment did not affect P. gingivalis growth and opsonization. PMX205, an antagonist of C5a, treatment robustly enhanced P. gingivalis phagocytosis by SAP-KO macrophages, indicating the involvement of the C5a-C5aR signaling in the compromised P. gingivalis phagocytosis by SAP-KO macrophages. SAP deficiency aggravates periodontitis possibly via C5a-C5aR signaling-mediated defective macrophage phagocytosis of P. gingivalis. A higher abundance of P. gingivalis during SAP deficiency could promote M1 macrophage polarization and periodontitis. This finding suggests the possible protecting role of elevated levels of periodontal SAP against periodontitis progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TREM-1 expression was increased in ExoCSE compared to ExoPBS. • ExoCSE promoted M1 macrophage polarization by upregulating TREM-1 expression. • ExoCSE aggravated the CS-induced lung injury in COPD mice. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a persistent respiratory disorder that is primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). Exosomes have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, but their role in CS-induced COPD is not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether exosomes derived from cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated mouse airway epithelial cells (MAECs) promote M1 macrophage polarization by upregulating triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) expression during COPD pathogenesis. The exosomes isolated from PBS- or CSE-treated MAECs were named as ExoPBS or ExoCSE, respectively. Macrophages were transfected with si-TREM-1 to explore the role of TREM-1 in ExoCSE-induced M1 macrophage polarization. The lentivirus expressing shTREM-1 was injected into COPD model mice by intranasal instillation, which was carried out to explore the in vivo role of TREM-1 in ExoCSE-induced M1 macrophage polarization and CS-induced lung injury. We isolated ExoPBS and ExoCSE successfully, and found that ExoCSE promoted M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, we found that the promotion of ExoCSE to M1 macrophage polarization was partly reversed by TREM-1 knockdown. The results of animal experiments showed that ExoCSE administration aggravated CS-induced impairment in pulmonary function, lung injury and M1 macrophage polarization, which were partly rescued by TREM-1 silencing. Overall, ExoCSE promoted M1 macrophage polarization by upregulating TREM-1 expression, thereby aggravating the development of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are found frequently in patients and mice bearing tumors, which derived from immature myeloid cells. In healthy individuals, immature myeloid cells formed in the bone marrow differentiating to dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. However, it is unclear whether some gene deficiency will lead to MDSCs accumulation in mice without bearing tumor. Here, we observed that MDSCs accumulated in the bone marrow of matrix metalloproteinase 12 knockout mice (MMP12 −/− mice) compared with wild type mice (MMP12 +/+ mice). And the number of CD4 + cells dramatically decreased, regulatory T cells was up-regulation and MDSCs function were determined. The results suggested that immune surveillance have been impaired in MMP12 −/− transgenic mice. After intravenous administration of B16 murine melanoma cells, MMP12 −/− mice developed more metastatic pulmonary nodules than MMP12 +/+ mice. Meanwhile, more MDSCs appeared in the tumors of MMP12 −/− mice compared with those of MMP12 +/+ mice. Mechanistically, we performed a MDSC blocking assay, finding that blockade of MDSCs resulted in reducing growth of tumors in MMP12 −/− mice. Furthermore, we ascertained that macrophages in MMP12 −/− mice abundantly secrete IL-1β in bone marrow which induce the accumulation of MDSCs in the bone marrow. Together, these results demonstrated that the macrophages in MMP12 −/− mice could crosstalk with myeloid cells through IL-1β, inducing MDSCs accumulation, then contributing to tumor growth. It has revealed that the critical roles of macrophage in myeloid cells differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Serum amyloid P conpoent (SAP), a member of the pentraxin family, interact with pathogens and cell debris to promote their removal by macrophages and neutrophils and is co-localized with atherosclerotic plaques in patients. However, the exact mechanism of SAP in atherogenesis is still unclear. We investigated whether SAP influence macrophage recruitment and foam cell formation and ultimately affect atherosclerotic progression. Methods we generated apoE −/− ; SAP −/− (DKO) mice and fed them western diet for 4 and 8 weeks to characterize atherosclerosis development. Results SAP deficiency effectively reduced plaque size both in the aorta (p = 0.0006 for 4 wks; p = 0.0001 for 8 wks) and the aortic root (p = 0.0061 for 4 wks; p = 0.0079 for 8wks) compared with apoE −/− mice. Meanwhile, SAP deficiency inhibited oxLDL-induced foam cell formation (p = 0.0004) compared with apoE −/− mice and SAP treatment increases oxLDL-induced foam cell formation (p = 0.002) in RAW cells. Besides, SAP deficiency reduced macrophages recruitment (p = 0.035) in vivo and in vitro (p = 0.026). Furthermore, SAP treatment enhanced CD36 (p = 0.007) and FcγRI (p = 0.031) expression induced by oxLDL through upregulating JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation whereas specific JNK1/2 inhibitor reduced CD36 (p = 0.0005) and FcγRI (P = 0.0007) expression in RAW cell. SAP deficiency also significantly decreased the expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers and inflammatory cytokines in oxLDL-induced macrophages. Conclusion SAP deficiency mitigated foam cell formation and atherosclerotic development in apoE −/− mice, due to reduction in macrophages recruitment, polarization and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition the CD36/FcγR-dependent signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]