Search

Failure to attain and sustain long term glycemic control is an ongoing challenge in diabetes therapy. The trend to use a combined therapy and the risk of drug-drug interaction (DDI) are elevated and thus the need for sensitive analytical methods is of great significance. Herein, a simple, robust, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of metformin (MET) and pioglitazone (PGT) in rat plasma using canagliflozin (CAN) as internal standards (IS) was developed and fully validated. Prior Chromatographic separation on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm) using gradient mobile phase system consisting of ammonium formate pH 4.5 and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1, within a run time of 14 min, the antidiabetic drugs were extracted from rat plasma using acetonitrile-induced protein precipitation technique. Multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode was used for quantitation of precursor to production at m / z 130.1 → 71.0 & 60 for MET, 357.2 → 134.2 for PGT, and 462.16 → 191.1 for CAN. Method linearity was obeyed in the range of 1 to 5000 and 1 to 2500 ng mL−1 for MET and PGT, respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, selectivity, recovery, matrix effects, and stability as per US-FDA bioanalytical guidelines and successfully applied to clinical pharmacokinetic and DDI studies with a single oral administration of target compounds. The peak plasma concentrations (C max) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of MET was significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of PGT at equal concentration and vice versa. PGT affected the absorption and elimination rate of MET via inhibition of organic cationic transporter (OCT). Molecular modeling study revealed the significant interaction of PGT with OCT. A potential DDI in type 2 diabetic patient receiving chronic treatment with MET and PGT deserves further attention and study to improve drug therapy and prevent adverse effects. • An HPLC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous determination of metformin and pioglitazone in rat plasma • The method fully validated and applied for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies. • Pioglitazone affects C max and AUC of MET when co-administered orally. • The study shows for the first time the drug interaction of pioglitazone and metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The presence of cyanotoxins in benthic Lyngbya wollei algae samples collected in a fluvial lake along the St. Lawrence River, Canada, was investigated using a multi-toxins method. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reverse phased liquid chromatography (RPLC) were coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QqQMS) for quantification and to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QqTOFMS) for screening and confirmation. The presence of two saxitoxin analogues, LWTX-1 and LWTX-6, was confirmed in benthic Lyngbya wollei algae samples. Concentration of LWTX-1 was between 209±5 and 279±9μgg−1. No other targeted cyanotoxin (such as anatoxin-a, nodularin, microcystin-LR, microcystins-RR and saxitoxin) was found in the samples. The presence of LWTX-6 was observed by using a screening approach based on an in-house database of cyanotoxins, an algorithm of identification and high resolution mass spectrometry measurements on the precursor and product ions. This work demonstrates the need for more research on the fate of benthic cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems such the St. Lawrence River. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several freshwater cyanobacteria species have the capability to produce toxic compounds, frequently referred to as cyanotoxins. The most prevalent of these cyanotoxins is microcystin LR. Recognizing the potential health risk, France, Italy, Poland, Australia, Canada, and Brazil have set either standards or guidelines for the amount of microcystin LR permissible in drinking water based on the World Health Organization guideline of one μg/L of microcystin LR. Recently, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has begun to evaluate the occurrence and health effects of cyanotoxins and their susceptibility to water treatment under the Safe Drinking Water Act through the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). A recent update of the Contaminant Candidate List focuses research and data collection on the cyanotoxins microcystin LR, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. Liquid Chromatography/Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is a powerful tool for the analysis of various analytes in a wide variety of matrices because of its sensitivity and selectivity. The use of smaller column media (sub 2μm particles) was investigated to both improve the speed, sensitivity and resolution, and to quantify the CCL cyanotoxins, in a single analysis, using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC®) combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Natural waters and spiked samples were analyzed to show proof-of-performance. The presented method was able to clearly resolve each of the cyanotoxins in less than eight minutes with specificity and high spike recoveries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]