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The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and changes over a decade in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality according to socio‐demographic variables. Data was obtained from two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008–2009 (n = 34 003) and 2017–2018 (n = 46 164) examining a nationwide representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. Food intake was assessed by means of two non‐consecutive diet records (2008–2009) and 24 h diet recalls (2017–2018). Carbohydrate Quality Index is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from fibre intake, global dietary glycaemic index, solid/total carbohydrate (CHO) and whole grains/total grains CHO. Lipid Quality Index was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated and trans fatty acids. Indices were categorised into five categories (1 for lowest and 5 for highest quality). Socio‐demographic variables were sex, age, income, urban/rural area and place of food consumption. The estimates (95% CI) were generated separately for each survey and then compared to identify changes in time. Our main findings refer to changes in diet quality according to income. At the lowest income level, the proportions of individuals in the best carbohydrate and lipid quality categories reduced from 26.9% to 20.6% and from 30.0% to 24.9%, respectively. Alternatively, at the highest income level, these proportions increased from 22.9% to 26.6% and from 11.9% to 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the quality of lipids improved in women and among individuals reporting some away‐from‐home food consumption, while the quality of carbohydrates was reduced among adolescents and in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of medicinal plants, as recognized in their uses by the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries, is gaining more popularity and interest around the globe. The plant family Amaryllidaceae has a long history in the traditional medicinal system and is used to treat diverse diseases. In Brazil, the Crinum americanum L. has been applied by riverside communities for cancer treatment. In this study, the lipid fractions (LF) of leaves of C. americanum L., obtained by Soxhlet (SX) and ultrasonic bath (UAE), were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for their anti-diabetic properties, antiglycante, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. The extraction yield was higher for UAE (9.45%) than SX (5.99%). Furthermore, the LF obtained by UEA had a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (73.34%) when compared to the SX (48.94%). However, compounds extracted by both methods showed in vitro anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against a lung cancer cell line. These results demonstrate that UAE can be used as an efficient and important method in relation to the SX, due to the preservation of the functional properties, reduction of time, and amount of solvent used to extract fatty acids. [Display omitted] • The extractions performed by UAE showed a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids. • The LF obtained by UAE comprises 42.13% omega-6% and 31.21% omega-3. • The LF obtained by UAE and SX is a promoting anti-diabetic and antiglycant agent. • LF obtained by UAE and SX showed a cytotoxic effect on the H460 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we isolated and selected oleaginous yeasts from rock field soils from two National Parks in Brazil (Caparaó and Serra dos Órgãos) with the potential to accumulate oil from xylose, the main pentose sugar found in lignocellulosic biomass. From the 126 isolates, two were selected based on their lipid contents. They were taxonomically identified as Papiliotrema laurentii (UFV-1 and UFV-2). Of the two, P. laurentii UFV-1 was selected as the best lipid producer. Under unoptimized conditions, lipid production by P. laurentii UFV-1 was higher in glucose than in xylose. To improve its lipid production from xylose, we applied response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design (CCF). We evaluated the effects of agitation rate, initial cell biomass (OD600), carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and pH on lipid production. P. laurentii UFV-1 recorded the highest lipid content, 63.5% (w/w) of the cell dry mass, under the following conditions: C/N ratio = 100:1, pH value = 7.0, initial OD600 = 0.8 and agitation = 300 rpm. Under these optimized conditions, biomass, lipid titer and volumetric lipid productivity were 9.31 g/L, 5.90 g/L and 0.082 g/L.h, respectively. Additionally, we determined the fatty acid composition of P. laurentii UFV-1 as follows: C14:0 (0.5%), C16:0 (28.4–29.4%), C16:1 (0.2%), C18:0 (9.5–11%), C18:1 (58.6–60.5%), and C20:0 (0.7–0.8%). Based on this composition, the predicted properties of biodiesel showed that P. laurentii UFV-1 oil is suitable for use as feedstock in biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bos indicus (n=67) and crossbred Bos taurus x Bos indicus (n=67) bulls were finished in extensive or intensive conditions to evaluate the effect of genetic differences and finishing system on the fatty acid (FA) composition of intramuscular fat. Finishing system had a more pronounced effect on FA profiles than the genetic group, but the two factors often interacted for both individual and groups of FA. When compared with animals finished intensively, those finished on pasture produced meat with higher concentration of CLA and polyunsaturated n-3 FA, in particular of 18:3, 20:5 and 22:5. Meat from animals finished intensively had higher amounts of 14:0, 16:0, 18:1 trans-10, 18:1 trans-11, monounsaturated trans FA and 18:2. When the two genetic groups were compared under intensive finishing, B. indicus animals showed lower amounts of 20:4 (synthesised from 18:2) and 20:5 (synthesised from 18:3), suggesting that they may have a lower ability in biochemical pathways involved in the metabolism of n-6 and n-3 long chain fatty acids. Overall, meat from animals finished on pasture had a higher amount of the FA considered desirable for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (yellow passion) juice on the lipid profile and oxidative stress status of Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided in two groups ( n=8 animals per group): the control group, which received water, and the treated group, which was given P. edulis juice (1,000 mg/kg). Both groups received by gavage treatment twice a day for 28 days. The treated group showed an increased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and free fatty acid levels compared with the control group. Levels of triglycerides and and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase activity, and total glutathione concentration were not statistically different between the two groups, but the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances concentration (indicating lipid peroxidation) decreased in the treated group. These findings suggests that P. edulis juice in the experimental conditions used showed beneficial effects on lipid profile and improved lipid peroxidation in Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lipid biomarkers [fatty acids (FAs), sterols and alcohols] and bulk properties [total organic carbon (TOC), C/N ratio and δ 13C] were determined in sediments of four cores (maximum length=48cm; three in the system''s proper and one at the river end-member) to characterize the local sedimentation patterns of organic matter (OM) in the tropical Mundaú–Manguaba estuarine–lagoon system (MMELS), NE-Brazil. The range of concentrations of fatty acids (60.1 to 644.2μgg−1), sterols (0.5 to 82.0μgg−1) and alcohols (0.8 to 39.0μgg−1), including phytol, increased from the bottom toward the upper sediment layers of the lagoon cores. Assignments of lipid biomarkers to inputs from phyto- and zooplankton, terrestrial/riverine and bacterial sources of OM were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). An increase in the relative contribution of autochthonous OM in the more recent sediment layers was identified in all the 3 cores collected in the lagoon''s proper, suggesting that the cultural eutrophication symptoms observed over the last 3 decades could be related to intensive sugar-cane agricultural practices implemented since the 1970s in the watersheds and, likely also, to effluent inputs to the lower portion of Mundaú lagoon. These results confirmed the applicability of the lipid biomarker approach in the studies of OM geochemistry in complex tropical ecosystems. Moreover, the lipid biomarkers and total organic carbon isotopic data showed the presence of distinct estuarine/lagoon and fluvial compartments, and thus it was possible to test the validity of a quantitative model based on lipid biomarkers proposed by Volkman et al. (2008) to evaluate the contribution of terrestrial source to the pool of sedimentary OM. The best results were obtained using C26 n-alkanol, although with distance from the river source other compounds, like C28 n-alkanol and C26 and C28 FA could be applied as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four species of marine benthic algae (Laurencia filiformis, L. intricata, Gracilaria domingensis and G. birdiae) that belong to the phylum Rhodophyta were collected in Espírito Santo State, Brazil and investigated concerning their biochemical composition (fatty acid, total lipid, soluble proteins, amino acid and ash). The total content of lipid (% dry weight) ranged from 1.1% to 6.2%; fatty acid from 0.7% to 1.0%; soluble protein from 4.6% to 18.3%, amino acid from 6.7% to 11.3% and ash from 22.5% to 38.4%. Judging from their composition, the four species of algae appear to be potential sources of dietary proteins, amino acids, lipids and essential fatty acids for humans and animals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The total lipids and their fatty acid composition were evaluated in different by-products from fish processing plants in the state of santa catarina, brazil. By-products from Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella brasiliensis, Ophistonema oglinum, Harengula clupeola, Micropogonias furnieri, Cysnoscion leiarchus and toasted fish meal were evaluated. The highest levels of lipids (dry matter) were found in K. pelamis and O. oglinum, while by-products from K. pelamis, S. brasiliensis and S. pilchardus had the highest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Many by-products from industrial fish processing are potential sources of PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coprostanol (contribution characteristic from anthropogenic pollution) and other lipid biomarkers (sterols, fatty alcohols and fatty acids) were identified and quantified in recent sediment extracts from Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, a touristy spot of Rio de Janeiro- Brazil, using gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MSD). The determination of lipid biomarkers profile indicates an autochthonous biogenic contribution due to the presence of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria and dinoflagellates. The allochthonous biogenic contribution was confirmed by detection of biomarkers from higher plants in the sediments due to the influence of the Atlantic Forest inserted in the studied region. The concentration of the studied compounds varied from 5.53 to 216.47 μ g.g-1 for sterols, 0.47 to 5.35 μ g.g-1 for fatty alcohols, 20.15 to 66.22 μ g.g-1 for fatty acids and 0.08 to 3.98 μ g.g-1 for coprostanol. The presence of coprostanol was attributed to illegal untreated sewage discharge in the pluvial collector which ends up in the Lagoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in edible meat of fifteen marine fish species caught on the Southeast Brazilian coast and two from East Antarctic. Most of the fish had lipid amounts lower than 10% of their total weight. Palmitic acid (C16:0) predominated, accounting for 54-63% of the total amount of saturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) was the most abundant (49-69%) monounsaturated fatty acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), accounting for 31-84% of n-3 PUFA. n-3 PUFA level were highest in Antarctic fish meat, comprising 45% of the total fatty acid content, which consisted of mainly EPA (16.1 ± 1.5 g/100 g lipids) and DHA (24.8 ± 2.4 g/100 g lipids). The amounts of EPA + DHA in g/100 g of lipids on the Southeast Brazilian coast and Antarctic fish species investigated were found to be similar: 42.0 ± 1.7 for Bonito cachorro, 41.0 ± 2.3 for Atum, and 39.4 ± 1.8 for peixe porco, respectively. All the studied species exhibited an n-3/n-6 ratio higher than 3, which confirms the great importance of Southeast Brazilian coast fish as a significant dietary source of n-3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The fat profile of 615 industrialized foods in Brazil (2005 & 2018) was analyzed. • Brazil adopted TFA limit in foods of 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. • About 30 % of food samples presented TFA higher than 2 g/100 g of fat. • TFA mean content was the highest in biscuits: cassava (21 %) and salty (7.1 %). • Monitoring industrialized food is essential to meet WHO target of TFA restriction. Trans -fatty acid (TFA) elimination from global food supply is a 2023 World Health Organization target. Brazil adopted the limit for TFA at 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. This work aimed to evaluate the fat profile of about 600 industrialized products from São Paulo state, Brazil, between 2005 and 2018. The total fat (TF) was determined by gravimetric methods and the fatty acids by gas chromatography. The mean contents of TFA were higher than 2 g/100 g fat in 30% of samples (bakery products, potato chips, snacks, hamburgers, margarine, and spread). The highest mean content was verified in biscuits: cassava and salty (20.5 and 7.1 g/100 g fat). TFA mean contents evaluated over time decrease in sweet biscuit (4.9 to 1.2), potato chips (4.2 to 1.8), soybean oil (2.1 to 1.2), and canola oil (3.5 to 0.7) (g/100 g fat), whereas saturated and mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids in sweet biscuits and potato chips increased. Palm and polyunsaturated oils and interesterified fat have been used to avoid partially hydrogenated oils. Continuous monitoring of foods is essential to help in both government and corporate actions in adapting their products and meeting current regulatory restrictions on the content of TFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Crossbred dairy cows were supplemented strategically with CSFA for 30 days in AIFT programs. • The functionality of the ovarian structures was evaluated through doppler ultrasonography and hormonal dosing. • The strategic supplementation with CSFA 30 days before de AIFT did not improve follicular and luteal morphofunctionality. • Further studies need to be performed to evaluate the best time to start supplementation and the duration of this strategy. We aimed to define the effect of strategic supplementation with calcium salts of fatty acids on the morphofunctionality of ovarian structures in crossbred dairy cows submitted to a hormonal protocol for artificial insemination at a fixed time (AIFT) A total of 20 lactating crossbred females (Bos taurus x Bos taurus indicus) were randomly divided into two groups, the control group (CON), which received concentrate with no added fat in the diet, and the treatment group (TRAT), which received concentrate with salts of fatty acid calcium (Megalac-E, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Trenton, NJ, marketed in Brazil by Elanco-Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA). The diets were provided for 30 days. The animals started consuming the supplement 20 days before the beginning of the follicular wave and ovulation synchronization protocol (Day-20). Follicular development was monitored by mode B ultrasound and power-doppler assessments every 12 h between day D8 and the time of ovulation. By measuring the follicular diameter (DFOL), the area of the follicular wall (AFOL) and the vascularization area of the follicle wall (VFOL) were able to be determined. On days 7 and 16 after ovulation, US mode B and doppler were performed in order to analyze the corpus luteum diameter (DCL), area of the corpus luteum (ACL), and the vascularization area of the corpus luteum (VCL). In addition, blood samples were collected to measure the serum concentration of P4 using chemiluminescence methodology. There was no effect of supplementation on milk production results (p = 0.15), body weight (p = 0.57), ECC (p = 0.78), albumin (p = 0.83), and the lipid profile (CT [ p = 0.36], HDL [ p = 0.11], LDL [ p = 0.55], VLDL [ p = 0.15] and TRIG [ p = 0.15]). The supplementation of SCAG, 30 days before IATF, under the conditions of this experiment had no significant influence on follicular and luteal morphofunctionality. However, suspension of supplementation caused a deficit in the luteal blood flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil are widely used for the recovery of the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, due to the omega‐3 fatty acids content. However, they are targets of adulteration. This study evaluates the lipid quality of five brands of oral/enteral nutrition supplements incorporated with fish oil, available on the Brazilian market (Brazil, Holland, and Germany). The fatty acids are quantified by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection, and the lipid profile is acquired by direct electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, to assess how fatty acids are present in those samples. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents found ranged from 1.54 to 19.36% and 4.34 to 27.29%, respectively, in the form of triacylglycerols. However, brand 1 presents the lowest levels of EPA + DHA in its lipid composition, and in three brands, the addition of medium chain triglycerides is identified. The lipid quality assessment of these supplements allows an informed choice of appropriate supplements for the nutritional support of patients. Practical Applications: The study highlights and provides information of the lipid composition and fatty acids of oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil, indicated for malnourished patients. The findings allow health professionals to make a more informed choice of oral/enteral nutrition for the adequate treatment of patients. Fatty acids of five brands of oral/enteral nutrition supplements enriched with fish oil and available on the Brazilian market are quantified by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection, and the lipid profile is acquired by electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry. No lipid pattern among the samples is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]