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In this study, sulfamic acid-catalyzed pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted to produce biosugar from the marine macro-alga Gracilaria verrucosa. Sulfamic acid has dual active sites and is a green catalyst. Optimized sulfamic acid pretreatment at 130°C with 7.5% biomass and 100 mM sulfamic acid for 90 min yielded 39.9% total reducing sugar (TRS). Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 69.1% TRS. These results indicate the potential of sulfamic acidcatalyzed pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis in producing biosugars using a biorefinery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste product from salted Undaria pinnatifida (sea mustard) processing was fermented to produce bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 1129 at laboratory and pilot development unit (PDU) scales. Thermal acidic hydrolysis of salted U. pinnatifida was conducted with 75 mM HSO at 121℃ for 60 min and the addition of 1.4 KNU/mL Termamyl 120L. A total monosaccharide concentration of 19.3 g/L and 32.2% conversion from 59.9 g/L total carbohydrate using 130 g dw/L salted U. pinnatifida were achieved. Ethanol fermentations in 5 and 500 L fermenters were carried out to produce 8.5 g/L of ethanol with an ethanol yield (Y) of 0.44 at 24 h and 7.9 g/L with Y of 0.41 at 18 h, respectively. The fermentation time of the PDU-scale reaction was reduced due to differences in the impeller type and geometry of the fermenters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification resulted in 43.5g/L sugars. [•] Ethanol concentration of 20.5g/L was obtained using S. stipitis KCTC 7228. [•] Glucose uptake increased at HMF concentrations <5g/L in the fermentation medium. [•] HMF was converted to 2,5-bis-hydroxymethylfuran by S. stipitis KCTC 7228. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We introduce a reactive extraction to detoxify hydrolysate before fermentation to biofuels. In the selection of diluents, n-octanol showed the highest removal yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid. The removal yields of inhibitors were normalized to 30-min reactions. In treatments with pure extractant or diluents, only 2 ∼ 4.1% of the formic acid was removed. Tri- n-octylamine (extractant) removed levulinic acid and acetic acid more efficiently, and furfural was removed more efficiently than formic acid or 5-HMF. n-Octanol (polar diluent) removed levulinic acid and acetic acid, furfural, and 5-HMF at 21.2, 33.7, and 65.7%, respectively. In contrast, kerosene (inert diluent) only removed the furfural by 27.6%. Based on these results, the optimum reactiveextraction system comprised tri- n-octylamine as the extractant, n-octanol as the polar diluent, and kerosene as the inert diluent. The optimal proportion of complex extractant was 20% trialkylamine, 70% n-octanol, and 10% kerosene. By detoxification, 63.9% of acetic acid and levulinic acid, 24.4% of 5-HMF, 63.9% of formic acid, and 64.0% of furfural could be removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyper thermal (HT) acid hydrolysis of Kappaphycus alvarezii , a red seaweed, was optimized to 12% (w/v) seaweed slurry content, 180 mM H 2 SO 4 at 140 °C for 5 min. The maximum monosaccharide concentration of 38.3 g/L and 66.7% conversion from total fermentable monosaccharides of 57.6 g/L with 120 g dw/L K. alvarezii slurry were obtained from HT acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification. HT acid hydrolysis at a severity factor of 0.78 efficiently converted the carbohydrates of seaweed to monosaccharides and produced a low concentration of inhibitory compounds. The levels of ethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation with non-adapted and adapted Kluyveromyces marxianus to high concentration of galactose were 6.1 g/L with ethanol yield ( Y EtOH ) of 0.19 at 84 h and 16.0 g/L with Y EtOH of 0.42 at 72 h, respectively. Development of the HT acid hydrolysis process and adapted yeast could enhance the overall ethanol fermentation yields of K. alvarezii seaweed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Marine green-algae Enteromorpha intestinalis converted to reducing sugar. [•] 7.3g/L TRS obtained under hydrothermal condition (1:10 S/L ratio, 170°C, 60min). [•] By post-hydrothermal enzymatic hydrolysis, 20.1g/L yield was achieved. [•] The higher severity factor can cause the over-degradation of carbohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of NH4Cl and MgCl2 on pretreatment and xylan hydrolysis of miscanthus straw for biofuels production. It was observed that increasing the pretreatment temperature decreased the remaining solid, increased the enzymatic digestibility, and increased the xylan removal. When 0.2–5.0% NH4Cl and MgCl2 were employed in pretreatments, increasing the inorganic salt concentration slightly diminished the remaining solid, though the enzymatic digestibility was enhanced. Under the higher-than-2% condition, no xylan remained in the solid residues after pretreatment. With pretreatment time, the remaining solid slightly decreased, but the enzymatic digestibility was increased. Moreover, xylan removal was linearly increased to 15min, after which it was completely hydrolyzed. Overall, these results indicated that pretreatment by 2% NH4Cl or MgCl2 at 185°C for 15min completely hydrolyzes the xylan of miscanthus straw. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the physical surface of the miscanthus straw showed an apparently damaged surface area and exposure of the internal structure after pretreatment with NH4Cl and MgCl2 by SEM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Seaweed resources can be used as raw materials to produce bioethanol, a renewable biofuel, to overcome fossil fuel depletion and environmental problems. Red seaweeds possess high amount of bioethanol-producible carbohydrates. Among 55 species tested, the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (also known as cottonii) was selected as the best resource for bioethanol production. This species is one of the most abundant and easily cultured red seaweeds. The main components of carrageenan are d-galactose-4-sulfate and 3,6-anhydro- d-galactose-2-sulfate, which are potentially fermentable d-typed carbohydrates. The seaweed powder was hydrolyzed with 0.2 M sulfuric acid and fermented with brewer's yeast. The ethanol yield from the K. alvarezii hydrolysate was 0.21 g g-galactose, which corresponded to a 41% theoretical yield. It revealed a relative ethanol production of 66% comparing to that of pure galactose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]