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Biomass and its interactions for heat generation have received little attention. In this study, the woody biomass materials were Prosopis africana (PA), Harungana madascariences (HM), Vitrllaria paradoxa (VP), and Afzelia africana (AA). The composition (extractives, carbohydrate, and lignin) of the biomass was determined. The biomass was converted to charcoal in a traditional kiln. A thermo-kinetic examination of the charcoal samples was carried out. The kinetic parameters and potential reaction mechanisms involved in the decomposition process were both obtained using the integral (Flynn–Wall Ozawa) isoconversional methods in conjunction with the Coats-Redfern approach. The activation energy profiles for the charcoal samples in oxidizing atmospheres were 548 kJ/mol for AA, 274 kJ/mol for VP, 548 kJ/mol for PA, and 274 kJ/mol for HM. All charcoal samples underwent comprehensive, multi-step, complex reaction pathways for thermal degradation. The charcoal samples exhibit not only great potential for biochemical extraction but also for bioenergy applications. The significant amount of combustion characteristics in the raw biomass and charcoal samples indicates that each type of wood charcoal produced has more fixed carbon, less ash, and less volatile matter, all of which are desirable for the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass for the production of heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-isothermal decomposition of Moringa oleifera husk and Delonix regia seed pod was carried out in an N2 pyrolytic condition with the primary objective of undertaking the kinetics modeling, thermodynamics and thermal performance analyses of the identified samples. Three different isoconversional models, namely, differential Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Starink techniques were utilized for the deduction of the kinetics data. The thermodynamic parameters were deduced from the kinetic data based on a first-order chemical reaction model. In the kinetics study, a strong correlation (R2 > 0.9) was observed throughout the conversion range for all the kinetic models. The activation energy profiles showed two distinctive regions. In the first region, the average activation energy values were relatively higher—a typical example is in the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa technique—MH (199 kJ/mol) and RP (194 kJ/mol), while in the second region, MH (292 kJ/mol) and RP (234 kJ/mol). It was also demonstrated that the thermal process for the samples experienced endothermic reactions thought the conversion range. In summary, both the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters vary significantly with conversion—underscoring the complexity associated with the thermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomass samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for transportation fuels is projected to increase 40% by 2040, and biomass-derived fuels (biofuels) play a crucial role in substituting fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, biofuels are mainly consumed as blendstocks combined with petroleum-based fuels, and effective conversion technologies can address the quality challenges for offering standalone biofuels. Thermochemical conversion process is one of the most promising pathways among existing technologies for biofuel production. However, the major barriers are unwanted characteristics (e.g., thermal instability) of intermediate products, such as bio-oil, and required upgrading treatments for producing compatible fuels. This study highlights the merits and critical challenges of thermochemical conversion and physicochemical upgrading technologies for bio-blendstock production from lignocellulosic biomass. The novelty of this study lies in potential directions for future research through both critical and systematic literature reviews, and the proposed intensified process for lignocellulosic-based fuel blendstocks production. It is concluded that recovery and fractionation strategies (e.g., quenching and stripping) can maximize process yields and add values in the efficient conversion pathways. Effective quenching can stop secondary free radical reactions and improve liquid yields over gas and solid yields. Stripping process can improve process yield, catalyst lifespan, and thermal stability. It is further concluded that physicochemical treatments are not as effective as thermochemical treatments, but have advantages of mild operating conditions and potential for integrated solutions in conjunction with other treatments. [Display omitted] • This study reviews biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading advancements. • Current thermochemical technologies and techniques are analyzed. • Process challenges are identified, and potential solutions are provided. • An intensified conversion and upgrading process is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid-setting, starch-based lignocellulosic adhesive is described which could be cured at ambient temperature to form a film having a clear appearance and significant moisture resistance when tested under ambient conditions. Maltodextrins with a dextrose equivalent (DE) range of 5-25 were reacted as an intimate mixture in the dry state with N-methylolacrylamide (N-MAM) to give products containing the corresponding carbohydrate methyleneacrylamido ethers, which were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. The reaction products, comprising mixtures of maltodextrins and methyleneacrylamido ethers, were formulated in water for paper adhesive use and tested for performance. Paper strip peel tests showed a time to fibre tear of 2 min, an initial time to paper tear of 5 min, and 10 min to full paper adhesion. The failure load was 2.4 kN, diminishing to 1 kN after a 24 h cold water soak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction experiments were carried out on some Nigerian woody ( Albizia pedicellaris (AP), Tectona grandis (TK), Terminalia ivorensis (TI)) and non-woody ( Sorghum bicolour glume (SBG) and stalk (SBS)) biomass resources. The influence of process conditions and consequent change in the elemental configuration of the biomass samples were observed. Biomass type played a dominant role in the solid yield recording 71% for woody and 58% for non-woody samples at 270 °C, while temperature showed the greatest influence with solid yield dropping from an average of 80% (at 240 °C) to 50% (at 300 °C). Both volatile matter and fixed carbon contents experienced significant changes after torrefaction and a decline in O/C ratio from 0.6 to 0.3 was noted. Among the woody biomass, TI experienced the highest increase in higher heating value (HHV) of approximately 38% as compared to AP (32%) and TK (32%), and was subsequently selected for decomposition kinetic study. The decomposition kinetics showed that activation energy ( E ( α )) for the hemicellulose degradation stage ranged between 137 and 197 kJ mol −1 for conversion ( α ) between 0.1 and 0.24 implying that biomass kinetics within this decomposition region is a multi-step reaction. The GC/MS analytical technique revealed that the presence of levoglucosan was highest (7.1%) in woody biomass, while phenolic compounds made up more than one-third of the group of compounds identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction enhances physical properties of lignocellulosic biomass and improves its grindability. Energy densification, via fuel pellets production, is one of the most promising uses of torrefaction. Lignin contributes to self-bonding of wood particles during pelletization. In biomass thermal pretreatment, part of lignin (in the form of lignin liquid intermediates – LLI) migrates from the cell wall and middle lamella and deposits on the fibers’ surfaces and/or inner surface of the secondary cell wall. This material can play an important role on bonding particles during wood pelletization as well as production of wood composites. The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of torrefaction conditions on amount, composition, molecular weight, and pattern of deposition of LLI on wood cells. Torrefaction of extracted ponderosa pine in the range of temperatures 225–350 °C was conducted in a tube furnace reactor and the torrefied wood was extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) to isolate the lignin-rich soluble material. A maximum yield of DCM-soluble material was observed in wood torrefied at approximately 300 °C for 30 min. ESI/MS revealed that the molecular weight of the removed material is less than 1200 g mol −1 and decreases as torrefaction temperature augments. Semiquantitative Py-GC/MS of the DCM-soluble material suggests that this lignin-rich material migrates and deposits on cells’ surfaces in amounts that depend on the torrefaction conditions. Py-GC/MS of the solid fraction after the DCM process showed a progressive reduction of products of the pyrolysis of lignin and levoglucosan as torrefaction temperature increased, revealing that lignin content in the solid decreased due in part to migration. SEM of torrefied particles helped to show the apparent formation of LLI during torrefaction. Results suggest that it is possible to control the thermal pretreatment conditions to increase or reduce the amount of lignin-rich material on fiber surfaces as required for downstream processes (e.g., fuel pellets or wood composites manufacture). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Corrugated cardboard (CCB) was evaluated as a potential feedstock for energy recovery • Pyrolysis of the CCB was carried in an auger reactor (350, 400, and 450 °C) • Pyrolysis biochar and bio-oil yields were temperature dependent • Pyrolysis bio-oil mainly contained lipids and levoglucosan. As the most abundant municipal solid waste, corrugated cardboard (CCB) is a suitable resource for thermochemical conversion into various solid and liquid products. CCB samples were pyrolyzed at three temperatures (350, 400, and 450 °C) and their pyrolysis products (bio-oil and biochar) were characterized and analyzed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was utilized to study the thermal degradation behavior of CCB. CCB and biochar samples were subjected to proximate, ultimate, lipid and carbohydrates analyses, and Py–GCMS to characterize their chemical components. The highest biochar yield was 75% at 350 °C, and the highest bio-oil yield was 47% at 450 °C. The biochar physical and chemical properties were also assessed using calorific values, specific surface area, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Biochar was found to have low ash and nitrogen contents. The bio-oil was characterized by the combination of GCMS, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The molar mass distribution and an estimate of monomer/oligomer ratio were determined from ESI-MS data. The bio-oil contained a complex mixture of pyrans, furans, phenols, and cyclopentenes. Levoglucoson was abundantly found in the bio-oil, suggesting the suitability of cardboard pyrolysis products for further processing into fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]