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The 2019 positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) was the strongest event since the 1960s which developed independently without coinciding El Niño. The dynamics is not fully understood. Here we show that in March–May, westward propagating oceanic Rossby waves, a remnant consequence of the weak 2018 Pacific warm condition, led to anomalous sea surface temperature warming in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), inducing deep convection and anomalous easterly winds along the equator, which triggered the initial cooling in the east. In June–August, the easterly wind anomalies continued to evolve through ocean‐atmosphere coupling involving Bjerknes feedback and equatorial nonlinear ocean advection, until its maturity in September–November. This study clarifies the contribution of oceanic Rossby waves in the south TIO in different dynamic settings and reveals a new triggering mechanism for extreme IOD events that will help to understand IOD diversity. Plain Language Summary: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an ocean‐atmosphere coupled climatic phenomenon which can cause severe social and economic losses in the surrounding regions such as drought in the Maritime Continent/Australia and flooding in East Africa. The IOD features a see‐saw structure accompanied by an anomalous sea surface temperature gradient, winds, and oceanic adjustments. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Pacific is an important trigger to a strong IOD event. However, an extreme positive IOD event occurred in 2019 without a concurrent or ensuing El Niño. We show that the thermocline warming associated with anomalous ocean downwelling in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean triggered atmospheric convection, inducing anomalous easterly winds along the equator and hence, positive feedbacks associated with an IOD event. This study may help to understand the evolution of extreme IOD and improve IOD predictability. Key Points: The oceanic downwelling Rossby waves in the south tropical Indian Ocean is key to the 2019 extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)The Rossby waves induced thermocline warming, triggering wind‐evaporation‐SST feedback thus anomalous easterly winds along the equatorThe easterly wind anomalies further triggered the Bjerknes feedback and other positive feedbacks and established an extreme IOD [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Niño induces an anomalous lower-tropospheric anticyclone over the tropical Northwest Pacific (NWP), accompanied by suppressed local convection and rainfall. The tropical NWP anomalies persist until the following summer, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoons. Based on the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble, this study finds that climate models commonly underestimate this El Niño-NWP teleconnection with too weak tropical NWP anticyclone and rainfall anomalies in post-El Niño summers, potentially limiting the models' skill in seasonal prediction of the Asian summer monsoons. The analyses show that such underestimated NWP anomalies in post-El Niño summers in CMIP5 models can be traced back to the well-known excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue error in the mean. Models with an excessive westward extension of Pacific cold tongue tend to displace westward the simulated pattern of El Niño-related warm SST anomalies along the equator. The warm SST biases over the western Pacific in CMIP5 models would enhance the local atmospheric convection/rainfall and induce low-level cyclonic circulation anomalies over the tropical NWP with a Gill-type Rossby wave response, resulting in the commonly underestimated NWP anticyclone and rainfall anomalies during post-El Niño summers. The present results, along with our previous finding that the equatorial cold tongue bias would distort the projections of tropical Pacific warming pattern under increased greenhouse gas scenario, imply that reducing equatorial cold tongue bias in models can substantially improve climate simulation and prediction/projection for the tropical Pacific and Asian monsoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indo-Pacific Convergence Zone (IPCZ) has a complex ocean dynamical system. All scale processes are active and interplay from small-scale turbulent mixing to basin-scale circulation. The IPCZ acts as an "oceanic bridge" for the inter-basin mass transports and basin-scale planetary waves, closely linking basin-scale circulations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Numerous straits in the Indonesian Seas provide oceanic channels for planetary waves propagating between the tropical Pacific and the southeast Indian Ocean. On a large scale, the inter-basin mass transports and planetary waves change the ocean thermal structure, triggering strong air-sea interactions, and further regulating the variability of Walker and Hadley Circulations. The latter form an "atmospheric bridge", which significantly affects the Asian and Australian monsoon systems and a series of global climate events like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole, and Indian Ocean Basinwide warming. On meso- and small- scales, eddy, submesoscale processes, and turbulent motions mix the water mass from different sources, dramatically stirring the upper ocean in the IPCZ. Ocean dynamics have essential impacts on the ecological system in the IPCZ. On the one hand, these processes directly affect biodiversity by controlling the genetic exchanges and species dispersals between basins. On the other hand, the ocean dynamical processes influence biogeochemical cycling by controlling the trophic transfer, which further impacts primary productivity. With the intensified climate variations under global warming, e.g., marine heatwaves and extreme events, the ocean dynamical processes turn more active and enhance the influence on the ecosystem. This work overviews a series of studies focusing on the multi-scale ocean dynamical and environmental processes in the IPCZ, including the climatic signatures in coral records and the ecological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interannual-to-decadal variability and trends of sea level in the South China Sea (SCS) are studied using altimetric data during 1993-2012 and reconstructed sea level data from 1950-2009. The interannual variability shows a strong seasonality. Surface wind anomalies associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation explain the sea-level anomaly pattern in the interior SCS, while Rossby waves radiated from the eastern boundary dominate the sea-level variability in the eastern SCS. Decadal variability of sea level in the SCS follows that in the western tropical Pacific, with large variance found west of Luzon Island. Local atmospheric forcing makes a negative contribution to decadal variability in the central SCS, and Rossby waves radiated from the eastern boundary appear to be important. During 1993-2012, decadal sea level averaged in the SCS is significantly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) ( r = −0.96). The decadal variability associated with the PDO accounts for most part of sea-level trends in the SCS in the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color data, we investigated the biological responses to oceanic Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) during 1997–2007. The findings indicate that, during the developing phase of El Niño/La Niña events, usually in boreal fall, and triggered by anomalous anticyclonic/cyclonic wind circulations in the southeast TIO, downwelling/upwelling Rossby waves form and then propagate westward. After a few months, downwelling/upwelling Rossby waves interface with the thermocline dome in the southern TIO, and suppress/enhance the upwelling. Correspondingly, less/more nutrient-rich waters enter the mixed layer and result in lower/higher chlorophyll concentrations. Due to the asymmetric effects on the thermocline dome between downwelling and upwelling Rossby waves, higher chlorophyll concentrations appear earlier and in the eastern part of the dome, whereas lower chlorophyll concentrations appear later and in the central part of the dome. Moreover, when El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events coincide, the biological responses are stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Niño induces a basin-wide increase in tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) with a lag of one season. The north IO (NIO), in particular, displays a peculiar double-peak warming with the second peak larger in magnitude and persisting well through the summer. Motivated by recent studies suggesting the importance of the TIO warming for the Northwest Pacific and East Asian summer monsoons, the present study investigates the mechanisms for the second peak of the NIO warming using observations and general circulation models. This analysis reveals that internal air–sea interaction within the TIO is key to sustaining the TIO warming through summer. During El Niño, anticyclonic wind curl anomalies force a downwelling Rossby wave in the south TIO through Walker circulation adjustments, causing a sustained SST warming in the tropical southwest IO (SWIO) where the mean thermocline is shallow. During the spring and early summer following El Niño, this SWIO warming sustains an antisymmetric pattern of atmospheric anomalies with northeasterly (northwesterly) wind anomalies north (south) of the equator. Over the NIO as the mean winds turn into southwesterly in May, the northeasterly anomalies force the second SST peak that persists through summer by reducing the wind speed and surface evaporation. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments show that the antisymmetric atmospheric pattern is a response to the TIO warming, suggestive of their mutual interaction. Thus, ocean dynamics and Rossby waves in particular are important for the warming not only locally in SWIO but also on the basin-scale north of the equator, a result with important implications for climate predictability and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]