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Cooking quality of dehusked splits is influenced by the dehulling method, in particular, by the pre-milling treatments. The effects of four enzymatic hydrolysis parameters, i.e., enzyme concentration (2-60 mg/100 g dry matter), incubation time (3-15 h), incubation temperature (40-60°C) and tempering water pH (4.0-6.0) on cooking time of pigeon pea dhal were optimized using response surface methodology. Three kinds of enzymes, i.e., xylanase, pectinase, and cellulas were used in combination for enzymatic pre-treatment. A quadratic model satisfactorily described the dehulling efficiency with high value for the coefficient of determination R2 (0.9062). It predicted a minimum cooking time of 21.91 min at enzyme concentration of 37.8 mg/100 g dry matter, incubation time 8.69 min, incubation temperature 48.5°C and pH 5.49 of tempering water. Cooking time at optimum condition was observed to be 21.50 min and the predicted values of cooking time showed 2.19% deviation from the experimental values. Results of the study revealed that cooking time of enzyme treated dhal could be decreased by 19.77% compared to the oil treated dhal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two types of mesoporous Co–B nanocatalysts were prepared by the reduction of cobalt chloride with Sodium Borohydride (SBH) in the presence of cationic and non-ionic surfactant templates, namely n-cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Pluronic (P123) respectively. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed the presence of slit-like pores on the catalyst surface which provide high effective surface area. These surface enhanced catalysts were tested for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. The mesoporous Co–B catalysts showed much higher activity (4 times) in comparison to the non-porous Co–B, which can be attributed to the higher surface area of the mesoporous structures. Co–B/P123 catalyst showed the highest hydrogen generation rate owing to the presence of wide uniform pores which facilitated easier interaction of the reactants to release hydrogen. The lack of stability in the pore structure is observed at elevated temperatures for both the mesoporous Co–B catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) catalysts are under intense investigation in the catalysis community due to their exceptional activity and selective nature in catalytic processes as compared to the corresponding bulk counterpart, especially because of their large surface-to-volume atomic ratio, size- and shape-dependent properties, and high concentration of low-coordinated active surface sites. However, there is no general strategy to synthesize NPs of various materials with narrow size distribution, tailored properties, and desired morphologies. The development of a technique able to prepare NPs is thus a goal of great importance to avoid present trial and error approaches. Here we report on selected examples where pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique greatly contributes toward NPs synthesis. Co NPs embedded in B matrix films have been synthesized by PLD technique by taking advantage of the phase explosion process of superheated liquid where a mixture of vapor and liquid droplets leave the irradiated target surface and get deposited on the substrate. The deposited NPs exhibit catalytic properties comparable to that of precious metals in hydrogen production by hydrolysis of NaBH4 and NH3BH3. These NPs, when supported on rough carbon film prepared by PLD, show about 30% increase in catalytic activity for H2 production as compared to unsupported NPs. Co3O4 NPs assembled coating has been produced by reactive PLD in oxygen atmosphere at various substrate temperatures from room temperature to 250°C. It was proved that the Co3O4 NPs can be obtained in a single step at low temperatures with mixed disordered-nanocrystalline phase that is a relevant feature for catalysis. The Co3O4 NPs assembled thin coating, employed in degradation of methylene blue solution, in water, via photo Fenton reaction in presence of H2O2, exhibits significantly higher activity as compared to the corresponding homogeneous catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Co–M–B–P quaternary alloy catalyst powders (where M = Cr, Mo, W, and Cu) were synthesized by chemical reduction method to improve the catalytic performance of Co–B catalyst for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane (AB). The catalytic activity increases significantly due to the combined promoting effects induced by M and P in quaternary alloy as compared to binary Co–B catalyst. The promoting roles of each doping element in Co–B catalyst during AB hydrolysis were studied using XPS, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area analyses. Each transition element, present in the form of either oxides or metal, acts as an atomic barrier to prevent Co–B particle agglomeration to increase the effective surface area. At the same time these species also act as Lewis acid sites to improve the absorption of the reactants on to the surface. Inclusion of phosphorous, in addition, is able to create higher number of Co-active sites on the surface, which was inferred from XPS analysis. Among all the alloy catalysts, Co–Cr–B–P showed the highest H2 generation rate, which was mainly attributed to the collective effects of Cr and P in forming the catalyst surface having higher surface area and more Co-active sites. On the contrary, in the case of Cu doped Co–B catalyst, the inclusion of P considerably lowers the surface area, which decreases the catalytic activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Catalyst in the form of Co-B nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica particles (MSP) was synthesized by chemical impregnation–reduction method. This catalyst powder was used for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane (AB) and was compared with Co-B catalyst supported on non-porous silica particles (NSP) and unsupported Co-B powder. It was found that the MSPs synthesized in the present studies have average pore size of about 3.1nm which were efficient to anchor the Co-B particles with average size of ~8nm on the surface to provide high active surface area and improved degree of dispersion. MSP-supported Co-B catalyst was able to produce expected amount of H2 gas from hydrolysis of AB with significantly superior generation rate, about 3 times higher than that produced by unsupported and NSP-supported Co-B catalyst. Availability of a large number of under-coordinated Co active atoms owing to the size of nanoparticles, better dispersion, high surface area and good stability against agglomeration during the reaction are the main features acquired by the Co-B nanoparticles supported on MSP that exhibit high catalytic efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The catalytic performance of transition metal-doped Co–B ternary alloys were tested for H2 generation by hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane (AB). Chemical reduction method was used to dope Co–B catalyst with various transition metals, namely Cu, Cr, Mo, and W, using their corresponding metal salts. All transition metals induce significant promoting effects on the Co–B catalyst by increasing the H2 generation rate by about 3–6 times as compared to the undoped catalyst. The effect of metal dopant concentration on overall catalyst structure, surface morphology, and catalytic efficiency were examined by varying the metal/(Co + metal) molar ratio. Characterizations such as XPS, XRD, SEM, BET surface area measurement, and particle size analysis were carried out to understand the promoting role of each dopant metal during AB hydrolysis. Dopant transition-metals, in either oxidized or/and metallic state, act as an atomic barrier to avoid Co–B particle agglomeration thus preserving the effective surface area. In addition, the oxidized species such as Cr3+, Mo4+, and W4+, act as Lewis acid sites to enhance the absorption of OH− group to further assist the hydrolysis reaction over alloy catalysts. The promoting nature of transition metal dopants in Co–B alloy powders is demonstrated by the evaluated low activation energy of the rate limiting step and high H2 generation rate (2460 ml H2 min−1 (g of catalyst)−1 for Co–Mo–B) in the hydrolysis of AB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thin films of Carbon-supported Co–B nanoparticles were synthesized by using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and used as catalysts in the hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane (AB) to produce molecular hydrogen. Amorphous Co–B-based catalyst powders, produced by chemical reduction of cobalt salts, were used as target material for nanoparticles-assembled Co–B film catalysts preparation through PLD. Various Ar pressures (10–50 Pa) were used during deposition of carbon films to obtain extremely irregular and porous carbon support with high surface area prior to Co–B film deposition. Surface morphology of the catalyst films was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy, while structural characterization was carried out using X-Ray diffraction. The hydrogen generation rate attained by carbon-supported Co–B catalyst film is significantly higher as compared to unsupported Co–B film and conventional Co–B powder. Almost complete conversion (95%) of AB was obtained at room temperature by using present film catalyst. Morphological analysis showed that the Co–B nanoparticles produced after the laser ablation process act as active catalytic centers for hydrolysis while the carbon support provides high initial surface area for the Co–B nanoparticles with better dispersion and tolerance against aggregation. The efficient nature of our carbon-supported Co–B film is well supported by the obtained very low activation energy (∼29 kJ (mol)−1) and exceptionally high H2 generation rate (13.5 L H2 min−1 (g of Co)−1) by the hydrolysis of AB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Co-P-B catalyst coatings have been synthesized on Ni-foam by using electroless deposition (ED) and their catalytic activity was investigated by catalytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) for H2 generation. Co-P-B catalyst (both in form of powder and coating) showed superior catalytic activity in hydrolysis reaction of AB than that of Co-B powder, with complete evolution of H2 (97%) at very high rate (2l/min/gcatalyst). This was mainly attributed to synergic effect caused by B and P over Co active sites to lower the activation energy of the process. For thermolysis reaction, it was observed that AB loaded on Co-P-B/Ni catalyst releases first mole of H2 at considerably low temperature starting at 50°C and with desorption peak centered at 80°C. To our knowledge this value is the lowest reported for solid state catalyst. Moreover, the catalytic thermolysis did not present any induction time and minimizes the formation of undesirable byproduct like borazine and ammonia. The present result suggests that Co-P-B coated on Ni is a highly efficient and low cost catalyst and can be used for both hydrolysis as well as thermolysis reaction of NH3BH3 with the important advantage that it can be easily recovered and repeatedly reused. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Co-B nanoparticles supported over carbon films were synthesized by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and used as catalysts in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to produce molecular hydrogen. Amorphous Co-B-based catalyst powders, produced by chemical reduction of cobalt salts, were used as target material for nanoparticles-assembled Co-B film catalysts preparation through PLD. Various Ar pressures (10–50Pa) were used during deposition of carbon films to obtain extremely irregular and porous-carbon support with high surface area prior to Co-B film deposition. Surface morphology of the catalyst films was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, while structural characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction. The hydrogen generation rate attained by carbon-supported Co-B catalyst film is significantly higher as compared to unsupported Co-B film and to conventional Co-B powder. Morphological analysis along with NaBH4 hydrolysis tests showed that the Co-B nanoparticles produced with PLD act as active catalytic centers for hydrolysis while the carbon support provides high initial surface area for the Co-B nanoparticles with better dispersion and tolerance against aggregation. The hydrogen generation rate obtained by the present catalyst film was also investigated as a function of Co-B loading, carbon morphology, and solution temperature. The high performance of our carbon-supported Co-B film is well supported by the obtained very low activation energy (∼31kJ (mol)−1) and exceptionally high H2 generation rate (8.1LH2 min−1 (gofcatalyst)−1) in the hydrolysis of NaBH4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Co–P–B catalyst thin films have been synthesized on Ni-foam and glass substrate by using electroless deposition (ED) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) respectively. The efficiency of these catalyst films was tested by catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4 for H2 generation. While the chemically produced Co–P–B film on Ni-foam shows similar activity as that of their corresponding powder, the Co–P–B film deposited by PLD exhibits much superior H2 generation rate as compared to Co–P–B powder. We attribute this increased efficiency to the special features of the Co–P–B films which are in the form of nanoparticle-assembled films, a peculiar characteristic of PLD films for appropriate choice of the pulse laser parameters. The surface nanoparticle-configuration increases the active surface area and also favors electronic exchange mechanisms to promote hydrolysis process for H2 gas generation. The films deposited by using laser energy density of 3J/cm2 show the highest activity in connection to the best configuration of the ablated nanoparticles. Different numbers of Co–P–B layers were deposited on Ni-foam by ED and it was found that at least four layers are required for complete coverage of the foam to have the best activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A systematic and comparative study is conducted on Co–B-based ternary alloy catalysts for H2 generation by hydrolysis of NaBH4. Various transition metals, namely Ni, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mo, and W, were added to Co–B catalyst by chemical reduction of the corresponding metal salts. All the transition metals in the Co–B compounds behave in a dissimilar manner while influencing the catalytic activity. Cr, W, Mo, and Cu impose significant promoting effects on the Co–B catalyst by increasing the H2 generation rate by 3–4 times when compared to the undoped catalyst. On the contrary, Ni and Fe are only able to create a marginal increment in the catalytic performance of the Co–B catalyst. The metal/(Co+metal) molar ratio was varied in the catalyst in order to study the effect of metal doping on surface morphology, electronic interaction, and catalytic efficiency of the alloy catalyst. This systematic variation also contributed to clarify the role of each dopant metal in the electron exchange mechanism involved in NaBH4 hydrolysis. The promoting effects of the dopant metals are mainly discussed in terms of large active surface area, ability to act as Lewis acid sites for better absorption of OH− group, electronic interaction with Co active metal, and amorphous nature of the alloy catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanoparticle-assembled Co-B thin films were synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and used as catalysts for the hydrolysis of NH3BH3 (ammonia borane, AB) to produce molecular hydrogen. Amorphous Co-B-based catalyst powders, produced by chemical reduction of cobalt salts, were used as target material for Co-B thin film catalysts preparation through PLD. Surface morphology of Co-B powder and film catalyst was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Compositional and structural characterizations were carried out using X-photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The efficiency of both powder and film catalysts was tested by comparative kinetic analysis of the AB hydrolysis for hydrogen production. It was observed that nanoparticles produced during the laser ablation process act as active catalytic centers to produce significantly higher rate (about 6 times) of H2 than the same amount of the corresponding Co-B powders. Almost complete conversion (95%) of AB was obtained, as confirmed by 11B NMR, by using Co-B films at room temperature. Active Co-B nanoparticles on the surface of the PLD-deposited films is able to decrease the activation energy, for hydrolysis of AB, to the very low value of 34kJmol−1. We also found that by adding small amount of NaBH4 to the NH3BH3 solution increases the efficiency of the Co-B catalyst films, thus generating H2 with higher rate. Maximum H2 generation rate of about ∼8.2LH2 min−1 (g of Co)−1 and ∼13LH2 min−1 (g of Co)−1 was measured by hydrolysis of AB and mixture of (AB+NaBH4) solutions, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cr-modified Co–B (Co–Cr–B) catalyst alloy powders have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt and chromium salt at room temperature to study the hydrogen production by catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4. The Cr/Co molar ratio was varied in the catalyst in order to study the effect of Cr doping on surface modification and catalytic efficiency of Co–B catalyst. The resulting catalyst powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-photoelectron spectroscopy, and BET surface area measurement. When the molar ratio χ Cr =Cr/(Cr+Co) exceeds 9% the BET surface area of the Co–Cr–B catalyst increases by one order of magnitude as compared to that of Co–B catalyst. The catalytic activity of the Co–Cr–B for hydrogen production depends on Cr concentration: specifically, the activity increases by increasing χ Cr up to about 4% and then it gradually decreases by further increasing χ Cr. We established that the increased catalytic activity is related to the formation of chromium oxide on the catalyst surface, with the oxide favoring the dispersion of Co–B particles resulting in high catalyst surface area. However as χ Cr exceeds 4%, Cr starts to cover the Co active sites and the corresponding catalytic activity decreases. The highest catalytic activity was obtained at the optimum Cr-content, χ Cr =4%, in Co–Cr–B catalyst, showing nearly 4 times higher H2 generation rate than that of pure Co–B catalyst. Kinetic studies on the hydrolysis reaction of NaBH4 with Co–Cr–B catalyst reveal that the concentrations of both NaBH4 and NaOH have essentially no effects on hydrogen generation rate. The promoting effect of Cr in Co–Cr–B catalyst results in lower activation energy for hydrogen production, which is 37kJmol−1 as compared to 45kJmol−1 obtained with pure Co–B powder. Finally, the possible role of Cr3+ species in the electron exchange mechanisms involved in NaBH4 hydrolysis with the Co–Cr–B catalyst has been discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of the present work is to study the catalytic efficiency of amorphous Co–Ni–P–B catalyst powders in hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of alkaline sodium borohydride (NaBH4). These catalyst powders have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt and nickel salt at room temperature. The Co–Ni–P–B amorphous powder showed the highest hydrogen generation rate as compared to Co–B, Co–Ni–B, and Co–P–B catalyst powders. To understand the enhanced efficiency, the role of each chemical element in Co–Ni–P–B catalyst has been investigated by varying the B/P and Co/Ni molar ratio in the analyzed powders. The highest activity of the Co–Ni–P–B powder catalyst is mostly attributed to synergic effects caused by each chemical element in the catalyst when mixed in well defined proportion (molar ratio of B/P=2.5 and of Co/(Co+Ni)=0.85). Heat-treatment at 573K in Ar atmosphere causes a decrease in hydrogen generation rate that we attributed to partial Co crystallization in the Co–Ni–P–B powder. The synergic effects previously observed with Co–Ni–B and Co–P–B, now act in a combined form in Co–Ni–P–B catalyst powder to lower the activation energy (29kJmol−1) for hydrolysis of NaBH4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Amorphous catalyst alloy powders in form of Co–P, Co–B, and Co–P–B have been synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt salt at room temperature for catalytic hydrolysis of NaBH4. Co–P–B amorphous powder showed higher efficiency as a catalyst for hydrogen production as compared to Co–B and Co–P. The enhanced activity obtained with Co–P–B (B/P molar ratio=2.5) powder catalyst can be attributed to: large active surface area, amorphous short range structure, and synergic effects caused by B and P atoms in the catalyst. The roles of metalloids (B and P) in Co–P–B catalyst have been investigated by regulating the B/P molar ratio in the starting material. Heat-treatment at 773K in Ar atmosphere causes the decrease in hydrogen generation rate due to partial Co crystallization in Co–P–B powder. Kinetic studies on the hydrolysis reaction of NaBH4 with Co–P–B catalyst reveal that the concentrations of both NaOH and catalyst have positive effects on hydrogen generation rate. Zero order reaction kinetics is observed with respect to NaBH4 concentration with high hydride/catalyst molar ratio while first order reaction kinetics is observed at low hydride/catalyst molar ratio. Synergetic effects of B and P atoms in Co–P–B catalyst lowers the activation energy (32kJmol−1) for hydrolysis of NaBH4. The stability, reusability, and durability of Co–P–B catalyst have also been investigated and reported in this work. It has been found that by using B/P molar ratio of 2.5 in Co–P–B catalyst, highest H2 generation rate of about ∼4000mlmin−1 g−1 can be achieved. This can generate 720W for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (0.7V): which is necessary for portable devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Catalyst powders of Co–B, Ni–B, and Co–Ni–B, with different molar ratios of Co/Ni, were synthesized by chemical reduction of cobalt and nickel salts with sodium borohydride at room temperature. Surface morphology and structural properties of the catalyst powders were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively. Surface electronic states and composition of the catalysts were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic activity of the powders has been tested by measuring the H2 generation rate and yield by the hydrolysis of NaBH4 in basic medium. Co–Ni–B with the Co/(Co+Ni) molar ratio (χ Co) of 0.85 exhibited much superior activity with highest H2 generation rate as compared to the other powder catalysts. The enhanced activity obtained with Co–Ni–B (χ Co =0.85) powder catalyst could be attributed to: large active surface area and electron transfer by alloying large quantity of B to active Co and Ni sites on the surface of the catalyst. The electron enrichment, detected in the XPS spectra on active Co and Ni sites in Co–Ni–B, higher than that of Co–B and Ni–B seems to be able to facilitate the catalysis reaction by providing the negative charge electron required by the reaction. Synergetic effect of the Co and Ni atoms in Co–Ni–B catalyst is able to lower the activation energy up to 34kJmol−1 as compared to 45kJmol−1 obtained with Co–B powder. Structural modification, caused by the heat-treatment at 773K for 2h in Ar atmosphere, was not able to change the activity of the Co–Ni–B powder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrogen generation by catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is studied by using Co–B-based thin film catalyst synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Co–B nanoparticles, produced in the catalyst film after the laser ablation process, act as active centers producing significantly higher H2 generation rate than Co–B bulk powder. Surface morphology was studied by using scanning electron microscopy and compositional analysis was established by using X-photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies. Films were deposited at different PLD set-up parameters in order to understand the possible role of size and density of the nanoparticles in the catalytic process. Cobalt has been found here to act as an efficient catalyst only when alloyed with boron which partially prevents cobalt oxidation. In particular we report that when used as suitable thin films, Co–B produces H2 with a maximum generation rate of about 3300ml/min per gram of catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a new approach to the synthesis of 1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine 1,1-dioxides, sulfonamide analogues of the ‘privileged’ 1,4-benzodiazepine pharmacophore. The key steps during this synthesis are the hetero Diels-Alder reaction of an N -sulfinylamine dienophile with a diene to give a 1,2-thiazine 1-oxide which is then converted into a N -( o -azidobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2-amino alcohol via a 23-sigmatropic rearrangement involving an intermediate allylic sulfoxide and sulfenate ester. Staudinger reaction of the o -azido group and hydrolysis of the intermediate iminophosphorane gave the corresponding N -( o -aminobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2-amino alcohols. Fmoc protection at nitrogen, oxidation of the alcohol, and Fmoc deprotection furnished directly the 1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine 1,1-dioxides in 57–69% yield. An alternative method which uses triazene chemistry is also presented, but was consistently lower yielding. A second route to 1,2,5-benzothiadiazepine 1,1-dioxides using 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide as the dienophile precursor proceeded without incident to give N -( o -nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2-amino ketones which underwent reductive cyclisation to furnish the target heterocycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocatalysts, in the form of nanoparticles assembled coatings (NPACs) of Co 3 O 4 , were synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with optimized parameters. Phase explosion phenomena occurring at high laser fluences produce nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of ∼5 nm having narrow size distribution (3–10 nm) and low degree of agglomeration, which are randomly arranged in the form of coating on the substrate surface. In comparison with chemically synthesized Co 3 O 4 crystalline powder, the NPACs deposited by PLD showed significantly higher catalytic activity for H 2 generation by hydrolysis of NaBH 4 . Maximum H 2 generation rate obtained by NPACs (5010 ml min −1 g cat −1 ) is about 5 times higher than that produced by Co 3 O 4 powder (1000 ml min −1 g cat −1 ), which is mainly attributed to high surface area and large number of active sites provided by the Co 3 O 4 NPs in the coating owing to their size and shape. By varying the O 2 pressure during PLD, two different cobalt oxide phases, namely Co 3 O 4 and CoO, were formed in NPACs and found that Co 3 O 4 phase is more active for hydrolysis than CoO phase with lower oxidation number. The morphology and crystallinity of Co 3 O 4 NPACs were tuned by varying the laser fluence and substrate temperature respectively, and their effect on H 2 generation rate was studied. The results showed that the NPs with mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline phase on the surface act as active sites for favorable interaction and NaBH 4 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]