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Parental involvement in educating children remains a crucial first step in building an informed citizen. It becomes a routine matter for children to follow the footsteps of educated parents. However, for the first-generation learners, e.g. particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs), it is an arduous task because they belong to the least developed communities in India, with poverty and illiteracy forming the base of their existence. This paper examines the extent of involvement PVTG parents have in educating their daughters and identifies ways for improvement. Findings based on this original study suggest that the parents realise involvement, but their knowledge of involvement differs from the general population and the Western context. Hence, the study proposes four types of Cs to integrate their involvement: Concern, Communication, Condition, and Cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Common mental disorders (CMD) cause a range of health, social and economic burden, and disorders like depression and anxiety are more prevalent among women. Prevalence and factors contributing to increased vulnerability for CMDs have regional variation. Identification of factors contributing to the vulnerability is essential to both psychiatric epidemiology and in addressing mental health challenges in the community. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed at understanding the burden of CMD and its association with social determinants of mental health. Women hailing from urban slum attending the outpatient family care facility for their medical problems constituted the sample. Data was collected using a clinical research form with variables such as sociodemographic profile, health profile, and psychosocial profile. The questionnaire had specific questions on indicators of poverty, certain stressors, and support system. Presence of CMD was assessed using Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R), a standard tool for CMD research in primary care settings. A cut off score of 12 and above was considered for detecting CMD. Research ethical principles were adhered to and data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Results: Among 172 women, 77 (44.8%) were diagnosed to have CMDs. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between age, marital status, living arrangement, educational level, difficulty with buying food, presence of debt, chronic medical illness, husband's alcohol use, marital satisfaction, experiencing abuse, family support, religious participation, and a diagnosis of CMD. Multivariate analysis showed high burden with nuclear family arrangement, difficulty to buy food, experiencing abuse and, low burden with higher educational level, family support, and religious participation. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence and the treatment gap of CMDs in primary setting, family-physician should be sensitized for detection and management of CMDs. Social interventions targeting poverty, women's education and empowerment, and support system are likely to decrease the burden of CMDs in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful understudies are understudies who perform much preferable scholastically over their companions. While advantages to are being a successful understudy, for example, getting additional help from instructors, they likewise experience interesting difficulties like expanded recurrence of harassing. A large part of the exploration on this gathering of understudies depends on quantitative investigations led on members of Caucasian plummet. It is proposed that getting a superior comprehension of these successful understudies could be accomplished by figuring out their encounters through a subjective methodology. A singular's encounters and discernments can be impacted by social factors and directing examination with an Asian populace would assist better with understanding how factors which are all the more unequivocally accentuated in Asian culture, for example, obedient devotion and acquiescence to guardians add to the encounters of Asian successful understudies Education is viewed as basic for the advancement of the people, yet additionally for the improvement of local area and country. To achieve upgrades in all perspectives, and use present day and creative procedures and techniques, people need to produce mindfulness and improve their instructive abilities. The primary reason for this examination paper is to figure out the elements that impact the scholarly presentation of the understudies in auxiliary schools in India. In optional schools, there are various variables inside school and outside school that impact the scholastic presentation of the understudies. The fundamental regions that have been considered incorporate, factors impacting the scholarly exhibition of the understudies, scholastic execution and huge number of understudies in class, parental and related factors connecting with scholastic accomplishment, commitment of school factors towards the scholastic presentation of understudies, impact of destitution on scholastic accomplishment of understudies and different reasons for low scholarly accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child marriage is not a new phenomenon in India. The prevalence of child marriage remains high in many districts of West Bengal. Objectives: The present study aims to address socioeconomic factors associated with girl child marriage and its effect on selected pregnancy outcomes among women in the Malda district of West Bengal. Methods: The study is based on primary data, collected from the Manikchak CD block by adopting a random sample survey technique. The participants in the study consisted of 357 ever married women aged 15–49 years. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that the prevalence of child marriage was substantially higher among women who had no formal education resided in the marginalized family. Similarly, educated parents were less likely to marry their daughter at an early age. Besides, the likelihood of miscarried or stillbirth, complications during pregnancy and delivery were significantly higher among those married <18 years than those married at 18 years or later. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest preventing child marriage by increasing opportunities for girls' education and employment. The targeted approach should be made among rural and poor girls to reduce the vulnerability of child marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges (inter)national development narratives that propose schooling as a way out of poverty in the global South by interrogating poor children's experience of pedagogic and disciplinary processes in an Indian classroom. It also develops a theoretical framework to interrogate the relationship between urban poverty and classroom processes which attends to wider class and caste relations in the contemporary context of economic liberalism and 'political and social illiberalism'. Drawing upon parent interviews and ethnographic fieldnotes from a classroom in a state school it unpacks the term, 'labour class', used by teachers to refer to pupils' social background. Further, deploying the notion of 'deficit view' it shows how pedagogic practice, physical and verbal aggression experienced by pupils and pupils' struggles to engage with classroom teaching are shaped by realities of deeply stratified schooling, inadequate infrastructure in state schools and the relationship between 'labour class' communities and middle-class teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the children from low-income families in India who are susceptible to child labour. They are constantly included in various manifestations of works and, as a result, stay out of school during their valuable junior years. The future of such children is jeopardized. The main cause of child labour is the widespread unemployment and underemployment among the adult impoverished strata of the population, which is exacerbated by population expansion. Large families with poor money, a lack of educational facilities, illiteracy, and parental ignorance about the importance of education are highly susceptible to child labour cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women in the developing country of India have started on the long road to emancipation, at both the family and societal levels. In this context, we study what may be perceived as a key sign of emancipation regarding marriage and motherhood: childlessness. Using micro-level regressions, we show that a woman’s probability of ending her reproductive life without children exhibits a U-shaped relationship with her educational attainment. This indicates that poverty and sterility are not the sole determinants of childlessness and that better economic opportunities and empowerment within couples also matter. This result is robust to the introduction of important control variables, such as the development level of the state where women live, the husband’s education, age at marriage, religion, and caste. India appears to be joining a list of countries whose adjustments to childlessness go far beyond simply responding to boom-and-bust poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers gendered accounts of girls' schooling and childhood from urban India. It challenges global 'girl effect' narratives by grappling with the interplay of poverty and caste patriarchy and how it shapes families' struggles and concerns and girls' (re)productive labour, (un)freedoms and classroom experiences. Moving beyond the notion of 'multiple childhoods' it develops a conceptual framework that accounts for the way the state, the market, economic inequalities and local patriarchies inscribe poor girls' schooling and work. Drawing upon ethnographic work with Class VIII students in a state school it also unpacks girls' negotiation of classed and casted patriarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been significant progress in educational attainment in India since its independence. Yet the achievements are low in comparison to countries in similar stages of development. The situation is worse among groups who have a history of exclusion. Children from these groups have lower enrollment and higher dropout rates than national averages. Yet some of them are able to overcome these limitations and show academic resilience. Using data from the Indian Human Development Survey (2005), we study the role of the different child, household, and school-level factors associated with academic resilience among these children. Further, to understand the mechanism through which group membership affects resilience we also study the indirect effect of group membership mediated through those factors. We find that the protective factors vary across the different disadvantaged groups. The main effect of group membership is through structural factors like poverty and maternal education. Yet, the child level and household level factors play an important role in most cases. Schools fail to play the expected role of being the source of resilience among those who face the strongest burden of structural factors. For some, the schools are the main site where they experience most of the adversities of group memberships. The results highlight the need for educational policy, which addresses the importance of schools as drivers and determinants of academic resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With India enacting the Mental Health Care Act (MHCA; No. 10 of 2017a), Psychiatric Advance Directives (PADs) have been legalised and have become binding orders for psychiatrists treating patients. There is a paucity of research into acceptability of PADs in Indian mental health care, likely due to a lack of awareness. There are no educational measures about PADs provided for in this Act. Facilitators and facilitation methods have not been elaborated upon as well. Aim: The aim of this study is (a) to develop/evaluate the effectiveness of a structured Education-cum-Assessment Tool (EAT) in providing information regarding PADs and (b) to evaluate modes of facilitation required by patients to complete PADs. Methods: A tool was developed as per provisions regarding PADs in the Mental Health Care Bill of 2013. This tool was administered to patients (n = 100), purposively sampled from the adult psychiatry review out-patient department (OPD). Patients were evaluated on retention of information, completion of PADs, modes of facilitation and time taken to write one. Results: Mean years of education was 8.28 (±5.74) years and mean duration of illness was 8.30 (±7.04) years. In all, 65% had Below-Poverty Line (BPL) status. All participants completed valid PADs in an average of 15 minutes. About 93% required facilitation via assistance in writing and reminding. The mean EAT scores implied above 70% retention but did not relate to types of facilitation. Conclusions: EAT scores can be used as an approximate measure of the patient's ability to understand and retain information which is a part of decisional capacity. Types of facilitation can help in understanding patient's ability to communicate their choices. Service providers may find EAT a time-effective tool for uniformly educating service users regarding PADs and indirectly assessing competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Girl child marriage remains widespread in India despite implementation of several policies and programmes to eliminate the practice. This study examines the effects of girls' educational attainment and household poverty on the prevalence of female child marriage at the district–level in India. Data are drawn from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey. Multiple linear regression models were employed to assess the factors of girl child marriage. The results indicate that girls with no schooling and primary level of education are having higher probability of getting married at an early age. However, likelihood of girl child marriage starts declining with secondary level of education. Moreover, higher secondary and higher level of education significantly reduces the prevalence of girl child marriage. Similarly, moving from poorest households to richest households significantly decreases the probability of child marriage. The results suggest that increasing opportunities for girls' education and financial supports to the poor families could be effective strategies towards eliminating the practice of girl child marriage in India. Highlights • Girls' secondary and higher level of educational attainment and betterment in household economic condition significantly reduces the risk of girl child marriage. • Urbanization, religion, women autonomy, and region also have significant influence on the prevalence of girl child marriage. • Increasing opportunities for girls' education and providing financial incentives to the poor families could be an effective strategy to eliminate the practice of girl child marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India needs inclusive growth to achieve the overall progress of the country and attain certain targets relating to poverty, employment, education, infrastructure, health, women and children, gender equality, regional equality etc. Inclusive growth is necessary to maintain growth with equity, achieving sustainable development, human development, raise economic growth, equal distribution of income and wealth. India ranks at low 100 among 119 countries with score of 31.4 on Global Hunger Index - 2017, place the country in the "Serious" hunger levels category. India ranks at 37th out of 103 countries in the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index - 2017 and accounts that 31 per cent of the world's "Multidimensionally Poor" children live in India. It shows that a high economic growth is no guarantee of food and nutrition security. India has largest number of wasted, stunted, and malnourished children below five years and facing a serious burden of under-nutrition. According to The Global Nutrition Report - 2017, 38 per cent of children under five years are affected by stunting due to lack of nutrients, 21 per cent of children under five years are "Wasted" or "Severely Wasted", and 51 per cent of women of reproductive age suffer from anaemia. The government has made inclusive growth as a key element of eleventh and twelfth five-year plans and introduced various policies, programmes and social safety nets to achieve targets. This paper studies need, policies and programmes for attaining inclusive growth in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing integration of economies has transformed the world economy as a global village. Globalization helped to remove all the barriers between the countries, facilitates trade expansion, foreign inflow of capital, labour and technology. In early nineties Indian government has taken major steps for the economic reforms in the form of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. The major steps for globalization were the devaluation of Indian currency, allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), removal of quantity restriction on import and financial sector reforms. It was observed that the average annual growth rate in 1990-2000 was 6%, which changed the scenario and India became the fastest growing economy in 1990s. Yet India's trade share with world economy was very low due to gradual growth of infrastructure and unequal industrial growth. The on-going process of globalization can change the scenario if it is used with some precautionary measures and implemented properly. For the purpose of analysis some economic variables have been taken which are as GDP, Foreign direct Investment, foreign exchange reserve, export and import of the country. The objective of this paper is to analyse the relationship between globalization and economic growth. Secondary sources of data are used for the purpose of analysis which is collected through government website, published journal and newspaper articles. After the analysis of economic variable it can be seen that globalisation stimulated the economic growth of India, growth rate improved, foreign exchange crunch in 1991 moved towards surplus, FDI inflows increased but there were some economic issues which created hindrances in the path of growth such as declined agriculture share in GDP, high rate of labour mobility, fragile financial market. This paper is divided into four sections. First section is dictated to Introduction, Literature Review, Objectives and Research Methodology. In Second section major steps which are taken for globalization are discussed. Third section is of result and discussion in which impact, strategy and economic issues of globalization on Indian economy are discussed and at last conclusion and suggestion are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender disparity in education is the disparity or inequality in education between females and males. Several studies upon the gender inequality in education show that it lays as an obstacle in the achievement of several development goals. Using secondary data, the paper aims to calculate Gender Equality in Education Index (GEEI) for India, find out the extent of gender inequality in education, find out the age groups in which gender inequality in education is present and find out the reasons of variation in gender inequality in education across India. To examine the extent of gender inequality in education across Indian, Gender Parity Index (GPI) with respect to literacy rate (LR) since 1991 and Education for all Development Index (EDI) for the Indian states or union territories for the years 2013-14 and 2014-15 have been calculated. To find out the age groups in which gender inequality in education is present, Gender Gap (GG) of Never Attended (NA) has been calculated for the Indian states or union territories for 2011 and to find out the reasons of variation in gender inequality in education across India, regression analysis has been done using cross section data on literacy rate, poverty, percentage of Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST), population size and average budgeted government expenditure on education for 2011. The study shows that gender inequality in education where females lag behind than males still exist in all the states or union territories of India and in the age groups 30-34, 35-59 and 60+, in all the states or union territories of India percentage of female never attended (NA) has remained higher than percentage of male NA. The regression analysis shows that per capita net state domestic product (PCNSDP) have a significant positive impact on GPI of literacy rate. The regression analysis also shows that amongst all the religions in India, only percentages of Christians and all other persuasions population have a significant positive and negative impact respectively on GPI of literacy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Naxalite violence and impoverishment combine to limit learning outcomes in India. • Conflict reduces tutoring and increases school absences. • Conflict also affects presence of local teachers and praise of children. • However, some girls experience improved learning outcomes due to Maoist ideology. • Education policy should tackle supply- and demand-side constraints during conflict. This paper investigates the relationship between violent conflict, poverty dynamics and learning outcomes in India. Generalized ordered logistic regressions indicate that Naxal violence is associated with lower outcomes in basic literacy and numeracy, though with variations by gender and poverty trajectory. Mixed methods data, involving panel analysis alongside in-depth interviews in conflict-affected areas, point to supply- and demand-side constraints especially for children in impoverished households. Harassment of girls increased school absence, while interactions with Naxals when travelling to school prompted many boys to stay in hostels during holidays thus limiting absences. Conflict also modified teacher incentives. Understanding how conflict affects acquisition of basic skills is critical in contributing to policies better tailored for marginalised girls and boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a large-scale household survey, we investigate how disparities in learning change over the primary school cycle. Even controlling for other factors, household wealth and parental schooling drive sizeable gaps in learning, increasing in magnitude over the school grades. Gender gaps also widen, although only among the poorest. In contrast to other countries, overage status is positively associated with learning early on, but its importance dissipates by later grades. While the importance of factors varies across states, household wealth predominates. The analysis highlights the importance of tackling disadvantage associated with poverty early, to avoid its effects on learning becoming entrenched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small tiny hands can grip a pen well not a tool. But the diffusion of child labour is one of the critical snags threatening the world at great. It is a matter of abundant alarm to many emerging Countries like India. It's become a socio-economic problem which robs children of their infantile, impending and composure. In many cases child slog is primarily compelled by fiscal pressures of the parents. The foremost aspect which gives surge to child labour is extensive redundancy. India is the second largest populace country but it has prime figure of child labour. The pivotal gardens of child labor encompass scarcity, redundancy and surplus populace but poverty is the key root behind this production. Employed children are the stuffs of punishing manipulation in terms of slogging for long hours of negligible compensation and usually these labors toil in lethal workshops. So, the utmost needed part in this regard is the effective execution of rules and strict implementation of labour laws in India. Now the government of India has also reserved numerous other superiorities to remove child labour problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labour is a multi-faceted problem. When we hear about child labour, generally we think of market work, i.e. children employed in mines and factories. Yet only small portion of child labour are engaged in market work particularly in developing countries like ours. Those children who are working in household industries are often excluded by researchers and policy planners. Thus leaving us with a limited knowledge about the possible causes of child labour in the home based industries like carpet weaving in Jammu and Kashmir state. To fill this gap, an attempt is made in the present study to analyse various determinants of child labour in the carpet weaving industry of Kashmir, so that necessary measures can be suggested for its reduction. Data has been collected from a sample of 960 sampled households with the help of interview schedules from four selected districts of Kashmir Valley. Our results shows that low socio-economic status i.e. low income of the family, illiteracy of household head and large size of the family force the children to enter into the labour market at their tender age. Further, we found because of growing educated unemployment problem in the state, parents prefer to employ their children in the labour market instead of schooling. The study suggests that child labour can be reduced if parents are compensated equal to the earnings of their children and their educational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the Third World countries in Asia and Africa have been going through extreme poverty in their postcolonial age. The political freedom, which they achieved from the European invaders after their prolonged struggle, could not free them from the ultimate servitude. Though the caste discrimination in India almost got slightly diminished after the Independence, the struggle among social classes has become prominent to a great extent and the upper class society has been subjugating the middle and lower classes to suit their own needs. Aravind Adiga's Booker Prize winning novel The White Tiger (2008) explores the controversial issues of Indian poverty and corruption vividly in a setting of 1990s economically booming modern India. Adiga has shown how poverty has usurped the whole society where the poor people are deprived of the basic rights of free citizens, like education and health. They are exploited for the financial and political benefits of the upper class as well as by the government. Such exploitation leads the characters like Balram Halwai to indulge in betrayal, murder and adultery. This epistolary novel shows the hidden truth behind India's entrepreneurship through the protagonist who becomes a "self-made entrepreneur" after committing murder of his master and usurping his wealth. This paper will investigate the poverty and corruption in postcolonial India as shown by Adiga along with the social injustice upon the downtrodden people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Rising trends in alcohol consumption and early drinking initiation pose serious health risks especially for adolescents. Learner’s prior knowledge about alcohol gained from the social surroundings and the media are important sources that can impact the learning outcomes in health education. The purpose of this paper is to map adolescents’ perceptions of alcohol in Punjab, India and how these perceptions are related to their attitudes towards their social surroundings and the media.Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire was created after informal discussions with local people who consume alcohol and discussions with alcohol-related experts. Students from five schools (n=379, average age=13.6 years) in the urban region of Punjab, India, filled in a questionnaire. Quantitative tests were performed on the questionnaire data. Summative content analysis was performed for the textbook content about alcohol from classes 1 to 10.Findings Data suggest that students gain knowledge about alcohol from multiple sources, including society, the media and education. While society and the media can give misinformation, education did not provide them with factual scientific information about alcohol. Students from financially marginalized social surroundings experience the presence and use of alcohol more frequently; they trust the media and celebrities somewhat unquestioningly and, hence, are more at-risk.Research limitations/implications All participants in informal discussions as well as all participating schools in the study were from urban regions. Data about individual’s socio-economic conditions was not collected.Originality/value This research investigates perceptions of alcohol that are derived from adolescents’ social surroundings, perceptions of the media and perceptions gained through educational guidance in a developing country. Such multi-dimensional investigations have not been conducted earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labour phenomenon in the Assam tea gardens was introduced by the Colonial planters out of poverty stricken immigrant labourers. Inspite of the enactment of child labour prohibitory laws incidence of child labour in disguise is more prevalent in the tea gardens because of parental poverty and ignorance as well as management denial. Child labour is not only detrimental to children's meaningful development and schooling but it adversely affects their family that leads to their economic backwardness. Poverty along with several socio-economic factors, management and government heedlessness are responsible for existing child labour in the tea gardens. Besides ensuring children's schooling; measures should be taken to provide economic security to the poor families because of which they cannot withstand without engaging their children in work. Hence, joint efforts of the government, management and civil societies are required besides enforcement of legislations to combat this social menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian higher education has never received much prominence when compared to the primary level. Academicians of our country have already pointed out that for economic and social well-being of our country majorly depends on the quality and widespread of higher education in our country. The main obstruction is the misconceptions by the general public of our country which is accompanied by the economic issues. The vision of Ministry of Human Resource and Development heads the department of Higher Education whose aim is to realize India's human resource potential to its fullest in the education sector, with equity and excellence. Higher education is a costly affair when we take into consideration the fact that almost 20% of the population still lie under the poverty line. There is still a gap in the level of enrolment between males and females. The government is trying hard to overcome this disparity. Skills have often been ignored in our country's scenario. Thus, higher education should also promote and encourage technical education. An All India Survey on Higher Education was initiated only in 2011, only because none of the sources had a complete picture of the data on higher education. The large amount of population is also a problem as it becomes difficult to cater to the needs of each individual or group. The resources are scarce when compared to the people demanding for it. We should try to identify the problems, and then we should work towards solving those problems. Public of our country should be willing to send their children for higher education; they should be having a positive attitude towards higher education. This paper discusses several steps that can be untaken to bridge the gaps in the system of higher education in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Poverty imposes an oppressiveweight on India, especially in the rural areaswhere almost three out of four Indians and 77 percent of the Indian are under poor living conditions. Although poverty has been reduced during the past four decades, it remains painfully high .Provision of adequate housing and amenities are major challenges for human development, particularly among lowincome urban households in developing countries.Often this shortfall is evident fromthe proliferation of slums and squatters. . Objectives: 1. To assess the housing conditions of the semi urban area (Field practice area of KSHegdeMedicalAcademy). 2. To associate these housing conditionswith Education and Socio Economic Status. Methodology: Forty houses included underGRAMAKSHEMAproject (Field practice area of K SHegdeMedicalAcademy)were selected. Apilot studywith questionnaire to asses housing conditionwas done. Subjectswere interviewed for their education and socioeconomic status. Results: 100% of Graduates, post graduates and Professionals have excellent housing conditions. Poor housing conditions was seen as the level of education decreased to high school and post high school. Housing conditions were excellent as the socioeconomic class increased. 66.6% of Class I population has excellent housing conditions. 63% of Class II population has good housing conditions and 38.5%of Class IV population has poor housing conditions. Conclusions: It was found that majority of the population had good housing conditions. Education and Socio economic status has an impact on Housing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many children from rural communities in India seeking an education are first-generation learners. These children at times find it difficult to cope with the school environment and learning the state language, which is unfamiliar to them. The parents of these children have no academic background or formal education at any level, which leaves them at a disadvantage as a significant part of their educational process occurs at home. This research is an attempt to study and understand the problems that are being faced by first-generation learners and to assist them in achieving their educational goals. The study uses a qualitative and flexible case-study approach, reflecting the real-life complexities of first generation learners. A flexible design with semi-structured interview method has been employed to allow for more freedom during data collection. This provides an opportunity to present the account of the journey and to refine and modify the original plan to follow up issues that emerged during the process of data collection. It is hoped that the study will provide some insight into the educational needs of first-generation learners and influence future school improvement programmes of both governmental and non-governmental rural development organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the poverty–food security nexus, using an experience-based indicator of food security constructed using a cross-section sample of slum households in Kolkata, within the framework of a simultaneous ordered probit model. We find, a poor household is also likely to be food insecure. Additionally education, gender, and household composition are major drivers of food insecurity among low-income urban households, with the policy implication that anti-poverty policies should be successful in eliminating household food insecurity, however, they need to be complemented with human capital investment and gender empowerment to be most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a critical theory framework, the article explores emancipatory narratives obtained through a case study of women in rural India. In-depth interviews, focus group conversations, observations, and document analysis highlight the complexity of the subsequent set of challenges facing women as it relates to both the education and empowerment for women. Initial research questions addressed different dimensions of women’s empowerment, but, through grounded theory, findings emerged that highlighted the constraints embedded in continuing education programs for women in these contexts. Providing evidence from the lived experiences of women who have been the recipients of an economic delivery program and nonformal education programs, themes highlight the role of politics, corruption, and poverty as larger systemic issues hindering women’s access to education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper revisits regression-based inequality decomposition, derives further theoretical results on the factor shares and applies them in an empirical setting. Noting that the approach based on Shorrocks and Fields is not directly applicable to an important welfare-based inequality index, namely Atkinson's inequality index, we generalise it to derive shares for this index. We also derive the asymptotic distribution of all share estimators for obtaining their standard errors necessary for drawing inference. Finally, we use our theoretical results to examine the major factors that contribute to income inequality in India. Our results show that education and household size are the two most dominant factors contributing to income inequality in both rural and urban areas, followed by employment status and regional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Child Labour Law in India as of April 2015 with regard to whether it is enough to protect children's right to education. An overview of the Child Labour Law is provided which prohibits employment of children below 14-years-old, however the government is aware that child labour cannot be eliminated if poverty still continuted. Other topics include the legislation process and the proposed amendments to the Child Labour Law.

The paper examines the household asset dynamics in India as well as Indian rural States. The paper contributes to the empirical analysis of poverty trap by investigating the presence of one potential poverty trap to simultaneous poverty trap. The paper uses the India Human Development Survey for the year 1993 and 2005. We use the local polynomial regression with Epanechnikov kernel weights to test the existence of multiple or single equilibrium in asset poverty dynamics. Moreover, we use the partial linear mixed model to test the impact of illiteracy trap and under-nutrition trap on asset dynamics process. Across all the States we find only single dynamic asset equilibrium for rural households. However the nature of the asset dynamics varies from one state to another. We find that, in most of the States, asset accumulation does not take place and welfare dynamics is very poor in rural areas. Further, we find under-nutrition trap uniformly affect the asset accumulation in most of the States. However an illiteracy trap affects the asset level heterogeneously over the income and regional distribution. We find the most deprived States (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh) have the multiple poverty trap compared to richer States. Our result implies that asset dynamics of the household varies in the long term according to the types of traps. Government and policy makers should take pointed policy and programme based on whether the poor are trapped and in what ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Poverty and child labour have a positive relationship in India. • Agriculture employs more than half of all child labourers in India. • The average age at which children begin working is 16 years, with and average of 6 to 8 years of education. • Children from economically disadvantaged families and the Muslim community are more likely to engage in child labour. Child labour continues to be a major concern in India despite the implementation of various policies and programmes aimed at its eradication. This study investigates factors that influence child labour in India with a focus on regional differences. The data is drawn from the 2019–20 Periodic Labour Force Survey. Binary logistic regression is used to identify factors that influence child labour. The findings show that children with pre-primary and primary education are less likely to be in the workforce, whereas children with secondary and higher secondary education are more likely to be in the workforce. This reflects the higher rates of secondary school dropouts attempting to enter the labour force. Likewise, poor families are more likely to send their children to work. Similarly, children from economically and socially disadvantaged communities, and Muslim households are more likely to be sent to work. The findings suggest that increasing children's educational attainment and providing financial assistance to poor families could effectively eradicate child labour in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass roots initiatives like the brickfield schools and the Barefoot Teacher Training program described in this article, led by non-governmental organizations in eastern India, highlight the slow but steady strides taken toward universalizing primary education—a key development goal for the new millennium. The present article showcases the positive effects of early education in addressing child labor and poverty issues and the role of local initiatives in ensuring the right to primary education for the historically disadvantaged. Such interventions have significant implications for other developing nations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article aims at formulating a feminist agenda to empower women living in highly patriarchal and traditional surroundings with several obstacles. The ‘agenda’ is based on the premises that no doubt efficient policing, stringent punishments and legal measures would reduce the incidences of crime against women but these cannot eliminate growing gender inequality in India unless and until the mindset of the society is changed. The article suggests that women-centred reproductive healthcare may alter patriarchal constructs despite strong structural resistance. Ensuring reproductive rights and improving living conditions could be fast track to progress. And this feminist agenda will contribute significantly towards women’s empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Low attendance and high drop-out rates of children are among the common phenomena observed in the Indian education system. These problems are especially prominent in the urban slums of Mumbai. Not only do these slums lack basic amenities but most of the educational institutes are also located at distances of more than two kilometers from here. This paper attempts to arrive at an empirical understanding of the reasons for the low educational attainment among the children in these slums while trying to examine the situation with regard to the prevalence of child labour practices specifically in the Ambujwadi slum in the western suburb of Mumbai city. It has been found that apart from economic reasons for not attending school such as lack of accessibility to and affordability of education and the low incomes earned by the households, the other reasons as to why the children in Ambujwadi either do not attend school at all or choose to drop out at an early stage for taking up work are the lack of protection, non-availability of adequate local educational institutions and non-supportive government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present century literacy is an important and crucial element of educational development and is responsible for social change. It has not been able to succeed to prepare tribals to face the challenges of life. It is true that since independence there is tremendous increase in tribal education but number of constraints such as poverty, indebtness, poor economic condition, lack of concern towards children's education, migration, understanding value of education, etc. create major problems in the way of tribal education. In recent years the government has taken major steps to increase literacy rate in the tribal areas by providing many incentives but, without much success. Still, the government has continued its efforts and diverted more grants for the upliftment of tribal's education. The present paper shows that in spite of the persistent efforts, how the tribal communities lag behind the general population in education. Further, it must be admitted that girl's education among tribals still is low and fall a long way behind the expected levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Dissatisfaction with inflexible top-down development interventions has led to a demand for more community-led approaches and the proliferation of terms such as participation, empowerment, and community ownership. However, the practical implications of these terms remain unclear. This study examined how sociocultural factors influenced relationship building between NGO staff and community members, and how this mediated community participation in a child education and women's rights intervention in Kolkata. Twenty interviews and one focus group were conducted with NGO staff, pupils, and members of a women's group. A thematic analysis produced five global themes: Sociocultural Context, Staff-Community Divide, Power Dynamics, Building Relationships, and Unstable Progress. Differences in social status, lifestyle, and priorities marked clear divisions between staff and community members, leading to communication difficulties and resistance ranging from suspicious stares to open hostility. Establishing mutual respect was a slow and unpredictable process often fuelled by unanticipated events such as staff helping with medical emergencies. A campaign against domestic violence prompted some women to physically attack men and vandalise property, provoking violent retaliation and creating divides within the community. Overcoming these challenges required a responsive approach which often deviated from operational and funding plans. The more participatory and community-led an intervention, the less predictable it becomes. The flexibility needed to gain community acceptance and manage unanticipated events relies on trusting relationships between both communities and staff, and staff and donors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing rates of school enrolment have changed childhoods in the global South, so that it is now the norm for children to attend at least some years of primary school. This paper explores the extent to which valuing of children as educational projects and outcomes may be displacing previous valuations of children as contributors to the domestic economy. The paper draws on qualitative interview data from Young Lives, a longitudinal study of children growing up in four developing countries, using a case study approach to explore the experiences of four children in rural Andhra Pradesh, India. The paper suggests that children are balancing expectations for the future with responsibilities to their families in the present, and concludes that the over-valuing of formal qualifications and the under-valuing of forms of work such as agriculture risk being internalised by children, leaving those who do not succeed feeling they are 'a waste'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encounter between the pre-colonial education system in India, dominated by poor teachers and students, and the British education system, which defended and perpetuated the ‘English class system’, created a complex and problematic relationship. This article explores this problematic relationship between poverty and education in the discourse of the colonial state as well as of Indian nationalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 is focused on reducing maternal mortality and achieving universal access to reproductive health care. India has made extensive efforts to achieve MDG 5 and in some regions much progress has been achieved. Progress has been uneven and inequitable however, and many women still lack access to maternal and reproductive health care. Objective: In this review, a framework developed by the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) is used to categorize and explain determinants of inequity in maternal and reproductive health in India. Design: A review of peer-reviewed, published literature was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed and Popline. The search was performed using a carefully developed list of search terms designed to capture published papers from India on: 1) maternal and reproductive health, and 2) equity, including disadvantaged populations. A matrix was developed to sort the relevant information, which was extracted and categorized based on the CSDH framework. In this way, the main sources of inequity in maternal and reproductive health in India and their inter-relationships were determined. Results: Five main structural determinants emerged from the analysis as important in understanding equity in India: economic status, gender, education, social status (registered caste or tribe), and age (adolescents). These five determinants were found to be closely interrelated, a feature which was reflected in the literature. Conclusion: In India, economic status, gender, and social status are all closely interrelated when influencing use of and access to maternal and reproductive health care. Appropriate attention should be given to how these social determinants interplay in generating and sustaining inequity when designing policies and programs to reach equitable progress toward improved maternal and reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the notion of God's work as a holistic mission carried out by the church in Asia. It cites contributions of the Christian churches in the last 100 years in developing indigenous leaders, articulating theologies and establishing missions and ministries. The author highlights the role of V. S. Azariah in shaping the mission of the church. Azariah was the first bishop of the Anglican Church in India and founder of the Indian Missionary Society (IMS).

This article discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which aimed at addressing major development challenges with global public health. It begins with the goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. It then explains the need to achieve universal basic education. In addition, the article urges the promotion of gender equality and women empowerment.

How and to what extent do different citizens experience democratic governance on a day-to-day basis? What agencies do they utilize in order to have their voices heard and grievances addressed? How do they gain access to government agencies responsible for delivering social welfare services, such as education, security, health care, and poverty relief? Investigations conducted in two states of India inquired about the manner in which different social groups living in rural areas gain access to the welfare services of the Indian state. These results show that an intermediary is required for gaining access. Different types of intermediaries are consulted by separate segments of society. For a large majority of poorer individuals, a newly arisen type of mediator, the naya neta (literally, new leader), is the intermediary of choice. Neither usually low status nor high status, but younger and better educated than other types of village leaders, naya netas play important roles in shaping welfare consequences in these villages of Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh, most importantly, by affecting equity of access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We utilize household-level consumption expenditure data from India to examine the evolution of inequality during 1983–2004. Various measures of inequality show that inequality levels were relatively stable during 1983–93, but increased during 1993–2004. The increases in inequality have not precluded reductions in poverty, however. They are also more of an urban phenomenon and can be accounted for by increases in returns to education in the urban sector to a considerable extent, especially among households that rely on income from education-intensive services and/or education-intensive occupations. Some of the increases in the returns to education can be linked to economic liberalization undertaken in the 1990s. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which aims to determine the factors that caused child labour problem in Bangalore City, Karnataka, India. The study that was conducted during 2005-2008 on 500 samples selected from each layout of child workers and workings parents has found that factors such as socio-economic background, poverty, inadequate family income have influenced child labour. Also cited are the policy implications and obstacles in abolishing child labour wherein education plays a significant role.

This paper examines whether the recent growth in 'low-fee private' (LFP) schools is able to promote Education for All by being accessible to the poor. Based primarily on a 13-village survey of 250 households and visits to 26 private and government schools in rural Uttar Pradesh, India, this paper explores who 'chooses' private schooling, in the light of the well-documented failure of the government school system. In particular, the paper explores the issue of whether private provision is affordable and accessible to poor rural parents. It finds that LFP school costs are unaffordable for over half of the sampled children, including the majority of low caste and Muslim families. It also finds that while LFPs are greatly preferred under current conditions, what parents actually want is a well-functioning government school system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the infrastructure and other facilities of education at school level and the level of education of the general population in India. It states that the important factors that caused poverty are illiteracy and ignorance. Moreover, the Government of India has opened several schools in rural and urban areas to improve the level of education on the masses. However, several large schools lack the basic requirement of good and sufficient number of teachers, enough rooms and blackboard facilities.

As India shines in its enviable achievements, one after the other in rapid succession, it also invites criticism from visitors for what they witness. It is imperative to delve deeper to fathom the realities of the predominantly rural India with its poverty and lack of awareness which are stumbling blocks and are major pitfalls in the practice of dermatology. The urban–rural divide, the phenomenon of migration, poverty, lack of awareness all affect practice of dermatology in this country. These are battles that have no ready answers. However a deeper understanding of the ground reality is a worthwhile exercise for the increasing tribe of international dermatologists who like to explore “cross cultural dermatology”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is the primary source of human capital formation. Education has been the corner stone of the World Bank's overall mission of helping poor and developing countries to fight poverty. In India many commissions and committees were appointed with the passage of time to analyze the issue of education in general and women education in particular. Female education is important not only to create gender based equal education opportunity but also for various social, economic and political returns realized from it. These gains may be in the form of higher income level of women, better educated and healthy children, women empowerment and economic independence of women, increase in work participation in the organized sector and above all development of the nation, as no development process can be complete, comprehensive and successful while overlooking 50 percent of the population i.e. women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fourteen percent of households in 36 villages of three districts in Andhra Pradesh, India, escaped from poverty over the past 25 years, but another 12% of these 5536 households fell into poverty during the same time. Escaping poverty and falling into poverty are responsive, respectively, to different sets of factors. Two different sets of poverty policies will be required in future: one set to assist escape, and another set to prevent descent. While ill health and high healthcare costs, social and customary expenses, high-interest private debt, and drought are associated most often with falling into poverty, diversification of income sources and land improvement are most closely related with escape. Some other factors, including industrial growth and education, have had only very slight and indirect effects on poverty in these villages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article examines the educational status and other socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors as key determinants of causal attributions for poverty in India. The questionnaire used by R. Nasser and K. Abouchedid was administered to a sample of high school and university students from public and private institutions in India. Results revealed that Indian youth had a higher tendency of believing that poverty is due to structural factors. It was also indicated that the socio-demographic factors of age and educational status were significant indicators of what individuals believe are the causes of poverty.